Long-period modelling of photochemical oxidants in Europe. Model calculations for July 1985

A Lagrangian model for photochemical oxidants has been developed in order to study ozone formation in the boundary layer over Europe for periods of one month to one year. The model has so far been applied during July 1985. Modelled ozone concentrations agree favourably with measured concentrations at most sites. The sensitivity of the calculated ozone concentrations to assumptions concerning natural volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions, boundary conditions, cloud effects and a number of other processes is illustrated. The effects of changes in emissions of anthropogenic VOC and nitrogen oxides on maximum and monthly mean ozone concentrations are calculated.     

上海中心城区夏季挥发性有机物(VOCs)的源解析

2006～2008年夏季在上海徐家汇地区对大气中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行连续3h采样(6:00～9:00),共取得72个有效样本.同时,应用PCA/APCS(principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores)受体模型对大气中VOCs来源进行了分析.结果表明,上海夏季中心城区大气中VOCs主要有5个来源,分别为交通工具尾气排放、燃料挥发(液化石油气/天然气泄漏和汽油蒸发)、溶剂使用、工业生产和生物质/生物燃料燃烧+海洋源,其贡献率分别为34%、24%、16%、14%、12%.其中,芳香烃主要来自于溶剂使用、交通工具尾气排放、工业生产和燃料挥发,其分担率分别为35%、26%、22%、17%.烯烃主要来自于交通工具尾气排放和燃料挥发,其分担率为49%和40%.烷烃主要来自于交通工具尾气排放、燃料挥发和溶剂使用,其分担率分别为45%、32%、12%.模拟结果和已知源成分谱符合较好,说明PCA/APCS受体模型源解析结果可信.     

南京工业区挥发性有机物来源解析及其对臭氧贡献评估

在南京工业区连续测量了2014年5月1日~7月31日和2015年6月1日~7月16日夏季两个高臭氧期的大气中的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs).结合正交矩阵分解(PMF)模型和箱模式(OBM)分析VOCs来源对局部O3生成的贡献.2014年和2015年夏季VOCs浓度平均分别为(36.47±33.44)×10-9和(34.69±34.08)×10-9.PMF模型确定了7种源类别,其中包括汽车尾气、液化石油气(LPG)排放、生物源排放、家具制造业、化工业、化学涂料行业、化学材料工业排放源.在OBM模拟中评估O3与前体物的关系.南京工业区是VOCs控制区,VOCs具有正RIR值,NO的RIR值为负值.烯烃(1.20~1.79)和芳香烃(1.42~1.48)呈现较高的RIR值,控制这两类物种是控制O3浓度最有效的途径.烯烃排放量减少80%时烯烃RIR值达到最高.汽车尾气(1.01~1.11)、液化石油气(0.74~0.82)、生物源排放量(0.34~0.42)和家具制造业(0.32~0.49)是O3形成贡献最大的四大类VOCs来源;减少汽车尾气,生物排放,LPG和家具制造业排放应成为减少局地O3生成最有效策略.     

Observation and analysis of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in a typical petrochemical area in Yangtze River Delta, China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a kind of important precursors for ozone photochemical formation. In this study, VOCs were measured from November 5th, 2013 to January 6th, 2014 at the Second Jinshan Industrial Area, Shanghai, China. The results showed that the measured VOCs were dominated by alkanes (41.8%), followed by aromatics (20.1%), alkenes (17.9%), and halo-hydrocarbons (12.5%). The daily trend of the VOC concentration showed a bimodal feature due to the rush-hour traffic in the morning and at nightfall. Based on the VOC concentration, a receptor model of Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) coupled with the information related to VOC sources was applied to identify the major VOC emissions. The result showed five major VOC sources: solvent use and industrial processes were responsible for about 30% of the ambient VOCs, followed by rubber chemical industrial emissions (23%), refinery and petrochemical industrial emissions (21%), fuel evaporations (13%) and vehicular emissions (13%). The contribution of generalized industrial emissions was about 74% and significantly higher than that made by vehicle exhaust. Using a propylene-equivalent method, alkenes displayed the highest concentration, followed by aromatics and alkanes. Based on a maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method, the average hourly ozone formation potential (OFP) of VOCs is 220.49?ppbv. The most significant source for ozone chemical formation was identified to be rubber chemical industrial emissions, following one by vehicular emission. The data shown herein may provide useful information to develop effective VOC pollution control strategies in industrialized area.     

Aggregation and analysis of volatile organic compound emissions for regional modeling

A general two-step procedure for aggregating the hundreds of reported volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into a much smaller set of lumped classes appropriate for regional airshed modeling is described. In the first step, the compounds are condensed into a manageable number of emission categories which could be adapted to a variety of molecularly-based lumped chemical mechanisms. In the second step, the emissions are further aggregated into a smaller set of VOC classes which directly correspond to those in a particular model's mechanism. The application of this procedure is illustrated by aggregating the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) anthropogenic VOC emissions inventory the U.S. first into the 32-class system, and then into the groups of model species used in the latest version of the Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM2.0). The importance of different VOC categories and source types on regional pollution production is explored by comparing the contributions of each of the emissions groupings, RADM model species, and major emissions sources, to total moles carbon VOC reacted in model simulations. For this particular anthropogenic inventory and chemical mechanism, it is found that over 50% of the moles carbon reacted is associated with mobile sources. Such analysis can help indicate which uncertainties in anthropogenic emissions inventories may have the greatest impact on results of regional simulations.     

宁波人为源VOC清单及重点工业行业贡献分析

宁波是我国华东地区的重要工业城市,也是长江三角洲南翼的经济中心.近年来,宁波工业活动的VOC排放及其对空气质量和人体健康的不利影响越来越受到关注.通过收集宁波市各类VOC人为源的活动水平数据,采用"自下而上"的估算方法,建立了宁波地区2010年人为源VOC的排放清单,并进一步分析了宁波市排放VOC的重点工业行业及其贡献大小.研究结果表明,宁波市2010年人为源的VOC排放总量为17.6万t,其中工业源、机动车排放源和居民源是宁波市人为排放VOC的主要来源,分别占总排放量的62.0%、17.2%和15.5%.而在工业源中,合成材料制造业、精炼石油产品制造业是宁波市两个重点VOC排放工业行业,其排放量分别占宁波VOC总量的18.6%和13.1%,反映出石油化工企业对宁波市VOC排放的影响程度.     

固定床活性炭吸附法治理炼厂表曝池恶臭污染的工艺

以中石化股份公司九江分公司炼油厂排水车间污水处理场表曝池逸散的恶臭污染气体为研究对象,采用固定床式活性炭吸附工艺对其治理。采用实验室研究筛选出的脱除硫化物(H2S、甲硫醇等)的IVP活性炭,并结合吸附挥发性有机物(VOC)类(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)的BPL活性炭进行现场中试研究,制定了对污染气体进行脱除恶臭的工艺路线。     

深圳市夏季臭氧污染研究

以2009年8月为例分析了深圳市夏季臭氧污染情况及污染气象特征,基于二维空气质量模式对臭氧污染控制进行数值模拟. 结果表明:深圳市８月各监测点均存在臭氧超标现象,污染形势严峻;副热带高压控制和热带气旋外围下沉气流是造成夏季出现高浓度臭氧的主要天气过程,此时大气边界层混合层高度在500～800 m,且近地面风速约在5 ms以内,不利于污染物扩散;臭氧的生成受前体物挥发性有机物(VOC)和氮氧化物(NO_x)排放的共同影响,其中VOC排放的影响较大,深圳市臭氧控制应以降低VOC排放量为重点,模拟得出对VOC和NO_x按25∶1～40∶1的比例协同减排可有效降低臭氧污染.      

胜利油田生态农场经济发展数学模型

在对胜利油田生态农场系统结构分析的基础上,根据农场规划目标,建立了由投入产出模型和线性规划模型相结合的经济发展数学模型。应用该模型指导农场的经济建设,8 a来取得了极好的效果,证明所建立的模型是正确的。      

基于Tanks 4.0.9d模型的石化储罐VOCs排放定量方法研究

石化储罐VOCs排放是石化行业重要的VOCs排放源之一.为了掌握石化储罐VOCs的排放情况,研究了基于Tanks4.0.9d模型计算各种类型储罐VOCs排放量的方法,并对卧式固定顶罐、立式固定顶罐、内浮顶罐和外浮顶罐的VOCs排放量进行了实例计算.同时,探讨了在国内使用Tanks 4.0.9d模型时需要考虑的所在地气象数据、储罐密封情况、储存物质的参数选择及参数单位换算问题.Tanks 4.0.9d模型可以作为一种方便且准确性较高的石化储罐VOCs排放定量方法在国内推广使用.     

基于树种蓄积量的中国森林VOC排放估算

以中国森林优势树种为对象,应用《全国森林资源统计》提供的林分优势树种蓄积量资料和Guenther提出的光温影响模型,估算各优势树种的VOC排放量,建立了中国森林生态系统的VOC排放清单,并探讨了森林源VOC在不同时空和不同龄级林分中的分配规律.结果表明,中国森林VOC总排放量为8 565.76 Gg,其中异戊二烯5 689.38 Gg(66.42%),单萜烯1 343.95 Gg(15.69%),其他VOC 1 532.43 Gg(17.89%);不同树种的VOC排放量差异较大,栎类、云杉、马尾松等为主要贡献树种,贡献率分别为45.22%、6.34%和5.22%;西南和东北地区为中国森林VOC主要排放区域,云南、四川、黑龙江、吉林、陕西5省排放最多,分别占全国总量的15.09%、12.58%、10.35%、7.49%和7.37%;森林VOC排放存在非常强的季节性变化,夏季排放量最大,占全年的56.66%;不同龄级林分对VOC排放的贡献有所不同,中龄林贡献最多,占森林排放总量的38.84%.     

天津临港某仓储公司VOCs排放特征及臭氧生成潜势

为了研究储运环节VOCs的排放影响,参考HJ 732-2014《固定污染源废气挥发性有机物的采样气袋法》,选择天津临港工业园区某石化业仓储公司为重点监测对象,对企业的厂界上下风向、有组织和无组织排放源进行采样,利用在线仪器PTR-TOF-MS对采集的样品进行VOCs定量分析,并对厂界处O₃-NO_x -VOCs三者的关系和污染物的臭氧生成潜势进行研究.结果表明:有组织排放源——洗涤塔、活性炭吸附塔1号和2号的∑ρ（VOCs）（所有VOCs组分浓度之和）分别为18.91、71.48和5.65 mg/m3,无组织排放源——罐组和装卸车台∑ρ（VOCs）分别为0.39和0.087 mg/m3;甲醇为企业的特征污染物,此外还有烷烃和少量的烯烃,有组织排放中活性炭吸附塔2号是影响厂界污染特征的主要环节;有组织和无组织VOCs排放量分别为0.57和214.26 t/a.对O₃-NO_x-VOCs三者关系的分析显示,企业厂界处O₃的形成主要受VOCs控制,其臭氧生成潜势为烯烃>醇类>烷烃,除考虑醇类的影响外,烯烃也是不可忽视的环境影响因素.      

长江三角洲2014年天然源BVOCs排放、组成及时空分布

基于遥感解译植被,结合WRF气象场模拟,利用MEGAN模型估算了2014年长三角地区天然源VOCs（BVOCs）排放清单,分析其化学组成及时空分布特征.结果表明,2014年长三角江浙沪皖三省一市BVOCs排放总量为188.6万t,其中异戊二烯70.42万t（37.3%）,单萜烯30.3万t（16.1%）,其他VOCs为87.88万t（46.6%）.BVOCs季节变化十分显著,夏季最高,冬季最低;夏季排放占年排放量的60.9%（108.8万t）,冬季仅占3.2%（5.7万t）.受植被覆盖影响,BVOCs排放存在空间分布差异,南高北低,浙江、安徽、江苏和上海市的BVOCs排放量依次为84.2万t（44.6%）、76万t（40.3%）、27.2万t（14.4%）和1.2万t（0.7%）,这主要与植被类型分布有关.     

佛山市发展公交车尾气削减潜力分析

采用COPERTⅣ模型计算佛山市公交车、摩托车和小型客车排放因子,结合保有量、年平均行驶里程计算其排放量,对佛山市公交车出行环境效果及尾气削减潜力进行情景分析。结果表明:2011年佛山市公交车CO、VOC、NOx和PM的排放量为804.57、283.85、3 365.32和73.00 t。单人单次公交车出行CO和VOC的排放量较摩托车和小型客车低,但NOx则较高。公交车载客人数从17人上升至25、35、45人,单人单次出行每公里排放量分别下降32.00%、51.43%和57.50%。佛山市低排放标准的柴油公交车全部更换成国Ⅳ排放标准柴油车,CO、VOC、NOx和PM的年排放量分别削减611.66、151.6、1 231.18和58.39 t。EEV标准天然气公交车替代柴油公交车可减少NOx和PM的排放,但对VOC的削减并无优势。佛山市现有柴油公交车更换成EEV标准天然气公交车,CO、NOx和PM的年排放量分别削减293.71 t、2 086.87 t和70.34 t,但VOC的年排放量升高228.01 t。     

NOx和VOC自然源排放及其对中国地区对流层光化学特性影响的数值模拟研究

利用Williams等和Guenther等的模型估计中国地区NO_x和VOC的自然源排放.所得清单显示土壤NO_x排放总量（以N计）为225.75 Gg;植被VOC年排放总量（以C计）为13.23 Tg,其中异戊二烯、单萜烯、其它VOC分别为7.77、1.86、3.60 Tg;排放有明显季节变化和空间变化.运用中尺度气象模式MM5以及光化学模式Calgrid研究这些排放在不同季节对对流层化学的影响.结果表明,O₃、NO_x、HNO₃和PAN的全国平均浓度在土壤NO_x排放影响下分别增加15.3%、15.7%、25.5%和6.5%;在植被VOC排放影响下改变5.6%、-4.9%、-19.3％和142.3％;在两者综合影响下增加26.1%、8.8%、4.3%和177.9%;浓度变化在夏季明显强于其它季节.自然源对中国地区光化学污染物空间分布有不同程度的影响,这种影响同区域气象条件、源排放和NMHC/NO_x比值等因素有关.NO_x和VOC的自然源排放对光化学特性影响显著,在光化学模拟过程中不容忽视.     

秦皇岛市工业行业挥发性有机物排放特征

根据2016年收集的秦皇岛全市609家工业企业的产品产量、原料使用量、挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放浓度、排放流量、排放方式等活动水平数据,采用直接测量法和排放因子法建立秦皇岛市工业源VOCs排放清单,结果表明,秦皇岛市全年的工业源VOCs排放总量为8 420.07 t,其中,经济技术开发区为秦皇岛市VOCs排放的主要区域,VOCs排放量为4 120.51 t,占总排放量的48.9%;石油加工、炼焦和核燃料加工业,化学原料和化学制品制造业是秦皇岛重点VOCs排放的主要行业,分别占总排放量的30.35%和14.42%;从VOCs种类分析,不同行业中苯类,脂类与烷烃,酮类相对较多,其他几种成分均含量较少;溶剂使用是VOCs排放环节中的主要环节,排放贡献率达到37%;在调研609家企业中共有109家企业有VOCs控制设施,其中吸附法占比最大,占69%.     

Modelling greenhouse gas emissions from European conventional and organic dairy farms

Agriculture is an important contributor to global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), in particular for methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O). Emissions from farms with a stock of ruminant animals are particularly high due to CH₄ emissions from enteric fermentation and manure handling, and due to the intensive nitrogen (N) cycle on such farms leading to direct and indirect N₂O emissions. The whole-farm model, FarmGHG, was designed to quantify the flows of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) on dairy farms. The aim of the model was to allow quantification of effects of management practices and mitigation options on GHG emissions. The model provides assessments of emissions from both the production unit and the pre-chains. However, the model does not quantify changes in soil C storage.Model dairy farms were defined within five European agro-ecological zones for both organic and conventional systems. The model farms were all defined to have the same utilised agricultural area (50 ha). Cows on conventional and organic model farms were defined to achieve the same milk yield, so the basic difference between conventional and organic farms was expressed in the livestock density. The organic farms were defined to be 100% self-sufficient with respect to feed. The conventional farms, on the other hand, import concentrates as supplementary feed and their livestock density was defined to be 75% higher than the organic farm density. Regional differences between farms were expressed in the milk yield, the crop rotations, and the cow housing system and manure management method most common to each region.The model results showed that the emissions at farm level could be related to either the farm N surplus or the farm N efficiency. The farm N surplus appeared to be a good proxy for GHG emissions per unit of land area. The GHG emissions increased from 3.0 Mg CO₂-eq ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ at a N surplus of 56 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ to 15.9 Mg CO₂-eq ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ at a N surplus of 319 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The farm N surplus can relatively easily be determined on practical farms from the farm records of imports and exports and the composition of the crop rotation. The GHG emissions per product unit (milk or metabolic energy) were quite closely related to the farm N efficiency, and a doubling of the N efficiency from 12.5 to 25% reduced the emissions per product unit by ca. 50%. The farm N efficiency may therefore be used as a proxy for comparing the efficiencies of farms with respect to supplying products with a low GHG emission.     

石化罐区挥发性有机物源强反演技术的研究

石化企业是国民经济的支柱,亦是重大的污染排放源,其中大气污染以VOCs为主,而石化罐区是石化企业最常用的生产装置,研究石化罐区VOCs的核算具有重要的意义。同时,遥感傅里叶变换红外光谱技术以独特的优势,被广泛地应用于大气环境监测中,国内外一些研究学者试图将遥感傅里叶红外光谱技术与VOCs源强反演技术相结合,开发一条VOCs源强核算的新路。基于我国石化罐区的实际情况,提出了一种以遥感傅里叶变换红外光谱技术为监测手段,以石化罐区VOCs源强反演技术-扩散模式反推法为理论基础的石化罐区无组织排放VOCs源强反演的新方法,并介绍了其相关的研究理论、研究方法、研究进展,以及目前所存在的问题,为VOCs源强反演提供了一种新思路。     

中国挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放源成分谱研究进展

我国VOCs排放来源多、排放成分复杂.排放源成分谱是识别VOCs排放源特征的基本信息,对开展我国大气复合污染研究及制定污染控制策略具有重要意义.本文在介绍排放源成分谱的测量方法和总结我国排放源成分谱测量结果的基础上,阐述了典型排放源VOCs成分谱组分特征.不完全燃烧产物(烯烃和醛酮类)是机动车尾气的重要组分,烯烃在我国油品挥发成分谱中的比例较高,含氧VOCs在溶剂使用源和燃烧排放源中不容忽视,化学组分复杂是工业排放的重要特征.文章还指出了源谱研究的不足之处,主要包括源谱采集与测试方法不规范、测量结果质量难以保证及评价、含氧VOCs组分关注不够、工业排放源成分谱缺失等.从源谱的测量方法、测量组分和数据后处理等方面进行规范化,继续加强机动车排放研究,开展石油化工等工业源谱测量,构建我国本地化VOCs源谱数据库将是今后重要研究工作.     

海(水)上原油设施溢油防止对策

为了预防、控制海上原油泄漏对海域的污染,分别对临海(水)罐区、海(水)上石油勘探生产设施、海(水)底管线、油轮和油驳、码头等,提出溢油防止对策.