Estimation of energy demand of fermentation-based hydrogen production

The paper is concerned with estimation of heat and power consumption in a conceptual plant to produce hydrogen from sucrose-containing or starchy biomass by fermentation. A hydrogen plant connected with a sugar factory is regarded as the basic option; the sugar factory serves as a source of sucrose-containing thick juice for the hydrogen plant, where this feedstock is processed to hydrogen. As another option, a stand-alone hydrogen plant in which starch must initially be converted to fermentable glucose solution is considered. The values of key process parameters are assumed on the basis of preliminary experimental data. For both options of the hydrogen plant, heat consumption is estimated taking heat recovery in a heat exchanger network into account. Power consumption is estimated by calculating power needed for pumping of liquid and gaseous process media.     

Using activated biochar for greenhouse gas mitigation and industrial water treatment

This study explored the feasibility of using residual biomass to both mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and remediate water contaminated by hydrocarbons. Using produced (process-affected) water from Canada’s oil sands operations as a case study, activated biochar (ACB) was found to have a higher affinity to organics than activated coal and removed 75 % of total organic carbon (TOC) from produced water in steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) operations or 90 % of the TOC from synthetic tailings (ST) water sample. Up to 6 Tg dry biomass year^?1 would be required to treat the waters associated with the 93?×?10⁶-m³ of bitumen recovered per year. Landfilling the spent ACB and flaring any biogas produced were estimated to provide a greater GHG benefit than the combustion of the biochar + organics for heat to offset natural gas demand. Net costs for the ACB were about 13.84?$?m^?3 bitumen for SAGD operations and 1.76?$?m^?3 bitumen for mining operations. The values for mining operations justify further work to create a value chain that will integrate bioprocesses into the fossil fuel industry.     

Non-thermal production of pure hydrogen from biomass: HYVOLUTION

The objectives and methodology of the EU-funded research project HYVOLUTION devoted to hydrogen production from biomass are reviewed.The main scientific objective of this project is the development of a novel two-stage bioprocess employing thermophilic and phototrophic bacteria, for the cost-effective production of pure hydrogen from multiple biomass feedstocks in small-scale, cost-effective industries. Results are summarised of the work on pretreatment technologies for optimal biodegradation of energy crops and bio-residues, conditions for maximum efficiency in conversion of fermentable biomass to hydrogen and CO₂, concepts of dedicated installations for optimal gas cleaning and gas quality protocols, as well as innovative system integration aimed at minimizing energy demand and maximizing product output.The main technological objective is the construction of prototype modules of the plant which, when assembled, form the basis of a blueprint for the whole chain for converting biomass to pure hydrogen. A brief outline is presented of the progress made towards developing reactors for thermophilic hydrogen production, reactors for photoheterotrophic hydrogen production and equipment for optimal gas cleaning procedures.     

“双碳”目标下钢铁行业控煤降碳路线图

钢铁行业的低碳绿色转型和率先煤耗和碳排放达峰,将对我国实现整体碳达峰目标和经济高质量发展作出重要贡献.基于碳排放-能源集成模型,对我国钢铁行业"双碳"目标下控煤降碳路径开展情景研究.结果表明,我国钢铁行业很有可能在"十四五"前期实现碳达峰,峰值16.4~16.7亿t （含过程和间接排放）,作为主要消费能源的煤炭也将一起达峰,峰值4.6~4.7亿t标煤（含焦炭）,在最激进的强化情景2035年煤炭消费和碳排放将降至2020年的38%和49%;粗钢产量很大程度上主导了钢铁行业的碳达峰进程,推进全废钢电炉短流程和加大废钢利用是碳达峰阶段最主要的控煤降碳措施.基于预测结果提出的钢铁行业控煤降碳路线图显示,需求侧方面,粗钢产量在不考虑"双碳"目标约束的情况下也会随工业化、城镇化水平逐渐达到发达国家水平而达到峰值并开始下降,新能源相关基础设施建设在实现碳中和期间带来的钢材需求增长体量相对有限;技术进步方面,推广长流程节能降碳技术应用是短期内性价比较高的措施,应重点推进高炉高效喷煤等技术的应用,同时增大高炉球团矿平均配比,远期碳捕集封存技术将具有较大的碳减排潜力;产能结构方面,推进全废钢电炉短流程是钢铁行业在碳达峰阶段的主要措施,到"十四五"末期电炉钢占比将提高至15%~20%,在碳中和目标下氢冶金是唯一具有超低碳排放潜力的生产工艺,在未来随着可再生能源或余热余能生产的绿氢供应量提高,氢冶金将成为与基于废钢的电炉短流程并重的钢铁生产工艺.     

Impact of climate change on regional irrigation water demand in Baojixia irrigation district of China

Water scarcity in China would possibly be aggravated by rapid increase in water demand for irrigation due to climate change. This paper focuses on the mechanism of climate change impact on regional irrigation water demand by considering the dynamic feedback relationships among climate change, irrigation water demand and adaptation measures. The model in implemented using system dynamics approach and employed in Baojixia irrigation district located in Shaanxi Province of China to analyses the changes in irrigation water demand under different climate change scenarios. Obtained results revealed that temperature will be the dominant factor to determine irrigation water demand in the area. An increase of temperature by 1 °C will result in net irrigation water demand to increase by about 12,050?×?10⁴ m³ and gross water demand by about 20,080?×?10⁴ m³ in the area. However, irrigation water demand will not increase at the same rate of temperature rise as the adaptation measures will eventually reduce the water demand increased by temperature rise. It is expected that the modeling approach presented in this study can be used in adopting policy responses to reduce climate change impacts on water resources.     

Photobiologische Umwandlung der Sonnenenergie

Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy. The photosynthetic buildup of biomass is the biggest global production process although its average efficiency is only about 0.13% with respect to the radiation energy reaching the earth's surface. This is primarily due to limiting physiological factors such as CO₂, water, and fertilizer. By turning off biomass production from the photosynthetic mechanism these restraints are excluded, and the photolytic system of the photosynthetic apparatus can be used for reduction of protons. This leads to free hydrogen gas with a comparatively high theoretical efficiency.     

面向2035的节能与新能源汽车全生命周期碳排放预测评价

发展节能与新能源汽车是降低交通运输行业碳排放的重要技术路径.为量化预测节能与新能源汽车的全生命周期碳排放,利用全生命周期评价方法,以汽车相关技术路线和政策为参考,选取燃油经济性、整车轻量化水平、电力结构碳排放因子和氢能碳排放因子为关键参数,构建传统燃油汽车(ICEV)、轻度混合动力汽车(MHEV)、重度混合动力汽车(HEV)、纯电动汽车(BEV)和燃料电池汽车(FCV)的数据清单并对其全生命周期碳排放进行量化预测评价,对电力结构碳排放因子和不同制氢方式碳排放因子进行了敏感性分析和讨论.结果发现,2022年ICEV、 MHEV、 HEV、 BEV和FCV的全生命周期碳排放量(以CO₂-eq计)分别为208.0、 195.5、 150.0、 113.5和205.0 g·km^-1.到2035年,BEV和FCV相比于ICEV具有较为显著的减碳效益,分别降低69.1%和49.3%.电力结构的碳排放因子对BEV的全生命周期碳排放的影响最显著.关于燃料电池汽车的不同制氢方式,短期应以工业副产氢提纯为主供应FCV氢能需求,长期以可再生能源电解水制氢和化石能源...     

山东省水资源承载力的动力学预测

水资源承载力是区域自然资源承载力的重要组成部分,是水资源紧缺地区能否支撑人口、经济与环境协调发展的一个限制指标。论文用动力学模型,通过3种方案对山东省未来20年水资源承载力进行预测,结果表明:3种方案在未来20年的水资源平衡指数都是小于零的,这说明,水资源对应的社会经济系统是不可承载的,经济规模也是不可以承载的,人口规模只有方案2可以承载。从方案1预测的结果看,从2006年到2025年,山东省总需水量在270×10⁸～340×10⁸m³之间,波动不是很大,工业用水上升了3倍,但农业用水下降不大;从方案2预测的结果看,总需水量变动较大,20年增加了近3倍,水资源消耗量太大,因此笔者认为,在未来的20年里,山东省应加强宏观调控,适当控制GDP的增长速度,并大幅度降低单位GDP的水资源消耗量,真正落实科学发展观,实现可持续发展;从方案3预测的结果看,山东省总需水量波动不是很大,尽管工业发展很快,但由于万元工业增加值用水量下降较大,所以整体工业用水量不升反降,农业用水量也在下降,这是我们所希望的结果。     

氢燃料电池汽车动力系统生命周期评价及关键参数对比

发展氢燃料电池汽车被认为是解决能源安全和环境污染问题的理想解决方案之一,为量化探究氢燃料电池汽车动力系统的化石能源消耗和排放情况,运用GaBi软件建模,以新能源汽车相关技术路线为参考,构建我国氢燃料电池汽车动力系统的数据清单并对其全生命周期化石能源消耗和全球变暖潜值情况进行定量评价计算和预测分析,对不同类型的双极板、不同能量控制策略和不同制氢方式对环境的影响分别进行了对比研究,并对关键数据进行了不确定分析.结果表明,预计到2030年我国每台氢燃料电池汽车动力系统生命周期的化石能源消耗量（ADP_f）、全球变暖潜值（GWP,以CO₂ eq计）和酸化潜值（AP,以SO₂ eq计）分别为1.35×10⁵ MJ、9108 kg和15.79 kg.动力系统生产制造阶段的化石能源消耗和全球变暖潜值均高于使用阶段,主要原因是燃料电池堆栈和储氢罐的制造过程.金属双极板、石墨复合双极板和石墨双极板的制造工艺中石墨复合双极板的综合环境效益最好.能量控制策略的优化会使得氢能消耗降低,当氢能消耗降低22.8%时,动力系统的生命周期化石能源消耗和全球变暖潜值分别降低10.4%和8.3%.相比于甲烷蒸气重整制氢,基于混合电网电解水制氢的动力系统生命周期全球变暖潜值高出53.7%[KG-*6],而基于水电电解水制氢降低39.6%.降低动力系统生命周期化石能源消耗和全球变暖潜值的措施包括优化能量控制策略降低氢能消耗、规模化发展可再生能源发电电解水制氢产业和聚焦突破燃料电池堆栈关键技术实现性能提升.     

Exploration of relationships between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables using multivariate statistic analysis in a eutrophic shallow lake： A S-year study

Understanding the process of the changing phytoplankton patterns can be particularly useful in water quality improvement and management decisions. However, it is generally not easy to illustrate the interactions between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables given their high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. To elucidate relationships between them, in a eutrophic shallow lake, Taihu Lake, relative long-term data set of biotic and abiotic parameters of water quality in the lake were conducted using multivariate statistical analysis within seasonal periodicity. The results indicate that water temperature and total phosphorus （TP） played governing roles in phytoplankton dynamics in most seasons （i.e. temperature in winter, spring and summer; TP in spring, summer and autumn）; COD （chemical oxygen demand） and BOD （biological oxygen demand） presented significant positive relationships with phytoplankton biomass in spring, summer and autumn. However, a complex interplay was found between phytoplankton biomass and nitrogen considering significant positive relationships occurring between them in spring and autumn, and conversely negative ones in summer. As the predatory factor, zooplankton presented significant grazing-pressure on phytoplankton biomass during summer in view of negative relationship between them in the season. Significant feedback effects of phytoplankton development were identified in summer and autumn in view that significant relationships were obser,qed between phytoplankton biomass and pH, Trans （transparency of water） and DO. The results indicate that interactions between phyto：plankton biomass and related environmental variables are highly sensitive to seasonal periodicity, which improves understanding of different roles of biotic and abiotic variables upon phytoplankton variability, and hence, advances management methods for eutrophic lakes.     

Exploration of relationships between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables using multivariate statistic analysis in a eutrophic shallow lake:A 5-year study

Understanding the process of the changing phytoplankton patterns can be particularly useful in water quality improvement and management decisions.However,it is generally not easy to illustrate the interactions between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables given their high spatial and temporal heterogeneity.To elucidate relationships between them,in a eutrophic shallow lake,Taihu Lake,relative long-term data set of biotic and abiotic parameters of water quality in the lake were conducted using multivariate statistical analysis within seasonal periodicity.The results indicate that water temperature and total phosphorus(TP)played governing roles in phytoplankton dynamics in most seasons(i.e.temperature in winter,spring and summer; TP in spring,summer and autumn); COD(chemical oxygen demand)and BOD(biological oxygen demand)presented significant positive relationships with phytoplankton biomass in spring,summer and autumn.However,a complex interplay was found between phytoplankton biomass and nitrogen considering significant positive relationships occurring between them in spring and autumn,and conversely negative ones in summer.As the predatory factor,zooplankton presented significant grazing-pressure on phytoplankton biomass during summer in view of negative relationship between them in the season.Significant feedback effects of phytoplankton development were identified in summer and autumn in view that significant relationships were observed between phytoplankton biomass and pH,Trans(transparency of water)and DO.The results indicate that interactions between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables are highly sensitive to seasonal periodicity,which improves understanding of different roles of biotic and abiotic variables upon phytoplankton variability,and hence,advances management methods for eutrophic lakes.     

生物质催化气化制氢技术研究

在人类面临严重的能源危机与环境污染的背景下,世界各国都在致力于对洁净能源氢的开发和研究,并取得了一定的研究成果。生物质气化制氢是一项富有前景的制氢技术,已引起了世界各国研究者的普遍关注。文章首先介绍了生物质气化制氢技术的国内外研究及应用现状,然后介绍了一种一体式生物质气化炉水蒸汽催化气化制氢的工艺流程,氢气体积的含量可达到50%以上。最后总结了这种工艺在各种制氢方法中,具有技术成熟、工艺简单,效率高等优点,有广阔的应用前景。     

A hybrid membrane process for simultaneous thickening and digestion of waste activated sludge

A hybrid membrane process for simultaneous sludge thickening and digestion (MSTD) was studied. During one cycle (15 d) of operation under a hydraulic retention time of 1 d, the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) continuously increased from about 4 g·L⁻¹ to 34 g·L⁻¹, and the mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) increased from about 3 g·L⁻¹ to over 22 g·L⁻¹. About 42% of the MLVSS and 39% of the MLSS reduction were achieved. The thickening and digestion effects in the MSTD were further analyzed based on a mass balance analysis. Test results showed that biopolymers and cations of biomass were gradually released to the bulk solution during the process. It was also found that the capillary suction time, colloidal chemical oxygen demand, soluble microbial products, viscosity, and MLSS had significant positive correlations with the membrane fouling rate, whereas extracellular polymeric substances, polysaccharides, and proteins extracted from biomass had negative impacts on membrane fouling.     

Modeling and simulation of industrial water demand of Beijing municipality in China

Statistic and econometric regression models were established in this study to analyze and predict industrial water demand, water deficits, and their future uncertainty in Beijing—a Chinese city with a severe water stress problem. A forecasting model was selected based on a modeling evaluation by comparing predictions with observations. Four scenarios were designed to simulate and analyze the future uncertainty of industrial water demand and the water deficit of Beijing. The modeling results for industrial water demand suggested that Beijing industry would face a water deficit between 3.06 × 10⁸ m³ in 2008 and 2.77×10⁸ m³ in 2015, though its industrial water demand would decrease from 6.31×10⁸ m³ to 4.84 ×10⁸ m³ during this period of time. Results from simulated scenario illustrated that, due to the extreme water scarcity situation, industry in Beijing would still face a serious water deficit problem even with a very optimistic scenario for the future.     

热分析-质谱联用分析生物垃圾热解机理

采用热分析-质谱联用技术研究了城市生活垃圾中三种生物质成分的热解过程,并采用Freeman-Carroll法定量分析了三种生物质热重动力学参数。结果表明木屑、落叶和菜叶这类生物质热解过程分为三个阶段,先是水分析出的微小失重阶段,之后是因纤维素等大分子进行交联缩聚的快速热解阶段,表现为放热效应,逸出的气体主要有H2O、CO2、C2H6/C2H4和CH4,最后是吸热脱链解聚的缓慢热解过程,逸出的小分子气体主要有CO2。     

Effect of process integration on the exergy balance of a two-stage process for fermentative hydrogen production

In this paper, a process for the fermentative production of hydrogen is analysed with respect to its exergy efficiency. Parametric studies show the influence of used feedstock, applied process parameters as well as process and heat integration measures on exergy efficiency. It is shown that heat integration and recirculation of fermentor effluents reduce process irreversibilites and the amount of exergy leaving the process in waste streams. Nevertheless, depending on the used feedstock, a large amount of exergy leaves the process via by-products. Internal use of by-products and waste materials for providing process heat could increase chemical exergy efficiency up to 74%.     

河北省城市水资源利用绩效评估与需水量估算研究

从公共服务部门标杆管理思想出发,构建了2007—2014年中国地级以上城市水资源利用效率标杆体系,并以此为评估依据,对河北省地级以上城市2007—2014年水资源利用效率展开评估,识别各个城市万元GDP水耗、万元工业总产值水耗、人均综合水耗和人均生活水耗在全国所有地级以上城市和不同类型范围城市中的具体位置和变化趋势;并在此基础上对城市水资源利用效率标杆体系进行历史趋势外推,将标杆预测结果作为河北省各城市节水效率管理目标,结合河北省人口数量增长和社会经济发展规划目标,估算了"十三五"期末2020年河北省地级以上城市需水量,以期为指导河北省地级以上城市"以水定城"发展战略的制定提供参考依据.结果显示:河北省唐山市、沧州市、廊坊市万元GDP水耗一直处于全国先进水平;仅沧州市万元工业总产值水耗一直处于全国先进水平;保定市、沧州市和衡水市的人均综合水耗一直处于全国先进水平;保定市、沧州市、张家口市、石家庄市、秦皇岛市、邢台市的人均生活水耗一直处于全国先进水平;预计到"十三五"期末,河北省地级以上城市市辖区工业需水总量减少为8.81亿m~3,居民生活需水量增加为4.26亿m~3,城市总用水量增加为16.94亿m~3.     

环洞庭湖区水资源供需系统仿真及优化决策研究

论文运用系统分析的理论与方法,分析环洞庭湖区水资源供需系统的特征和各要素之间的相互作用,建立水资源供需系统模型,仿真模拟传统发展模式、发展经济型模式、节水型模式和协调型模式等四种不同情景下,2010-2030年环洞庭湖区水资源供需变化趋势.结果表明:①随着经济的发展和人口的增长,环洞庭湖区水资源供需矛盾十分突出;②在协调型模式下,模拟期末环洞庭湖区总需水量达到159.1×10⁸ m³,供需缺口最大值出现在2020年,为1.9×10⁸ m³,到2030年水资源供给能力约有3.6×10⁸ m³富余,模拟期内水资源供给基本能够满足社会经济发展的需求,且能够获得最大的综合效益,是环洞庭湖区水资源开发利用的最佳方案;③为了达到预期目标,还需增强节水意识、完善用水管理、优化经济结构,加大水利投入和环境整治,提高节水技术水平和水利保障水平.     

白洋淀湿地不同时空水生植物生态需水规律研究

在对白洋淀典型水生植物的蒸腾量实地监测的基础上,确定了不同时间和空间下水生植物的蒸散系数,对白洋淀湿地基于现状和恢复目标下的植物生态需水量进行了等级划分和计算.研究结果表明,6～9月综合蒸散系数为3.21、6.24、6.02和1.86.水生植物需水量的时间分布规律为7月>8月>6月>9月,空间分布规律为陆地>水陆过渡带>水中.现状条件下,白洋淀水生植物6～9月的最小需水量分别为0.49×108m3、0.80×108m3、0.60×108m3、0.16×108m3,分别占湿地最小生态需水量的44%、56%、49%、50%(未包含湿地土壤需水量),与湿地最小生态需水量对应的最低生态水位为7.50m、7.50m、7.50m、6.30m.基于生态恢复目标,计算得到6～9月的水生植物最小生态需水量分别为0 56×108m3、0.91×108m3、0.69×108m3、0.19×108m3,为湿地最小生态需水量的30%、41%、35%、21%.对比白洋淀水生植物生态需水量的实际值和计算值发现,白洋淀水生植物的生态需水量在6～9月间分别是计算值的5.75倍、6.42倍、5.00倍和2.29倍.     

Life cycle comparison of hydrothermal liquefaction and lipid extraction pathways to renewable diesel from algae

Algae biomass is an attractive biofuel feedstock when grown with high productivity on marginal land. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) produces more oil from algae than lipid extraction (LE) does because protein and carbohydrates are converted, in part, to oil. Since nitrogen in the algae biomass is incorporated into the HTL oil, and since lipid extracted algae for generating heat and electricity are not co-produced by HTL, there are questions regarding implications for emissions and energy use. We studied the HTL and LE pathways for renewable diesel (RD) production by modeling all essential operations from nutrient manufacturing through fuel use. Our objective was to identify the key relationships affecting HTL energy consumption and emissions. LE, with identical upstream growth model and consistent hydroprocessing model, served as reference. HTL used 1.8 fold less algae than did LE but required 5.2 times more ammonia when nitrogen incorporated in the HTL oil was treated as lost. HTL RD had life cycle emissions of 31,000 gCO₂ equivalent (gCO₂e) compared to 21,500 gCO₂e for LE based RD per million BTU of RD produced. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions increased when yields exceeded 0.4 g HTL oil/g algae because insufficient carbon was left for biogas generation. Key variables in the analysis were the HTL oil yield, the hydrogen demand during upgrading, and the nitrogen content of the HTL oil. Future work requires better data for upgrading renewable oils to RD and requires consideration of nitrogen recycling during upgrading.