Deep-time patterns of tissue consumption by terrestrial arthropod herbivores

A survey of the fossil record of land-plant tissues and their damage by arthropods reveals several results that shed light on trophic trends in host-plant resource use by arthropods. All 14 major plant tissues were present by the end of the Devonian, representing the earliest 20 % of the terrestrial biota. During this interval, two types of time lags separate the point between when tissues first originated from their earliest consumption by herbivorous arthropods. For epidermis, parenchyma, collenchyma and xylem, live tissue consumption was rapid, occurring on average 10 m.y. after the earliest tissue records. By contrast, structural tissues (periderm, sclerenchyma), tissues with actively dividing cells (apical, lateral, intercalary meristems), and reproductive tissues (spores, megagametophytes, integuments) experienced approximately a 9-fold (92 m.y.) delay in arthropod herbivory, extending well into the Carboniferous Period. Phloem similarly presents a delay of 85 m.y., but this incongruously long lag-time may be attributed to the lack of preservation of this tissue in early vascular plants. Nevertheless, the presence of phloem can be indicated from planar spaces adjacent well-preserved xylem, or inferred from a known anatomy of the same plant taxon in better preserved material, especially permineralisations. The trophic partitioning of epidermis, parenchyma, phloem and xylem increases considerably to the present, probably a consequence of dietary specialization or consumption of whole leaves by several herbivore functional feeding groups. Structural tissues, meristematic tissues and reproductive tissues minimally have been consumed throughout the fossil record, consistent with their long lags to herbivory during the earlier Paleozoic. Neither angiosperm dominance in floras nor global environmental perturbations had any discernible effect on herbivore trophic partitioning of plant tissues.     

NPP增长驱动下的中国森林生态系统碳汇

森林生态系统能够有效地吸收大气中的CO2,在一定程度上缓解全球变暖的压力。生态系统固碳能力取决于两个关键因素：NPP的增长强度与碳周转时间。本文通过对遥感监测到的森林生态系统NPP增长趋势进行校正,结合森林样地实测数据得到的碳分配系数与周转时间,建立了中国森林生态系统碳周转模型,并模拟了1982～1999年森林生态系统的碳汇量及其年际变化。结果表明：1982～1999年,我国森林生态系统的平均碳汇量为0.051 PgC a^-1,其中植被的碳汇量为0.034 PgC a^-1,凋落物的碳汇量为0.013 PgC a^-1,土壤的碳汇量为0.004PgC a^-1;不同森林类型中,常绿针叶林和常绿阔叶林的碳汇贡献最大,落叶针叶林和针阔叶混交林贡献最小;进一步分析表明森林植被的固碳效率显著地受到碳周转时间的控制。     

施用污泥对土壤生态的影响

本文评述了施用污泥对土壤生态的影响,包括土壤碳、氮、磷、金属元素含量和pH值的变化;施用污泥能改善土壤的理化性质,影响土壤微生物的活动和植物的生长。      

生态系统固碳特征及其研究进展

生态系统固碳是人类应对气候变化以及全球系统变化过程的研究热点。论文结合生态系统固碳和碳汇概念,探讨生态系统自然固碳、人为工程固碳措施对生态系统功能的影响并分析生态系统固碳特征及风险。研究得出如下结论:陆地生态系统对CO₂的自然吸收与封存是相对安全有效的固碳措施,对人类与生态系统健康的影响要小于地质层与海洋层固碳。海洋生态系统固碳容易导致海水酸化以及生态系统不可逆的损害;由于地壳运动很难预测,所以地质层固碳可能面临不可预知的风险。因此,利用生态系统自然固碳能力、发展绿色固碳技术是降低人为工程固碳生态风险和减少CO₂排放到大气中的最佳选择。     

河岸植被土壤系统对面源污染的削减和净化研究

具有一定群落结构的河岸植被土壤系统内部具有较大的生物生存空间和相互作用区域,其间生物地球化学联合机制,可以减缓径流,捕获泥沙,截断或去除地表径流、壤中流或渗漏水及浅层地下水中的氮磷等元素。各种污染物的净化效果受系统内部和外部条件影响,主要包括：污染负荷、系统宽度、植被类型、水文地质、土壤条件等因素。     

溢油事故造成的海湾生态系统服务损失的货币化评估

海湾是人类活动的密集地带,它以其特有的生态系统为人类的生产和生活提供了物质和精神方面的多种服务。从海湾生态系统服务的分类入手,在分析溢油事故可能给海湾生态系统的供给、调节、文化和支持服务带来的各种负面影响的基础上,运用市场价值法、替代市场法、调查评价法和成果参照法,构建了海湾生态系统服务（子服务）损失货币化评估的相应计量模型。     

Grassy field margins and arthropod diversity: a case study on ground beetles and spiders in eastern Austria (Coleoptera: Carabidae; Arachnida: Aranei, Opiliones)

In 1983, the species composition and diversity of carabids, spiders and harvestmen was investigated by pitfall traps in a grassy field margin and in an adjacent, biologically farmed wheat field at Obere Lobau, Vienna, Austria.The carabid fauna of both habitats was diverse; it showed a high degree of similarity, the abundant species in both habitats being represented by typical field species. Only Metophonus spp. predominantly lived in the margin. Numerous species of different habitat origin occurred in the margin at low abundances indicating transitional stay rather than permanent populations.In contrast, the spider fauna showed a low degree of similarity, with few agrobiotic species strongly dominating field fauna. In the field margin, a rich spider fauna containing rare elements indicates the general importance of grassy margins for nature conservation. The apparently low faunal exchange of spiders between the two habitat types is discussed. Harvestmen occurred mainly in the field margin; only two thermophilic species invaded the field.Seasonal fluctuations in the trapping numbers of Bembidion lampros, Platynus dorsalis and Brachinus explodens are interpreted as indicating migrations between field margin and field. Poecilus cupreus and certain other field species, however, apparently spend their entire life cycle in the field. The possible function of field margins for restoration of carabid losses due to impacts of intensive cultivation is discussed.It is concluded that both grassy field margins and sustainable farming methods, in particular biological farming, are necessary to maintain a diverse predatory arthropod fauna in agroecosystems.     

基于Meta分析的矿业城市生态服务价值转移研究

采矿活动剧烈干扰了区域土地利用,对生态系统健康造成了严重影响。论文在综合国内若干资源型城市生态系统服务价值研究实例的基础上,提炼系列指标参数,运用Meta分析方法建立并验证了专门针对矿业城市耕地、林地、草地、水域的价值转移模型,并以河北省武安市为例估算了1987、2001和2014年的生态系统服务价值。研究结果表明：1）价值转移模型可以有效地评估矿业城市生态系统服务价值;2）武安市生态系统服务总价值呈现先增后减的趋势,2001年之后呈现快速下降状态;3）从地类面积来看,1987—2014年间武安市经济发展对生态用地产生的干扰程度为：耕地>草地>水域>林地,从服务价值角度看,干扰程度为：耕地>水域>草地>林地;4）在生态用地总面积减少的情况下,适当优化生态用地土地利用结构可以提高生态系统服务总价值。     

上海城市内河生态系统服务的条件价值评估

条件价值评估法(CVM)是估算生态系统服务最主要的技术方法之一。浦东张家浜的综合整治为全国河道整治的样板工程,笔者采用CVM引出张家浜沿线居民对改善张家浜生态系统的平均支付意愿(528 8元 a),初步估算出张家浜综合整治后的生态系统服务价值约为3 014～5 262亿元 a。讨论了导致支付意愿产生偏差的各方面原因,研究了张家浜沿线居民对张家浜整治项目的支付意愿和被调查者收入、年龄、受教育程度等因素的关系。最后提出了CVM研究结果的可靠性和国内在CVM研究中亟待解决的问题。      

富营养化驱动下西凉湖百年来生态系统演化轨迹

长江中下游浅水湖泊是区域社会可持续发展的重要自然资源,富营养化问题致使该地区湖泊发生草-藻转换,限制了湖泊生态系统服务的供给.湖泊环境问题是生态系统受外力长期胁迫的结果,湖泊生态治理与保护须充分了解系统的演化规律,但是相关认识受限于长期监测资料的缺失.为了厘清长江中下游地区典型草型湖泊生态系统演化轨迹,更有效管理受损湖泊,选择西凉湖为研究对象,利用沉积记录代用指标粒度、元素和硅藻等,在高分辨率放射性核素定年的基础上,分析了近150年来西凉湖生态系统的演变规律.结果表明,西凉湖在20世纪40年代之前水体清澈,营养水平较低,沉水植物相对较少;而20世纪40年代以后,人类活动逐渐增强导致湖泊营养水平升高,水生植被增多;硅藻群落结构逐渐由浮游硅藻组合向底栖和附生硅藻组合演替,同时沉积物营养不断增加,表明以流域土地利用方式改变、围垦和渔业养殖等为代表的人类活动深刻改变了湖泊生态系统结构.研究认为虽然湖泊营养在20世纪70代之后一直维持在较高水平,达到富营养化标准,但沉水植被的生长限制了湖泊藻类浓度,西凉湖并未藻类暴发.同时也发现外源营养的增加通过湖泊初级生产者深刻影响了湖泊的地球化学循环,造成了...     

“Arabidobrassica”: Plant-genome engineering by protoplast fusion

After fusion of somatic cells (isolated protoplasts) of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica campestris, plants could be regenerated in which genetic material from parents of taxonomically different tribes is combined. Between these regenerants asymmetric hybrids have also been obtained, in which one parental genome is represented by reduced chromosome numbers. Results concerning the analysis and genesis of these plants are used to discuss the question whether such monster plants are of any importance.     

Geophagy: soil consumption enhances the bioactivities of plants eaten by chimpanzees

Geophagy, the deliberate ingestion of soil, is a widespread practice among animals, including humans. Although some cases are well documented, motivations and consequences of this practice on the health status of the consumer remain unclear. In this paper, we focused our study on chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the Kibale National Park, Uganda, after observing they sometimes ingest soil shortly before or after consuming some plant parts such as leaves of Trichilia rubescens, which have in vitro anti-malarial properties. Chemical and mineralogical analyses of soil eaten by chimpanzees and soil used by the local healer to treat diarrhoea revealed similar composition, the clay mineralogy being dominated by kaolinite. We modelled the interaction between samples of the two types of soil and the leaves of T. rubescens in gastric and intestinal compartments and assayed the anti-malarial properties of these solutions. Results obtained for both soil samples are similar and support the hypothesis that soil enhances the pharmacological properties of the bio-available gastric fraction. The adaptive function of geophagy is likely to be multi-factorial. Nevertheless, the medical literature and most of occidental people usually consider geophagy in humans as an aberrant behaviour, symptomatic of metabolic dysfunction. Our results provide a new evidence to view geophagy as a practice for maintaining health, explaining its persistence through evolution.     

借鉴美国西部开发教训谈我国西部生态环境保护

西部地区生态环境条件十分脆弱 ,水土流失、荒漠化问题严重 ,且远离国家的经济发展中心。从这一点上看 ,与当初美国西部开发有许多相近处。我们可以吸取美国当初的教训 ,少走弯路 ,在开发西部资源的同时 ,保护环境 ,节约资源 ,以最小的资源环境代价发展经济 ,走可持续发展之路。     

锰促进稻田生物结皮固定灌溉水中镉

为了解在不同浓度的锰盐作用下生物土壤结皮对稻田灌溉水中镉的固定作用及机制,将不同浓度的硫酸锰、镉溶液与稻田生物土壤结皮混合,并在实验室内培养15 d.通过分析生物土壤结皮中不同形态的锰、镉的量,探究不同浓度锰盐对土壤结皮中镉的固定及分布的影响.结果表明:锰盐能有效地促进生物土壤结皮固定镉,随着锰盐浓度的增加,生物土壤结皮对镉的去除效率增加.在20.00 mg·L~(-1)硫酸锰条件下,生物土壤结皮对水中镉离子去除率达到98.20%,镉主要以非乙二胺四乙酸可提取的矿物形态存在.通过扫描电子显微镜-电子散射能谱及X射线光电子能谱分析,锰被锰氧化菌氧化成类似水钠锰矿的多孔海绵状物质,镉富集固定在晶格中.本研究对利用生物土壤结皮净化镉污染灌溉水提供了新的思路.     

海洋工程建设生态损失补偿方法探究

本文从资金补偿和生态修复补偿两方面介绍了生态损失补偿方法在海洋开发建设中的应用。资金补偿主要探讨了基于生态系统服务功能和基于生态修复的两种生态损失补偿资金核算方法的研究;生态修复补偿介绍了从工程结构自身出发构造具备生态效果的结构形式的原位生态修复补偿以及在异地进行生态重建营造新的栖息地的异位生态修复补偿。最后依据HEA估算了不同海洋工程的补偿规模。     

Ecosystem services provided by urban gardens in Barcelona,Spain: Insights for policy and planning

In many European cities, urban gardens are seen as increasingly important components of urban green space networks. We adopt an ecosystem services framework to assess contributions of urban gardens to the quality of of their users. First, we identify and characterize ecosystem services provided by urban gardens. Secondly, we assess the demographic and socioeconomic profile of its beneficiaries and the relative importance they attribute to different ecosystem services. Next we discuss the relevance of our results in relation to critical policy challenges, such as the promotion of societal cohesion and healthy lifestyles. Data were collected through 44 semi-structured interviews and a survey among 201 users of 27 urban gardens in Barcelona, Spain, as well as from consultation meetings with local planners. We identified 20 ecosystem services, ranging from food production over pollination to social cohesion and environmental learning. Among them, cultural ecosystem services (non-material benefits people derive from their interaction with nature) ​ stand out as the most widely perceived and as the most highly valued. The main beneficiaries of ecosystem services from urban gardens are elder, low-middle income, and migrant people. Our results about the societal importance of urban gardens ​were deemed highly relevant by the interviewed green space planners in Barcelona, who noted that our data can provide basis to support or expand existing gardening programs in the city. Our research further suggests that ecosystem services from urban gardens can play an important role in addressing several urban policy challenges in cities, such as promoting stewardship of urban ecosystems, providing opportunities for recreation and healthy lifestyles, and promoting social cohesion. We conclude that urban gardens and associated ecosystem services can play an important ​ in urban policies aimed at enhancing quality of life in cities, particularly if access to their benefits is expanded to larger segments of the population.     

四川汶川地震对生态系统破坏及其生态影响分析

利用多平台、多分辨率遥感数据,监测了四川汶川地震灾前、灾后地表覆盖的变化,分析了地震对区域生态系统的破坏及生态重灾区各生态系统类型破坏的分布特征. 采用地理信息系统建模、空间复合分析等手段,研究了地震对灾区生态承载力、生境与生物多样性、生态系统服务功能的影响. 结果表明,地震对灾区生态系统造成严重破坏,灾区因地表破坏、水土流失加剧导致区域生态承载力下降,生境破碎化,生物多样性与生态系统服务功能受到影响.      

Mesoderm induction by transforming growth factor β: Medium conditioned by TGF-β-treated ectoderm enhances the inducing activity

Dedicated to Professor Dr. Tuneo Yamada on the occasion of his 80th birthday.     

Raising medium function of environmental engineering by usinglife rubbish to produce carpet turf

Ｔｈｅｂａｓｉｃｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔｏｆａｎｉｄｅａｌｃｉｔｙｉｓｔｈａｔｌｉｆｅｒｕｂｂｉｓｈｃａｎｂｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｄｉｓｐｏｓｅｄａｎｄｌａｎｄｇｒｅｅｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｃａｎｂｅｆｕｌｌｙｒｅａｌｉｚｅｄ(Ｙａｎｉｔｓｋｉｙ ,1 987;Ｍａ ,1 984) .Ｏｎｔｈｅｏｎｅｈａｎｄ ,ａｓｔｈｅｒａｐｉｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｕｒｂａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ ,ｕｒｂａｎｌｉｆｅｒｕｂｂｉｓｈｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓｄａｙｂｙｄａｙ ,ａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｂｅｃｏｍｅｓ…     

Dynamic changes of microbial community diversity in a photohydrogen producing reactor monitored by PCR-DGGE

A PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction) protocol was used for monitoring the dynamic changes in the microbial population during photohydrogen production. Total DNA was extracted directly from the mixed bacterial community in the reactor and subjected to PCR with V3-16S rDNA and pufM gene primers, and the amplifications were then analyzed by DGGE. The DGGE patterns demonstrated the dynamics of community structure and the shift of microbial diversity, which correspond...