等离子体技术在材料领域中的应用研究进展

详述了等离子体在材料领域的应用研究进展,在材料表面处理方面可实现材料的表面粗糙化、表面清洁、表面化学基团引入和表面亲水性调变等,在催化材料制备方面可用于催化剂的还原、氧化、掺杂、刻蚀以及特殊化合物的合成等。还分析了等离子体技术在材料制备领域具备诸多优势,但仍然面临一些挑战,如等离子体处理具有时效性、处理量小、等离子体发生作用机制不清晰、工程放大困难等。因此,需要从等离子体反应机理及工程技术两个层面进行更深入研究,以期该技术在材料领域获得更广泛的应用。     

Agro-ecological engineering in China: a way towards sustainableagriculture

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＷｉｔｈｈｉｇｈｒａｔｅｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｇｒｏｗｔｈｉｎｔｈｉｓｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ ,ｍａｎｙｕｎｐｒｅｃｅｄｅｎｔｅｄ“ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｃｒｉｓｅｓ” ,ｓｕｃｈａｓｄｅｐｌｅｔｉｏｎｏｆｎａｔｕｒａｌｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ,ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｄｅｔｅｒｉｏｒａｔｉｏｎ ,ｓｏｉｌｅｒｏｓｉｏｎ ,ｄｅｃｅｒｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ,ａｎｄｇｌｏｂａｌｃｈａｎｇｅ,ｈａｖｅｂｒｏｋｅｎｏｕｔａｌｌｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ .Ｍａｎｙｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅｓｉｎｄｉｃａ…     

Creating policy analysis skills in postgraduate engineering for sustainable development

A new sustainable development module for a taught postgraduate engineering course provided an opportunity to design and streamline taught content, using a constructivist model of student learning. The design process revealed that a key learning objective for a postgraduate engineering student must be the competency to analyse difficult social and political contexts. The success of meeting this need by introducing cognitive mapping, a technique previously used in operations research and social science, is reported.     

Utilising renewable resources economically: new challenges and chances for process development

In recent years a considerable increase in interest in the development of processes based upon renewable resources has occurred. One reason for this development is the call for more sustainable and environmentally benign production processes and products.Increased utilisation of renewable resources, however, poses new challenges to chemical and process industries. These challenges arise from increased competition for renewable but still finite resources, the de-centralised production of the renewable resources and the complexity of the raw materials. These new challenges require new approaches to process development, as production systems become more complex and interlinked, logistical considerations become increasingly important and new technological solutions must be adapted to local and regional settings. As the structure of complex production systems must be newly developed and optimised, process synthesis will play an increasingly important role in process development.     

多孔混凝土及其在生态护坡工程中的应用

多孔混凝土具有连续孔隙,空隙率约为15%～30%,具有良好的透水性和透气性。多孔混凝土生态护坡技术是一种新型的绿色生态型护坡技术,融合建筑材料、生态工程和环境工程等多门学科,集水土保持、生态修复于一体,实现了水利工程护坡技术和生态环境修复技术的完美统一。     

Engineered nanoparticles: safer substitutes for toxic materials, or a new hazard?

Nanotechnology has the potential for the development of new materials and processes that can substitute for toxic materials now used in industry. Excitement over this possibility is tempered, however, by the potential adverse environmental health and safety aspects of the new nanomaterials. Although a few examples from the literature are encouraging, e.g., wire and cable insulation, great care must be taken to perform complete alternatives assessment evaluations of any new nanotechnology-enabled product before its adoption.     

航空结构材料环境适应性研究进展及发展方向

对航空结构材料环境适应性研究进展进行了综述,其中包括新型航空材料的环境适应性研究和环境-力学因素耦合作用对航空结构材料环境适应性的影响,最后阐述了环境适应性研究的结构化趋势,并指出了航空结构材料环境适应性研究未来将重点关注户内加速试验技术、环境适应性评价技术以及环境适应性数据的深度开发与应用,将各种科学技术和工程实践用于减缓环境对结构材料的损伤,提高装备的耐环境能力。     

污染疏浚物处置方法国际研究与应用进展

随着沿海经济建设的飞速发展,我国近岸海洋环境受到广泛的人类活动影响,部分港口疏浚物中积累了大量污染物,对人类健康及生态环境造成潜在威胁。疏浚物的传统处置方法包括海上倾倒、吹填工程和陆地填埋。疏浚物海洋倾倒量多年来居高不下,而我国目前对污染疏浚物的处置因技术方法尚不成熟,还未形成相关标准规范,这给疏浚物的科学化、精细化管理工作带来较大挑战。本文整理了近年来国内外关于疏浚物处置方法的研究成果和经验,介绍了疏浚物特别是污染疏浚物的特殊处置方式,可为我国疏浚物的处置技术和管理方案研究提供新的思路。     

六价铬污染场地土壤稳定化修复材料研究进展

化学还原稳定化修复是工业铬污染土壤修复中应用最为广泛的技术。针对不同污染程度及理化性质的铬污染土壤,选择最为高效、经济、适用的稳定化修复材料是铬污染土壤修复工程最核心问题所在。针对上述问题,重点对现有铬污染土壤修复材料,如铁系、硫系、铁硫系、有机类及微生物菌剂的修复原理、影响因素、实际应用效果及存在问题、修复后环境风险和长期稳定性等多方面进行总结,为实际修复工程中六价铬修复材料的选择及修复实践工作的开展提供重要参考与指导建议。     

稀土材料在挥发性有机废气降解中的应用及发展趋势

稀土材料由于富含表面羟基、表面晶格缺陷和具有高温稳定性,结合其强挥发性有机物（VOCs）亲和性以及优异储氧和释放能力等优势,在大气污染控制领域的应用十分广泛。近年来的研究发现,部分稀土基材料在VOCs处理上的效果优于贵金属催化剂,在实际工程中也显示出广泛的应用前景。在文献及工程调研的基础上,综述了稀土基材料在国内外催化领域、吸附领域以及实际工程应用中的现状,分析了稀土材料的优势以及目前面临的难题。从吸附、催化等角度分析了稀土材料在国内外的发展趋势,同时结合我国当前国情指出发展中的关键问题及解决方案,期望能为稀土材料在VOCs治理领域的更好发展提供参考。     

Life cycle engineering methodology applied to material selection,a fender case study

Materials selection is a multidisciplinary activity, which integrates a large number of knowledge fields and professional domains. In fact a material selection decision should capture not only the functional performance required for the application but should also consider the economical and environmental impacts originated all along the product life cycle. In this paper a life cycle engineering (LCE) approach is proposed to support material selection, integrating the performance of the material for the specific application in technological, environmental and economical dimensions throughout the duration of the product. The methodology proposed compares a set of candidate materials and, through the aggregation of the three dimensions (technical, economical and environmental), identifies the “best material domains”. These “best material domains” are presented in a ternary diagram, which allows a global comparison of the candidate materials and supports an informed decision as regards the selection of the “best material” according to different business scenarios and corporate strategies. The methodology was applied to a case study aiming the use of new metallic materials (high strength steels and aluminium alloys) for an automobile fender currently made of mild steel and the evaluation of potential benefits as regards the global performance of the material.     

工程材料LCA中环境效益的分析与研究

论述了材料环境效益性的目标因素,详细分析产品材料在LCA中的环境效应性、能量消耗性和经济回收性;通过LCI分析建立环境效应、能量度量、经济度量的决策模型和数学模型实现材料环境效益性的目标;先整体定性分析LCA工艺,再定量计算环境效益的三属性值,建立目标函数、分层优化算法确定影响因子和相应的权重系数之间的关系以及对产品材料的环境效益性的影响,最后以家用小型风扇回收处理中各种材料环境效益性为例进行具体分析和决策,进一步明确和决策优化出环境效益性好的工程材料。     

海洋大气环境下装备材料的腐蚀与防护研究进展

叙述了海洋大气环境下装备典型金属材料的腐蚀与防护研究进展。介绍了高强钢、不锈钢和铝合金等装备材料在高温、高湿、高盐雾和强辐射等海洋大气环境下的腐蚀特征和主要腐蚀形式,总结了海洋大气腐蚀防护技术的研究进展。最后,提出了海洋大气环境下装备防护需从装备选材与结构环境适应性设计、有效表面防护、环境控制、加强维护保养等方面着手,在充分利用现有防腐技术的基础上,加强金属涂/镀层与有机涂层的技术组合;大力开发研制海洋环境下长期有效、绿色环保的表面处理技术和涂层技术;针对铝合金等易腐蚀材料,开展腐蚀结构修复技术研究。采用系统工程方法来解决海洋大气环境中装备的腐蚀问题,进而提高舰载武器、船舶、海岸工程、近海工程等服役装备的安全性、寿命和可靠性。     

我国矿产资源态势与对策

我国矿产资源总量大,居世界第3位人均拥有量小,居世界第80位。我国要实现现代化建设的第二步战略目标,矿产资源供需存在着矛盾。为了解决供需矛盾,必须从地质找矿、矿山、一次资源回收、二次资源回收、节能和节材等方面挖掘潜力。改革资源耗费型经济发展旧模式,确立资源节约型经济发展新模式,废止“有水快流”的方针,确立开发与节约并重的方针,是缓解矿产资源供需矛盾的根本途径。具体对策有:(1)依靠科学技术进步开发节约(2)搞好资源进出口贸易取长补短(3)健全法制管理体系依法治矿(4)用好计划机制管好资源和矿山(5)用好市场机制搞活矿业经济。     

Ecological rebuilding and land reclamation in surface mines inShanxi Province, China

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Applying 3DCE to environmentally responsible manufacturing practices

A review of recent literature in the fields of operations, supply chain, and management indicates there is on-going interest in improving new product development (NPD) performance. Three-dimensional concurrent engineering (3DCE), the simultaneous design of product, process and supply chain have been proposed as a way to improve traditional NPD outcomes, such as reduced time to market, lower costs, and improved customer acceptance. There appears to be a lesser concern associated with the environmental impacts of new products. Environmentally responsible manufacturing (ERM) on new product development focuses on reduced emissions, hazardous materials elimination, and lower product weight without sacrificing functionality. This paper explores the following issue: will employing 3DCE to integrate NPD and ERM yield better benefits than the separate and uncoordinated application of environmental goals and NPD initiatives?     

海洋环境下金属材料在多场多相作用下的空蚀研究进展

首先介绍了目前空蚀的几种损伤机制,其中空化气泡以冲击波和微射流形式作用于材料表面,并导致损伤的机械作用占主要地位。在此基础上,总结归纳了影响海洋环境下金属材料空蚀的影响因素及相关研究进展,将因素按照环境外因与材料性质内因进行划分,系统分析了各种因素对空蚀损伤的作用趋势和机制,明确了各因素间存在协同效应。最后,提出了今后空蚀研究的发展方向,如调控温度、盐度等各种环境因素,进行空化气泡产生、长大、溃灭及能量释放过程的机制研究;也可以从材料性质入手,设计合成具有优良表面性能和力学性能的新材料等,对如何减少海洋工况下的空蚀损伤的科学研究和工程应用具有一定的参考和指导意义。     

浅谈环保竣工验收中的工程概况调查内容与方法

在编制建设项目竣工环保验收监测方案前,需开展工程概况调查。从调查内容、资料收集、现场勘察、验收监测范围、工程建设情况、生产原辅料和主、副产品、主要污染源及污染因子的调查分析、污染物处理设施、处理技术及环保措施、调查中应注意的问题等方面,阐述了环保竣工验收中的工程概况调查内容与方法。     

Technology transfer of an innovative remediation technology from the laboratory to the field: a case study of <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> aerobic cometabolic bioremediation

Scaling-up an environmental remediation technology from the laboratory to the field to commercial use may be problematic at various levels. There could be a number of scientific and engineering problems that must be overcome when transitioning a technology from the laboratory to the field. Mass transfer limitations, large-scale spatial heterogeneities, and fluctuating environmental conditions, all of which may not play a role in the laboratory, must be addressed in the field. Added to these considerations are regulatory and legal issues. Questions regarding liability and permitting must be satisfactorily dealt with in order to demonstrate and evaluate a new remediation technology in the field. Finally, to commercialize an innovative technology that has been successfully demonstrated, cost and performance data must be presented in a manner that convinces stake-holders (site owners, regulators, consultants/contractors, and the public) that the technology can accomplish remediation more economically, safely, and efficiently than conventional technologies.     

固废填埋长期环境安全和寿命预测研究综述

我国固废填埋场数量多、运行水平低、设施老化快、预期寿命偏短且寿命到期后老化严重.与此相对,固废填埋场寿命相关研究却存在关注度较少、研究方向不明确、研究内容不系统等问题.本文综述了通用工程领域寿命预测的基本概念及其发展历程,分门别类地梳理工程寿命预测的主要研究对象和研究方法;在此基础上,结合固体废物填埋工程和实际特征,系...