Reducing sulfates concentration in the tannery effluent by applying pollution prevention techniques and nanofiltration

The use of large quantities of sulfuric acid and other sulfur-containing chemicals causes high sulfate concentrations in the wastewater of a tannery. The aim of this work was reducing the sulfate concentration in the final wastewater from a tannery. For that, firstly a study about the main sulfate sources in a tannery was carried out and the total sulfates load in the tannery wastewater was evaluated. Two measures for sulfates reduction were studied: the recycling of unhairing wastewater to the soaking drums and the reuse of the chromium sulfate from the tanning washing wastewater after its separation by nanofiltration (NF). The first measure proposed was studied experimentally in laboratory drums of 5 L of volume. Two series of experiments with different volumes of unhairing wastewater in the soaking bath were carried out. The quality of the final leather was evaluated by means of mechanical tests. NF experiments were carried out in a laboratory pilot plant with a spiral wounded membrane element. Concerning the results, the combination of 50% unhairing wastewater and 50% of fresh water was appropriate in order to obtain leather with an acceptable quality. Besides, it drove to a diminution of approximately 10% in the addition of sulfide in the unhairing. Related to the NF experiments, 97% of the sulfates were rejected by the membrane. The separated ions could be recycled to the tanning drums. The application of the two measures (firstly the recycling of the unhairing wastewater and secondly the NF of the tanning washing wastewater) drove to a reduction of 14.82 kg SO₄⁻² t⁻¹ of raw hide.     

基于鞣制工艺参数的铬污泥产污系数核算方法

针对无明确化学计量关系、均相或非均相封闭系统的一次性化工过程中产生的具有固定组成的污染物,其单位产品污染物产生量(即产污系数)的实测会因产品加工周期与污染物产出量相脱节而得不到准确值.制革行业铬鞣工段的诸多工艺参数对皮中铬的吸收率具有显著影响,通过实验室试验及历年工艺手册数据整理,在建立单一工艺参数与铬吸收率之间的关系基础上,采用逐步优化回归分析法,建立了鞣制工艺参数与铬污泥产生量之间的定量关系,并与企业实测铬污泥数据进行了对比.结果表明,通过工艺参数计算的铬污泥产污系数完全可以反映实际情况.      

Reducing the environmental impact of the unhairing–liming process in the leather tanning industry

The environmental impact of the tanning industry is generally significant with outputs of wastes, i.e. high concentrations of organics, salts and heavy metals (chromium compounds), both in solid and liquid form, as a result. In order to bring the tanning industry more in line with present environmental thinking, various methods have been devised to reduce impacts.The underlying study proposes a modification of the method for unhairing–liming of hides where the unhairing–liming liquids are reused several times after being recharged by reduced quantities of chemicals. The study, therefore, aims at reducing both the economic and environmental costs of the unhairing–liming process.Experiments were carried out at lab scale with a simulation apparatus designed for the purpose. Life cycle assessment was used to evaluate the net environmental benefits of the modified method. The present value approach was used to evaluate the economic feasibility of the modified method. The quality of the produced leather was assessed by experts from the tanning sector (tanners).On the environmental level, the modified method reduced the environmental impact of the process by 24%, COD was reduced by 50% as well as sulfide which was reduced by 73% when the process water was recycled four times.The modified method requires some investment in new equipment and is a little more labor intensive as compared with the conventional method but does permit for savings in water up to 58% and chemicals up to 28% as well as wastewater treatment cost which was reduced by 58%. The modified method allowed for four times reuse of the unhairing–liming liquor without visibly affecting the quality of the final product of leather.It was concluded that both the economic and the environmental costs of the unhairing–liming process were reduced relative to the same of the conventional method.     

城市废水资源化面临的挑战及其对策

城市废水资源化对于缺水城市或水资源污染严重的城市具有十分重要的意义。本文论述了当前城市废水资源化实践中面临的发展战略、立法、评价体系、水质标准、处理技术、设施建设、管理水平、公众态度等方面的障碍和挑战，提出了加强制定有关城市废水资源化的法规和政策、制定合理的回用水水质标准和规范、加强宣传教育、发展运行稳定且高效低耗的废水处理工艺以及将废水资源纳入整体的水资源管理体系等对策和建议。     

Minimization of the environmental impact of chrome tanning: a new process reusing the tanning floats

A chrome tanning process which allows the reuse of tanning floats has been developed. The most commonly used chromium salts were replaced by highly masked and basified ones. This substitution eliminates basification operation and prevents pH change and the considerable neutral salts concentration increase in the tanning float. Consequently, tanning float can be reused several times. An optimum chromium salt concentration in the tanning float between 10% and 12.5% has been determined. It has been shown that the number of times the tanning float can be reused depends on the quality of the leather grain to be manufactured. In the best case, a saving of 18 L of water per kilogram of tanned leather is calculated. This means savings of 90% of water normally used.     

MBR工艺在牛仔布水洗废水处理中的应用

以某服装洗涤厂牛仔布水洗废水处理工程为例,介绍了混凝沉淀＋水解酸化＋MBR处理的工艺,并对处理后水质及回用情况进行了技术经济分析。表明用MBR作为主体工艺处理牛仔布水洗废水,可以减少废水处理占地面积,吨水成本小于4元,而且MBR出水80%以上可以满足回用要求,减少新鲜水的消耗。     

节水减排成套技术在炼化生产中的应用

介绍九江分公司炼化生产中的节水减排工作情况。通过合理的系统划分，优化机泵冷却水设计，清污分流，对不同水质的工艺冷凝液实施处理与回用，并结合提高循环水运行浓缩倍数以减少系统补充水量，回用正洗水以降低除盐水自耗水量等措施，实现全厂节水减排的目标。     

淮南矿区高矿化度矿井水淡化工艺实例

为充分利用水资源,提高矿井水回用率,淮南矿区谢桥煤矿对高矿化度矿井水进行淡化处理。根据现场运行数据、现场试验,简述了高矿化度矿井水应用反渗透(RO)工艺过程和淡化技术要领。工程运行结果表明:反渗透工艺在煤矿高矿化度矿井水淡化处理中产生了良好的经济、社会和环境效益。     

Towards cleaner degreasing method in industries: ultrasound-assisted aqueous degreasing process in leather making

Studies on ultrasound-assisted processes are gaining importance due to its effectiveness and facilitating green method in processing. Degreasing of skin/hide prior to tanning process is an important unit operation. Presence of large amounts of natural fat at the interior of skin/hide matrix makes degreasing process a challenging one. Conventionally, organic solvent and/or detergent based degreasing process are employed leading to environmental problems. In the present paper, the use of power ultrasound in aqueous degreasing process has been studied and compared with different degreasing systems. Glutaraldehyde pre-tanning has also been employed for carrying out the degreasing process at ultrasonic bath temperature. The results indicate that there is a significant increase in the degreasing efficiency due to the application of ultrasound. About 2-fold increase in fat removal has been observed due to the use of ultrasound as compared to control under the given process conditions. Comparing the degreasing efficiencies of the solvent with aqueous based ultrasonic processes, about 80% of the solvent degreasing efficiency could be obtained for aqueous degreasing process. This novel ultrasonic process helps in making aqueous degreasing process a viable option, which is eco-friendly even dispensing with temperature control measures.     

高校中水水源分类及基于AHP方法的优质度排序

高校是我国城市用水大户,在高校校园建立中水回用系统是节约水资源、减少水污染、建设生态校园的有效途径,选择优质的中水水源是保证中水回用系统高效运行的首要前提。目前,开辟中水水源多基于简单定性分析后加以利用,少有对水源的量化评价以及优质度的排序。文章针对高校中各个单位用水类型不同、排水水质和水量呈多样性的问题,将校园内各个水源进行综合分类并运用层次分析法(AHP)进行优质度的量化评价,以各水源优质程度排序为依据筛选出可利用的中水水源。根据实地调查及实验分析数据,以北京师范大学为例应用评价方法,并将结果与校园实际的中水回用情况对比,验证指标及方法的合理性。文章将为高校中水水源的分类及筛选的量化评价提供借鉴。     

制革污泥生物淋滤液组份特征及对鞣革质量的影响

利用ICP-AES、FT-IR及凝胶色谱等测定方法对制革污泥生物淋滤液的成分进行了系统分析,并采用鞣制试验对淋滤液在浸酸、铬鞣中的应用进行了尝试.研究结果表明,制革污泥生物淋滤液含有较高浓度的Cr3 、Fe3 、Ca2 、Na 、Mg2 、K 离子及其它一些微量金属,对鞣革质量产生明显影响的主要是Fe3 离子;鞣革质量的降低主要表现在无鞣性金属离子在蓝皮中的富集,从而影响蓝皮的吸铬量;鞣制处理中仅仅通过pH调整难以达到不同金属间的分离.淋滤液中可溶性有机物的TOC浓度一般低于1000 mg·L-1,主要是多糖类、脂肪族或芳香族羧酸类化合物;废水和淋滤液中DOM的平均分子量主要分布在1923和147两个范围,其质量分数分别占74.1%和25.7%;可溶性有机物一般对鞣革的收缩温度Ts和铬含量不产生明显影响,但可导致鞣后皮色加深.     

生活污水分散处理再生利用

针对目前我国水资源短缺的实际情况和生活污水集中处理再生利用的弊端，提出适度的生活污水分散处理及再生利用是对集中污水处理再生利用的必要补充，污水的再生利用是开源节流，减轻水体污染，改善生态环境．解决水资源危机的有效途径之一。     

气浮法处理回用洗浴废水的试验研究

针对生物法处理回用洗浴废水占地面积及投资较大、难于调试等不足，对气浮法处理洗浴废水的可行性进行了理论分析，并进行了试验验证工作。结果表明，气浮对处理洗浴废水有较强适用性，不仅净化出水水质可满足冲厕、绿化等回用水要求；而且具有易于调试、投资小，占地面积省等特点，可降低中水系统管理难度及成本费用。     

污水回用中的循环浓缩水质模型与污水回用率

污水回用中因循环浓缩,存在着水质变差问题．探索其变化规律,定量确定运行参数,做到既节水又保证回用水质合格、稳定,具有重要理论和实用意义．通过数学归纳法推导出一个循环浓缩水质数学模型和计算杂用水质和污水回用率的公式．应用该模型,以厕所污水回用为例,就污水水质、污染物去除率、处理水质和杂用水质标准对杂用水质、污水回用率的影响进行讨论．结果表明,在符合城市杂用水水质标准的前提条件下,分别按生化需氧量、浊度、氨氮及色度等水质指标计算得出的污水回用率是65．3％,82．9％,57．5％和37％．在厕所污水回用中,色度为水回用率的限制指标．由于色度指标的限制,经计算水循环厕所的污水回用率一般不宜超过40％。     

An overview of reclaimed water reuse in China

China is facing severe water problems including scarcity and pollution which are now becoming key factors restricting developments. Creating an alternative water resource and reducing effluent discharges, water reuse has been recognized as an integral part of water and wastewater management scheme in China. The government has launched nationwide efforts to optimize the benefits of utilizing reclaimed water. This article reviewed the water reuse activities in China, including: (1) application history and current status; (2) potentials of reclaimed water reuse; (3) laws, policies and regulations governing reclaimed water reuse; (4) risks associated with reclaimed water reuse; (5) issues in reclaimed water reuse. Reclaimed water in Beijing and Tianjin were given as examples. Suggestions for improving the efficiencies of reusing urban wastewater were advanced. Being the largest user of reclaimed wastewater in the world, China's experience can benefit the development of water reuse in other regions.     

石化污水回用于循环冷却水技术

以处理后的石油化工污水为水源，开展了回用于工业循环冷却水的试验研究。针对回用污水的特点，研究了预膜、阻垢、缓蚀、杀菌等技术。达到了中石化循环冷却水运行“好”的要求。     

城市中水回用于火电厂循环冷却水系统的应用研究

火电厂循环冷却水系统利用中水水源实现城市中水大规模回用,对缓解水资源短缺、减轻水体污染具有现实的意义。阐述了城市中水回用火电厂循环冷却水系统的现状、中水深度处理,提出ABFT＋机械澄清池工艺弥补了传统深度处理工艺的不足,介绍其原理、特点及成功应用实例。     

中水回用工程设计要点分析

通过对中水回用工程的总结分析 ,针对目前部分中水回用工程中存在的问题 ,从工程设计角度对中水水源选择、水质确定、处理工艺、安全防护等应注意的问题进行分析 ,使工程中易发生的问题在设计阶段加以解决     

高浓度J酸废液资源化技术研究

探讨了Ｎ２５３－煤油－Ｈ２ＳＯ４－ＮａＯＨ化学萃取－反萃取体系提取浓缩Ｊ酸废母液中间体的工艺特性,试验结果表明,通过萃取工艺,Ｊ酸废液中的ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率可达９５％,萃余液ＣＯＤｃｒ在５００￣２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ之间,色度去除率可达９５％,该工艺可使废母液中的回收物浓缩５－１０倍,萃取剂可以循环使用而不改变性质,损失较少。     

草甘膦生产过程中的节能控制

通过对现有亚磷酸二甲酯法合成草甘膦路线的研究,对部分工艺设备进行了改进。设备改进后,可以回用工艺中的洗涤用水,可以有效地利用回收甲醇的余热。结果表明,生产草甘膦每吨节约自来水0.5吨,蒸汽1吨,有效地降低能源消耗,减少了草甘膦的流失,从而减少了对环境的污染,实现了草甘膦的清洁生产。