Indirect benefits of P2 technical assistance estimated using fuzzy set theory

Twenty small-to-medium sized business clients who had been previously provided pollution prevention (P2) technical assistance were studied to account for four difficult to quantify indirect benefits. The difficult to quantify benefits studied were reduced operational costs, regulatory burden, future liabilities and time saved from the research or technical assistance provided. Many (70%) clients who implemented new technologies realized operating cost reductions. Frequently (70%) clients who implemented P2 suggestions that reduce the disposal of hazardous waste realized reductions in regulatory burden and future liabilities. Most (90%) clients perceived that the research assistance saved their staff time. On average, clients in this study realized indirect savings of similar magnitude to their direct savings regardless of the scale or type of assistance. This study illustrates the value realized by a business of indirect benefits from pollution prevention implementation, which is particularly important now that publicly traded U.S. companies must disclosure financially significant environmental liabilities.     

两阶段模糊法在海河水系水质评价中的应用

将两阶段模糊法用于海河水系监测断面的水质评价.与传统模糊聚类法不同,该方法首先将国家地表水指标转化为等级打分,再构造模糊隶属函数,确定评价对象对标准水质水平的隶属度;之后运用改进的模糊c-均值法(FCM法)选取适当模糊指标和先验类中心,对评价对象进行聚类,得到替代原观测值的一个全局水质指标,数值在0～100之间,以利于直观评价.计算了海河水系2004～2006年4个断面的432个数据,考察了季节波动规律和不同年度变化的情况,并对水质进行了综合评价.两阶段模糊法对水质评价综合指标有较好的分类能力,能够得到十分科学的评价结果,且计算过程相对FCM法简便,可以运用于河流水质综合评价.     

Mini-Review： Green sustainable processes using supercritical fluid carbon dioxide

Environmentally benign carbon dioxide offers significant potential in its supercritical fluid phase to replace current reliance on a range of hazardous,relatively expensive and environmentally damaging organic solvents that are used on an extensive global basis.The unique combination of the physical properties of supercritical fluids are being exploited and further researched to continue the development and establishment of high efficiency,compact plant to provide energy and water efficient manufacturing processes.This mini-review is focused on the use and potential applications of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide for a selected range of key and emerging industrial processes as a sustainable alternative to totally eliminate or greatly reduce the requirement of numerous conventional organic solvents.Examples of the industries include:chemical extraction and purification,synthetic chemical reactions including polymerization and inorganic catalytic processes.Biochemical reactions involving enzymes,particle size engineering,textile dyeing and advanced material manufacture provide further illustrations of vital industrial activities where supercritical fluid technology processes are being implemented or developed.Some aspects relating to the economics of sustainable supercritical fluid carbon dioxide processes are also considered.     

Green strategy for gaining competitive advantage in housing development: a China study

The promotion of green strategy in housing development has significant contribution to the implementation of sustainable development principles. Why do the housing developers go for green? This paper examines the benefits and barriers in applying green strategies in the process of housing development and facilities management. The examination is conducted from the whole process of developing a housing project, including project plan and design, construction, and operation and management stages. It is considered by the housing developers that the application of certain types of green strategies can help contribute to building up developers’ competitive advantages, such as solar system and optimizing building envelope thermal performance technology. The four case studies suggest that housing developers believe that the application of these green technologies can contribute to reputation gaining, reduction in construction and operation cost, receiving favorable land prices, and more channels available for financing. On the other hand, the major barriers affecting the application of the green strategies in housing development process have also been identified, such as higher cost for green appliance and higher cost in relation to customers’ demand. Data used for analysis are collected from a comprehensive questionnaire survey and four constructive case studies within the Chinese housing development market.     

海洋功能区划评估理论研究-以浙江省为例

《浙江省海洋功能区划（2011-2020年）》实施五年多以来,在保证地方社会经济发展的用海需求、加强海洋生态环境管控、促进海域的可持续发展等方面发挥了重要作用,但也逐渐暴露出区划部分目标进展滞后、部分功能区与自然环境现状及用海需求不相适应等问题。为掌握区划实施情况和效果,发现并解决区划实施过程中存在的问题,本文基于海洋功能区划评估的研究理论及方法,提出海洋功能区划评估从单一结果向多元过程管控转变的理念,完善了功能区划评估指标体系,研究成果对于海洋功能区划的评估工作具有借鉴意义。     

Critical flow-storm approach to total maximum daily load(TMDL) development: an analytical conceptual model

One of the key challenges in the total maximum daily load (TMDL) development process is how to define the critical condition for a receiving waterbody. The main concern in using a continuous simulation approach is the absence of any guarantee that the most critical condition will be captured during the selected representative hydrologic period, given the scarcity of long-term continuous data. The objectives of this paper are to clearly address the critical condition in the TMDL development process and to compare continuous and event-based approaches in defining critical condition during TMDL development for a waterbody impacted by both point and nonpoint source pollution. A practical, event-based critical flow-storm (CFS) approach was developed to explicitly addresses the critical condition as a combination of a low stream flow and a storm event of a selected magnitude, both having certain frequencies of occurrence. This paper illustrated the CFS concept and provided its theoretical basis using a derived analytical conceptual model. The CFS approach clearly defined a critical condition, obtained reasonable results and could be considered as an alternative method in TMDL development.     

亚稳平衡态吸附(MEA)理论——传统吸附热力学理论面临的挑战与发展

传统吸附热力学是建立在吸附密度（吸附量，mol/m^2)为热力学状态函数的基础之上的。MEA理论指出，实际反应的吸附密度具有非状态函数的本质，在这个新的基础之上推导所得的MEA不等式指出；传统定义的吸附反应平衡常数具有热力学非常数性，它从根本上受反应过程（如可逆性，动力学）的影响，因此无法用来准确描述实际反应的平衡特征。只有建立可以描述亚稳平衡态吸附的理论体系，才有可能准确表征实际吸附反应的平衡限度，本文综述了MEA理论的宏观热力学原理以及应用该理论解决实际环境科学问题的3个范例。一是用MEA理论解释了国际上界面吸附领域中长期悬而未解的“固体浓度效应”问题，二是用MEA理论发现了环境生物地球化学中磷循环所遵循的一个基本原理和规律。三是用MEA原理改造地球化学与土壤化学中常用的固液分配系数（Kd)的定义（即重新定义Kd)。这3个范例分别代表了由MEA概念所引发的新的研究方向，最后介绍了从分子水平实验验证和发展MEA理论的最新结果以及用XAFS（X光精细结构吸收光谱）所发现的金属离子在水合金属氧化物表面上吸附的微观机制，这一发现可以统一解释金属离子在水合金属氧化物表面上静电吸附。离子交换吸附，非离子交换吸附，外层表面络合物，内层表面络合物，表面沉淀等作用力的本质以及这些作用之间的过渡与联系。     

A rough set-based quality function deployment (QFD) approach for environmental performance evaluation: a case of offshore oil and gas operations

Activities in offshore oil and gas (OOG) that cause environmental impacts can be systematically managed through an environmental management system (EMS). Environmental performance evaluation (EPE) is an essential part of an EMS. However, previous studies on EPE indicate that existing lists of indicators little insight into how indicators are modified to more accurately assess environmental performance.In this paper, a way is proposed to identify and define specific environmental performance indicators on a case-by-case basis, which consists of five steps: (1) describing environmental requirements; (2) determining favourable outcomes corresponding to the requirements; (3) identifying required activities or issues to achieve the outcomes; (4) searching for proper measures of the activities or issues; and (5) generating a list of key indicators. Based on these steps, a quality function deployment (QFD) approach is developed to determine key indicators and evaluate environmental performance. To handle uncertainties in QFD, the decision makers’ evaluations are quantified through rough numbers using the concept of rough sets. The outputs of the proposed approach are different environmental performance indices. Using these indices, decision makers can easily determine whether an improved performance has been achieved through an EMS. The proposed approach is transparent and promising for use as a unified tool for EPE. An application of the proposed approach is demonstrated through a numerical example.     

Electrochemical treatment of olive mill wastewater: Treatment extent and effluent phenolic compounds monitoring using some uncommon analytical tools

Problems related with industrials effluents can be divided in two parts: (1) their toxicity associated to their chemical content which should be removed before discharging the wastewater into the receptor media; (2) and the second part is linked to the difficulties of pollution characterisation and monitoring caused by the complexity of these matrixes. This investigation deals with these two aspects, an electrochemical treatment method of an olive mill wastewater (OMW) under platinized expanded titanium electrodes using a modified Grignard reactor for toxicity removal as well as the exploration of the use of some specific analytical tools to monitor effluent phenolic compounds elimination. The results showed that electrochemical oxidation is able to remove/mitigate the OMW pollution. Indeed, 87% of OMW color was removed and all aromatic compounds were disappeared from the solution by anodic oxidation. Moreover, 55% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the total organic carbon (TOC) were reduced. On the other hand, UV- Visible spectrophotometry, Gaz chromatography/mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry and 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) showed that the used treatment seems efficaciously to eliminate phenolic compounds from OMW. It was concluded that electrochemical oxidation in a modified Grignard reactor is a promising process for the destruction of all phenolic compounds present in OMW. Among the monitoring analytical tools applied, cyclic voltammetry and 13 C NMR are among the techniques that are introduced for the first time to control the advancement of the OMW treatment and gave a close insight on polyphenols disappearance.     

Organising for environmental considerations in complex product development projects: implications from introducing a “Green” sub-project

This paper presents findings from a case study of a product development project in which environmental performance requirements were introduced. Focus is set on how the project was organised in order to ensure that the environmental performance requirements were considered. A specific “Green” sub-project was included in the project organisation. The analysis shows that such a sub-project can: (1) serve as a means to put environmental considerations on the agenda, (2) introduce a risk for confusion regarding who is responsible for fulfilling the environmental performance requirements, (3) act as an arena for communication about the environmental performance requirements, (4) serve as a platform for environmental champions to be active, and (5) serve as a means for environmental specialists to become part of established contact networks in the product development organisation.     

Mathematical models for rime-ice accretion on conductors using free streamline theory: Twin conductor bundles

A theoretical model of rime-ice accretion on the downstream conductor of a twin conductor bundle is proposed, applying free streamline theory.It is assumed that neither conductor twists under the eccentric ice loading on the windward sides. The actual location of the downstream conductor on the edge of the wake from the upstream conductor is provided by experimental observations on twin conductor bundles. Free streamline theory is used to predict the locations of the points of reattachement and separation of the free streamline, from the upstream conductor, on the downstream conductor.The availability of supercooled droplets for accretion on the downstream conductor is dependent upon the knowledge of the capture and scattering of droplets by the upstream conductor and its wake. Starting with the known spectrum of droplet sizes upstream of the upstream conductor during icing, the modified spectrum downstream is determined numerically. This spectrum of droplet sizes is then employed to predict the rime-ice accretion on the windward side of the downstream conductor of the twin conductor bundle.     

长江经济带绿色发展:关于状态、特征与制约的文献综述

文章基于文献综述梳理和探究长江经济带绿色发展的研究现状、状态水平、空间格局及制约因素等,结果表明:长江经济带绿色发展水平呈稳步上升趋势,在全国处于中上游水平;整体而言,长江经济带经济增长质量略滞后于生态环境治理,生态系统健康与生态服务是新时期长江经济带绿色发展的重点工作;长江经济带绿色发展水平空间差异明显,下游更易受资源环境的约束,中游面临产业结构固化的困境,上游发展绿色经济动能乏力;长江经济带既有的增长方式和发展模式形成了较难转型的路径依赖,在创新驱动发展、优化资源配置、改善协调关系等方面还需进一步加强。本文结合相关研究和热点进行述评,以期为长江经济带在多重目标下寻找平衡,创新绿色发展模式提供借鉴和参考。     

绿色发展:从"绿水青山"到"金山银山"的转化路径和实现机制

"绿水青山就是金山银山"是习近平生态文明思想的核心理念,是发展观的深刻变革,是绿色发展的真正要义。"绿水青山"转变为"金山银山"的关键是实现有效率、高质量、可持续的发展。要实现"绿水青山"到"金山银山"的转换,应以《生态文明体制改革总体方案》为基础和方向,构建绿色生态低碳产业体系,构建系统完整的生态环境保护制度体系,建立健全"绿水青山"市场机制。     

xDLVO理论解析微滤膜海藻酸钠污染中pH值影响机制

用extended Derjaguin-Laudau-Verwey-Overbeek(xDLVO)理论定量解析不同pH值下海藻酸钠微滤膜污染过程中的界面相互作用,评价范德华力(LW)、双电层作用力(EL)、极性力(AB)对海藻酸钠微滤膜污染的相对贡献.结果表明,在pH5~9范围内,AB相互作用能起着关键作用,决定了总界面相互作用能的性质与强度.不同pH值下海藻酸钠微滤膜污染趋势(K)为pH 5 > pH 7 > pH 8 > pH 9. 由于与海藻酸钠之间的界面作用为引力,疏水性膜在过滤初期膜污染更为严重;污染后期亲、疏水性膜污染行为差异不明显,因为此时海藻酸钠之间的排斥性界面作用为主导.初始、后期阶段K值分别与膜-海藻酸钠界面自由能、海藻酸钠-海藻酸钠界面自由能有较强的线性相关性,说明xDLVO理论可以有效预测不同pH值下海藻酸钠微滤膜污染行为.     

Cell surface-expression of the phosphate-binding protein PstS: System development, characterization, and evaluation for phosphorus removal and recovery

Simultaneous overabundance and scarcity of inorganic phosphate(P_i) is a critical issue driving the development of innovative water/wastewater treatment technologies that not only facilitate Pi removal to prevent eutrophication,but also recover P_i for agricultural reuse.Here,a cell-surface expressed high-affinity phosphate binding protein(PstS) system was developed,and its P_i capture and release potential was evaluated.E.coli was genetically modified to express Ps...     

Low carbon emission development strategies for Jambi,Indonesia: simulation and trade-off analysis using the FALLOW model

Economic growth in rural areas has to align with preservation of land uses that optimise environmental services. This means that trade-offs between economic and ecological priorities need to be understood, quantified and managed. We aimed to estimate the trade-off in the Tanjung Jabung Barat district of Jambi province Indonesia, where traditional agroforestry systems on both peat and mineral soils and logged-over forests give way to monocultural plantations of pulpwood and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Simulations of a 30-year time period of four scenarios using the FALLOW (Forests, Agroforests, Low-value-Landscape, Or, Wastelands) model show that a business-as-usual scenario of economic growth unhindered by the application of conservation scenarios will lead to high carbon dioxide CO₂ emissions. The forest and agroforest protection scenario, with moderate assumptions for peat-based emissions, had opportunity costs of 3–100 USD/t CO₂e. This occurred especially when the establishment of oil palm plantations, which are currently the most profitable land use option in the area, is directed solely to under utilized mineral soils. The high trade-off values are difficult to reconcile when relying only on C trading mechanism to offset economic opportunity costs of not converting forests and/or agroforests to plantations. We conclude that law-based protection of existing forests, investment in intermediate intensity agroforestry options that utilize locally adapted trees and do not require drainage of peatlands, and re-introduction of tapping Jelutung (Dyera sp) latex as non-timber peat forest product, are needed in the Tanjabar district to provide options that are sustainable from both ecological and economic perspectives.     

农村地区清洁取暖工作绿色低碳绩效评价及对策建议 ——基于石家庄市深泽县和无极县农户调查

清洁取暖政策实施效果体现在多个方面。本文基于农户调查结果,从经济、社会、污染减排和温室气体减排4个维度,构建"煤改气""煤改电"绿色低碳绩效评价指标体系,并采用协同控制效应坐标系分析和减排效果归一化分析,量化协同减排效益。结果表明:两种改造路径均取得了显著的污染物和温室气体减排效益;用气取暖的协同减排能力高于用电取暖,同时社会满意度水平略高,运行过程中政府补贴力度更大;无极县通过全面推广空气源热泵设备,显著降低了用电取暖的经济运行成本;总体来说,两县用电取暖得分更高。由此建议,地方要创新设备推广机制,加强群众宣传力度,制定合理补贴政策,以保障清洁取暖工作的持续有效开展。