北京城市物质代谢的能值分析与生态效率评估

城市如同生命体一样,需要持续不断的代谢过程完成其正常运转.城市可持续发展研究的关键是城市物质代谢流量及其代谢效率研究,但物质代谢流量仅能反映代谢速率,而其生态效率则反映了支持社会经济发展的物质代谢能力.采用能值分析方法,引入"生态效率"概念,构建了城市物质代谢生态效率的度量模型,从代谢流量及其效率2个方面核算了北京市资源环境及经济发展的代谢状况.结果表明:1990～2004年,北京市可利用总能值非常丰富,经济发展程度较高;来自本土可更新自然资源相对匮乏,大部分来源于不可更新资源和系统购买的资源与服务;城市废弃物资源化水平有待提高,环境压力较大;生态效率指数呈现出增加的趋势,2004年生态效率指数比1990年提高了3.6倍,表明城市自组织能力、发展潜力以及再生循环能力不断提高.说明提高城市物质代谢生态效率的根本途径是经济效率、资源效率和环境效率的协同发展,以及逐步构建废物资源化的循环链条.     

Determinants of eco-efficiency in the Chinese industrial sector

This study measures productive inefficiency within the context of multi-environmental pollution (eco-efficiency) in the Chinese industrial sector. The weighted Russell directional distance model is applied to measure eco-efficiency using production technology. The objective is to clarify how external factors affect eco-efficiency. The major findings are that both foreign direct investment and investment for pollution abatement improve eco-efficiency as measured by air pollutant substances. A levy system for wastewater discharge improves eco-efficiency as measured by wastewater pollutant substances. However, an air pollutant levy does not significantly affect eco-efficiency as measured by air pollutants.     

Determinants of eco-efficiency in the Chinese industrial sector

This study measures productive inefficiency within the context of multi-environmental pollution (eco-efficiency) in the Chinese industrial sector. The weighted Russell directional distance model is applied to measure eco-efficiency using production technology. The objective is to clarify how external factors affect eco-efficiency. The major findings are that both foreign direct investment and investment for pollution abatement improve eco-efficiency as measured by air pollutant substances. A levy system for wastewater discharge improves eco-efficiency as measured by wastewater pollutant substances. However, an air pollutant levy does not significantly affect eco-efficiency as measured by air pollutants.     

生态效率变动的产业及要素推动:基于投入产出和系统优化模型

论文以Leontief 投入产出分析为基础,利用系统优化模型测算中国的生态效率,并分析生产要素、产业产出和污染物对效率水平的影响;为了聚焦于低碳经济发展,模型仅包括温室气体一种污染物。从1997 到2010 年,中国生态效率约下降一半,要素投入和产出变动均是效率降低的原因。在劳动、资本和土地三种要素中,惟有高水平劳动影子价格为正、能够影响生态效率;1997-2010 年间,高水平劳动力实际利用率降低、稀缺性上升,加剧了实际生产与前沿面的距离、降低了生态效率。在18 类产业中,12 类产值上升、对生态效率贡献为正;食品、纺织、非金属制造、运输及公私服务业等6 类对生态效率作用为负。以上结果有助于明确实现保增长、减排放的关键产业部门和要素投入。     

循环经济发展评价的生态效率测算模型及应用

生态效率是基于可持续发展的思想,鉴于循环经济发展和实际环境的需求,通过构建循环经济发展评价的生态效率测算模型,针对循环经济中资源和环境2个重要方面,选择实例进行模型的应用。所选择研究对象经过测算,生态效率在"十一五"期间呈现波动上升,在5年时间增长了1.1倍,但仍处于末端治理为主的循环经济发展阶段,较为客观地反映了当地循环经济的发展轨迹。通过相关分析和说明,为循环经济发展评价提供生态效率分析这一方案选择。     

The role of consumption and consumers in zero emission strategies

This article contributes to the theoretical and empirical discussions on how it could be possible to transform technical eco-efficiency into reduced environmental impact of consumption. The rebound effect is an important concept in this context. The relevance of consumer behaviour is addressed within three important sectors for the Zero Emissions Techniques and Systems: shopping of paper products, energy use in household and waste management. It is not only important how much the consumers buy, but also what kinds of products they buy and how they use and dispose of them. However, the responsibility for a sustainable development should not entirely be put on the shoulders of the individual consumer.     

中国区域生态效率的时空演变及空间互动特征

现有研究主要关注生态效率的测算,对生态效率的空间互动特征缺乏相应地分析。采用考虑非期望产出的SBM模型对中国30个省级行政区2005—2015年生态效率进行测度,并在此基础上利用空间自回归模型考察中国区域生态效率的空间互动特征。结果表明：（1）中国高生态效率区主要分布在沿海发达省份,而低效率区则主要分布在欠发达省份。（2）在全国层面,基于经济权重矩阵得到的空间自回归系数为正且显著,表明区域生态效率存在正向的空间互动效应。（3）分样本估计中,发达和欠发达地区样本的空间自回归系数均大于全样本估计得到的空间自回归系数,故发达和欠发达地区内部的空间互动效应强于发达和欠发达地区之间的空间互动效应,呈现出“群分效应”。     

长江经济带旅游生态效率时空演变及其与旅游经济互动响应

运用基于非期望产出的Super-SBM模型测度长江经济带旅游生态效率,综合运用标准差椭圆、重心模型等方法勾勒旅游生态效率时空演变轨迹,借助VAR模型探讨旅游生态效率与旅游经济发展水平间的互动响应关系。结果表明：长江经济带旅游生态效率整体处于中等效率阶段,呈动态上升趋势,且表现出“东部>西部>中部”的空间分布格局;旅游生态效率形成“低低集聚、高高集聚”式的“俱乐部收敛”型“双峰”格局,向西北方向移动趋势明显;东部和中部旅游生态效率与旅游经济发展水平的脉冲响应最终趋于平稳,西部地区响应程度偏弱;旅游经济发展水平对旅游生态效率的贡献率随时间发展趋于升高,旅游生态效率对旅游经济发展水平的贡献程度随时间发展逐步降低。     

Eco-efficiency evaluation of the petroleum and petrochemical group in the map Ta Phut Industrial Estate,Thailand

Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate (MTPIE), located in Rayong province, eastern of Thailand, was developed by the state enterprise, Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand, Ministry of Industry, to serve industries that use natural gas as the main raw material development. This research presents the eco-efficiency evaluation of the petroleum and petrochemical group (PP) in the MTPIE. There are 31 factories in the PP group, which can be divided into three categories: upstream, intermediate, and downstream. The eco-efficiency values of the PP group were evaluated according to the World Business Council for Sustainable Development recommendations. The comparison of eco-efficiency values between three industrial categories in the PP group demonstrates that factories in the downstream category obtained particularly good eco-efficiency results concerning material consumption, water use, and hazardous waste generation. The eco-efficiency trends of the PP group were simply analyzed by snapshot graph. With the availability of the data on environmental indicator, the water use indicator was selected to be an example indicator for analyzing the eco-efficiency trends of the PP group. The eco-efficiency snapshot concerning the net sale and water use during the year of 2003–2005 showed that the eco-efficiency trends of the PP group in the MTPIE shifted from half eco-efficient in 2004 to fully eco-efficient in 2005. This research can provide a basic framework on eco-efficiency evaluation for the industrial sector in Thailand, which will feed into strategic development, and would enable public participation in the discussion on branch developments and contributions to national trends.     

Eco-efficiency evaluation of iron rod industry in Nepal

This paper presents the eco-efficiency of energy intensity, material consumption, water use, waste generation, and CO₂ emission in terms of production value in net sales (US$) per environmental influence using empirical evaluation. Evaluation has been considered only within production process boundary of iron rod industry. Evaluation of eco-efficiency tried to couple the economic and environmental influences of industry to know economic and environmental excellence. Eco-efficiency of iron rod industry was quantitatively analyzed and determined that energy, material consumption, water use, waste generation, and CO₂ emission eco-efficiency have been increased gradually along with increased production during analysis period of five years (2001–2005). It was possible due to installing heat recovery unit along with innovative processes modification. While comparing each year's eco-efficiency of all above-mentioned parameters, eco-efficiencies were increased that indicates less resource use and less waste released. As a general statement of overall comparison and characterization of eco-efficiencies of five years duration, iron rod industry was eco-efficient in all aspects. Eco-efficiency being an emerging trend has not yet been implemented in Nepal. It is further recommended to adopt the eco-efficiency evaluation in other industries. In addition, it is high time to augment the provision of eco-efficiency concepts in industrial policy and legislation concerned.     

Eco-efficiency in the Australian minerals processing sector

The resources sector has come to accept that the global quest for sustainable development is one of the key shapers of its future development and business success. While much uncertainty remains regarding the full ramifications of sustainable development, it is uncontested that preventive environmental and resource productivity strategies, or eco-efficiency (EE), are conditional for the minerals industry's ability to progress in sustainable development. A customised framework for EE in minerals processing is proposed. It connects five prevention practices (process design; input substitution; plant improvement; good housekeeping; and reuse, recycling and recovery) with five resource productivity themes (resource efficiency; energy use and greenhouse gas emissions; water use and impacts; control of minor elements and toxics; and by-product creation). These are illustrated with practical examples from gold, base metals, alumina, aluminium and pigment operations in Australia. This illustrates that EE is possible from technical and operational perspectives, with implementation ultimately depending on the ability of project teams to build a convincing business case. Moreover, from a technology perspective, EE can be fostered at three distinct and mutually reinforcing innovation platforms: operations; plant design; and process technology.     

基于生态效率的城市可持续性评价及应用研究

综合评价城市复合生态系统是实现区域可持续发展要面对的重要科学问题.城市生态效率反映了城市系统的资源环境与社会福利的投入产出关系,是将可持续发展的宏观目标融入城市发展规划与管理中的有效工具.综合生态足迹和人类发展指数的理论方法,构建了基于生态效率的城市可持续性评价模型.应用该模型对厦门市生态效率进行了时间序列分析:2000～2006年,厦门市生态效率呈现先平稳上升后陡然下降又小幅回升的波动性变化.厦门市人均生态足迹由4.279hm2增加至5.462hm2;人类发展指数由0.831增加至0.896;生态效率下降15.5%,资源效率下降15.7%,环境效率下降15.3%.研究表明,厦门市的可持续性经历了由可持续性次增强→可持续性增强→可持续性减弱→可持续性增强路径的转变,总体趋势仍是可持续性减弱.     

Implementing stricter environmental regulation to enhance eco-efficiency and sustainability: a case study of Shandong Province’s pulp and paper industry, China

There has been much debate on the topic of whether stricter environmental regulations can promote environmental performance and economic performance at the same time. Different researchers have used different indicators to measure environmental performance and economic performance in their empirical studies. However, it is a surprise that few studies have checked the relationship between environmental regulation and eco-efficiency, as the latter is widely regarded as a quite powerful tool of considering ecology and economy together.In this study the background is the implementation in 2003 of the Stricter Discharge Standard (SDS) in Shandong Province’s Pulp and Paper Industry (SPPI), compared to the national standards of China. The stricter regulations were intended to promote corporate change from passive management to active control and from end-of-pipe treatment to cleaner production. This study investigated the eco-efficiency trends of SPPI from 2001 to 2008 in three fields: water efficiency, energy efficiency and environment efficiency. A “de-linking” and “re-linking” tool was used to attain a further evaluation. The study showed that with the implementation of stricter regulation most of the efficiency indicators (except CO₂ emission and energy consumption) had achieved significant improvements, and the overall environmental performance trends of SPPI showed it to be more sustainable. However, the study also found that it was not enough to address a single indicator in the environmental regulation of the pulp and paper industry. More holistic eco-efficiency indicators need to be further considered and introduced to the industry as the next step to create true sustainable development.     

中国八大综合经济区能源生态效率测度及其驱动因素

为促进能源、经济、社会与生态环境的绿色可持续发展,将经济、社会福利等期望产出与生态环境污染非期望产出纳入能源生态效率测度框架,运用基于Shephard能源距离函数的随机前沿模型,从区域研究视角出发分析中国八大综合经济区能源生态效率演变趋势,并探讨其驱动因素的作用机制.结果显示：样本期内全国能源生态效率均值为0.5839,整体水平偏低,且呈现显著的空间非均衡分布特征.八大综合经济区能源生态效率水平呈现由沿海向内陆逐渐递减的发展态势.南部、东部和北部等沿海经济区能源生态效率均值分别为0.6941、0.6213、0.6087,位居前列;西南、黄河中游、长江中游以及东北等经济区次之,能源生态效率均值分别为0.5803、0.5720、0.5623、0.5537;西北经济区能源生态效率均值为0.5087,位列末位.经济发展水平与能源消费结构的估计系数分别为0.0459、0.0747,对能源生态效率的提高具有抑制作用;产业结构、城镇化水平以及环境规制的估计系数分别为-0.9339、-0.6197、-0.0387,对能源生态效率的提高具有促进作用.     

基于WNN模型的土地利用方式决策研究

基于小波神经网络(WNN)模型的土地利用方式决策研究为实现土地的可持续利用以及社会效益、经济效益和生态效益的最大化提供了决策依据。论文采用WNN模型,通过利用甘肃省榆中盆地第二次全国土地调查数据,构建了土地利用方式决策分析模型,分析出农业生产、建设发展和生态保护三种需求条件下的土地利用方式类型。结果表明:①榆中盆地农业生产需求用地的土地利用方式主要以半粗放利用为主;②建设发展需求用地的土地利用方式以过渡型利用为主,且偏于粗放利用;③生态保护需求用地的土地利用方式以半粗放和粗放利用为主。论文运用WNN模型对土地利用方式决策进行研究具有较好的科学性和可操作性。     

Education for sustainable development and the Young Masters Program

Education is the foundation for achieving sustainable development. The United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development declared from January 2005 to December 2014 demands a concerted effort to expand environmental education around the world. The Young Masters Program (YMP) is an international education course, which utilises the Internet to connect students, teachers, and tutors in different parts of the world. The YMP is designed for 15–18 year old students and for their teachers. It was developed by and continues to be coordinated by the International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics (IIIEE) at Lund University. The focus of the Young Masters Program is preventive environmental strategies in the context of sustainable development. More than 2300 students and teachers in 109 countries have participated in the Young Masters Program since 1998.     

可持续发展中的清洁生产

传统工业生产方式在可持续发展背景下面临严峻挑战，清洁生产应而生，它是持续利用资源，减少工业污染，保护环境的根本措施，本文就清洁生产在中国示范推广所产生的经济，社会及环境效益进行了综合论述。     

Cradle-to-cradle design: creating healthy emissions – a strategy for eco-effective product and system design

Eco-effectiveness and cradle-to-cradle design present an alternative design and production concept to the strategies of zero emission and eco-efficiency. Where eco-efficiency and zero emission seek to reduce the unintended negative consequences of processes of production and consumption, eco-effectiveness is a positive agenda for the conception and production of goods and services that incorporate social, economic, and environmental benefit, enabling triple top line growth.Eco-effectiveness moves beyond zero emission approaches by focusing on the development of products and industrial systems that maintain or enhance the quality and productivity of materials through subsequent life cycles. The concept of eco-effectiveness also addresses the major shortcomings of eco-efficiency approaches: their inability to address the necessity for fundamental redesign of material flows, their inherent antagonism towards long-term economic growth and innovation, and their insufficiency in addressing toxicity issues.A central component of the eco-effectiveness concept, cradle-to-cradle design provides a practical design framework for creating products and industrial systems in a positive relationship with ecological health and abundance, and long-term economic growth. Against this background, the transition to eco-effective industrial systems is a five-step process beginning with an elimination of undesirable substances and ultimately calling for a reinvention of products by reconsidering how they may optimally fulfill the need or needs for which they are actually intended while simultaneously being supportive of ecological and social systems.This process necessitates the creation of an eco-effective system of “nutrient” management to coordinate the material flows amongst actors in the product system. The concept of intelligent materials pooling illustrates how such a system might take shape, in reality.     

Special issue of the Journal of Cleaner Production, ‘From Material Flow Analysis to Material Flow Management’: strategic sustainability management on a principle level

The process of sustainable development and its goal, sustainability, are difficult to define. Many conflicting interests and preferences are involved. Recently, scientists have attempted a principle-orientated definition of sustainability. Unlike specific, detailed and quantitative thresholds, principles can be general, qualitative, flexible and sufficient to make progress when combined with more detailed and case-specific strategies, approaches, tools and indicators. The Natural Step (TNS) principles have been defined in a consensus process between 10 pioneering sustainability scientists and presented as sustainability principles. We develop criteria for evaluating the TNS principles. The criteria are applied to eco-efficiency (EE) principles that have become, perhaps, the most popular principles in the discourse on sustainability policies and management. EE has also been offered as the general and overall vision and goal for policy and management; increased efficiency in materials and energy use is perceived as desirable. We find that the eco-efficiency principles are not suitable as sustainability principles. The EE principles can be used as practical actions and concrete measures under the overall TNS sustainability principles.     

Development of eco-efficiency indicators for the Canadian food and beverage industry

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada is developing eco-efficiency indicators (EEIs) in an effort to build a framework for a sustainable production system for the Canadian food and beverage industry (FBI). This paper presents the rationale and the framework of the project currently under development addressing the following environmental issues: energy use, emission of greenhouse gases, water use and wastewater generation, organic residues, and packaging residues. Proposed EEIs are intensity indicators and recycling ratios, and include environmental pressure modulators. They will be developed based on collected data and estimated impact levels, and reported by FBI sub-sector, geographical location, and establishment size. Objectives and methodologies are outlined. Problems on getting quality and reliable data on selected environmental issues are emphasized. The methodology will be published in 2005 and first results are due by 2008. Benchmarking and linkage to specific processing operations and management practices will help regulators and industries in promoting and implementing cleaner production initiatives and will lead to operational cost savings, product innovation, and enhanced competitiveness.