3OCrMnSiA钢的快速循环球化退火的研究

通过对30CrMnSiA钢的球化退火工艺进行的研究,推荐了一种适用于该材料的最佳快速循环球化退火工艺,不仅节能效果明显,而且工艺操作简单,质量稳定。所得结果对生产中正确选择球化工艺有一定的指导意义。     

超声波预处理对牛粪与玉米秸秆混合厌氧发酵特性的影响

为了探索超声波预处理提高厌氧发酵产气量的机理、优化超声波预处理工艺及分析超声波预处理的能量效益,利用因子分析法和通径分析研究不同发酵阶段各环境因子对发酵过程的影响,以及发酵初始环境与甲烷产量之间的关系.同时,用响应面优化法优化超声波预处理工艺,并且分析了超声波预处理的能量效益.结果表明,在40 k Hz和0.20 k W下,适宜的超声波预处理能显著提高厌氧发酵总产气量(p0.05),牛粪预处理17.68 min后与玉米秸秆预处理19.94 min混合发酵,甲烷产量最高为177.20 L·kg-1(以TS计),显著高于CK(未经预处理组,p0.05),其能量效益也最高,为1835.14 k J·kg-1(以TS计).超声波预处理通过改变发酵初始环境之间的相互关系和发酵过程环境的主要影响因素来使发酵系统更加稳定从而提高产气量.超声波预处理是一种能量输入的预处理方式,产气量高于CK处理组,但其能量效益不一定大于零.因此,在优化超声波预处理条件时必须对其能量效益进行分析.研究结果能为超声波预处理条件的优化方式提供理论依据.     

铁负载污泥炭的表征及其促进PAM调理高级厌氧消化污泥的效能研究

本研究首先分析了铁负载污泥炭的物理化学性质,评估了铁负载污泥炭与有机高分子（聚丙烯酰胺,PAM）联合调理改善高级厌氧消化污泥脱水性的效能,研究了联合调理过程中污泥絮体特性与胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化特征.结果表明,单独投加污泥炭可以通过铁的电中和作用降低污泥颗粒间的静电排斥力,同时充当骨架材料改善污泥的脱水性能.此外,铁负载污泥炭可以有效去除污泥体系中大分子溶解性有机物,从而改善污泥的过滤性能.污泥炭和有机絮凝剂在污泥调理过程中表现出明显的协同作用,污泥碳和PAM的最佳投加量分别为250 mg·g^-1（以TSS计）和8 mg·g^-1（以TSS计）.激光共聚焦显微镜分析表明,PAM主要与污泥絮体中的蛋白质分子作用,从而促使污泥颗粒凝聚.     

油墨含能NiCr桥电爆换能规律及间隙点火性能研究

目的 针对低功耗换能元点火能力不足的问题,采用油墨直写技术制备一种油墨含能NiCr桥换能元。方法 以Al/CuO为主体含能材料,完成含能油墨的制备,并将其集成到NiCr桥上,形成油墨含能NiCr桥。对油墨含能NiCr桥换能元进行电爆实验和间隙点火实验,验证油墨含能NiCr桥的非接触式点火能力。结果 在24 V/100 µF条件下,油墨装药量为2.9 mg时,油墨含能NiCr桥可以在5 mm间隙下点燃B/KNO3装药,在间隙为1 mm条件下,油墨含能NiCr桥能够成功引发装药为硝酸肼镍的雷管。结论 含能油墨的引入能够增强NiCr桥的点火起爆能力,有望在工程实践中进行应用。     

双基球扁药工艺优化仿真研究

目的优化双基球扁药成球工艺参数,解决由于目前双基球扁药理论研究不充分、控制模型不明确、生产工艺参数调控依靠人工经验所导致的药品成球后直径、弧厚偏差大的问题。方法利用BP神经网络在处理复杂非线性映射问题上的强大的能力,对成球关键工艺参数与成球质量指标进行建模,并应用成球工艺过程仿真数据对其进行训练,将训练得到的BP神经网络模型用于优化成球工艺参数。同时利用仿真数据进行检验模型的可靠性。结果训练后BP神经网络均方误差为0.001,成球直径误差率为1.27%,成球弧厚误差率为2.08%,成球质量参数误差均很小,可以满足工艺要求。结论该BP神经网络模型具有较高精度,适用于含能材料工艺优化,提出的成球工艺优化方法能有效降低成球试制成本,缩短生产周期。     

Bending of Titanium Sheet Using Laser Forming

Laser forming, a novel manufacturing method for bending sheet metal first reported in 1985, has been investigated as an alternative to hot brake forming (industry standard) of titanium sheet parts for the aircraft industry. Laser forming involves scanning a focused or partially defocused laser beam over the surface of a titanium workpiece to cause localized heating along the bend line and angular deflection toward the beam. The main advantage that laser forming has over conventional brake forming is increased process flexibility. An experimental investigation of this process (primarily designed experiments) met the following objectives: identified the response variables related to change in geometry (bend angle) and material microstructure; characterized the influence of process variables (scanning speed, beam diameter, laser power) on these response variables; determined the degree of controllability over the process variables; and evaluated the suitability of laser forming for the aircraft industry (most important), all with respect to titanium sheet. It has been determined that laser forming with an Nd:YAG laser is a controllable, flexible manufacturing process for titanium sheet bending. Unfortunately, these advantages over traditional hot brake forming are overshadowed by the fact that, with regard to forming with titanium, laser forming is significantly slower and more labor and energy intensive, and results in unacceptable material properties at the bend line according to aircraft industry standards. These findings cast doubt over the assertions of some researchers that laser forming may be a viable manufacturing process for parts made in small batches. Instead, it appears that it may be best suited for rapid prototyping of sheet metal parts.     

电活性生物膜介导Cu2+生物还原的试验研究

电活性生物膜形成、胞外电子传递机制以及环境效应研究已成为环境领域关注的热点.通过在碳毡上富集形成生物膜,采用电化学方法对生物膜的电活性进行了表征,对电活性生物膜直接介导Cu2+的还原转化进行了初探.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对Cu元素的形貌、含量以及价态进行分析,结果表明电活性生物膜能够利用乙酸作为电子供体,Cu2+作为电子受体,将Cu2+还原转化成Cu或Cu+.同时,通过激光共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)观察Cu2+对微生物的影响,结果显示Cu2+对微生物有明显的毒害作用,所以电活性生物膜介导Cu2+的转化只能在较低的铜离子浓度下进行.本研究结果将为电活性生物膜应用于环境中铜离子的固定和回收提供理论依据.     

Numerical modelling of electrohydraulic free-forming and die-forming of DP590 steel

Electrohydraulic forming (EHF) is a high energy rate forming process in which the strain rate in the sheet metal can vary from 5 × 10² to 10⁵ s⁻¹ depending on various factors. Several mechanisms have been reported to cause an improvement in formability in EHF such as material deformation mechanisms, inertial effects and the dynamic impact of the sheet against the die. EHF is a complex high speed forming process and experimental work alone is not sufficient to properly understand this process. To understand the variation of some influential variables in EHF, electrohydraulic die-forming (EHDF) and free-forming (EHFF) of DP590 dual phase steel were simulated in ABAQUS/Explicit by considering the fluid/structure interactions. Three-dimensional finite element simulations were conducted by modelling the water with Eulerian elements with a view to investigating the effect of released energy on the sheet deformation profile history, strain distribution, loading path and damage accumulation type. The Johnson–Cook constitutive material model was used to predict the sheet behaviour and the parameters in this model were calibrated based on experimental test results available for DP590 at various strain rates. The Johnson–Cook phenomenological damage model was also used to predict the ductile failure (damage accumulation) in both EHDF and EHFF. Predicted final strain values and damage accumulation type showed good agreement with the experimental observations.     

Environmental comparison of MESO-CLAD® process and conventional machining implementing life cycle assessment

CLAD^® process (Direct additive laser manufacturing, Construction Laser Additive Directe in French) allows the direct manufacturing of small parts, and especially in case of complex shapes, giving equivalent properties with traditional processes such as conventional machining or casting techniques. Present environmental considerations are very important for updates in legislation or in order to make economic allowances. A specified mechanical Ti₆Al₄V part is used as a support and SimaPro software allows to perform Life Cycle Assessment. This study suggests that the absence of chips production, which represents up to 80% of the titanium consumption, provides to CLAD^® process an unquestionable advantage. This process requires longer times of execution, which increase additional energy consumptions, and the comparison of this process with conventional machining demonstrates that damages to resources and to human health are highly reduced. In both cases a large part of the environmental impacts are due to the powder elaboration. Finally, CLAD^® process can add shapes on machined/casted parts and it is possible to consider the manufacture of a mechanical part via a hybrid process.     

Greenhouse gas balances of molasses based ethanol in Nepal

This paper evaluates life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) balances in production and use of molasses-based ethanol (EtOH) in Nepal. The total life cycle emissions of EtOH is estimated at 432.5 kgCO_2eq m⁻³ ethanol (i.e. 20.4 gCO_2eq MJ⁻¹). Avoided emissions are 76.6% when conventional gasoline is replaced by molasses derived ethanol. A sensitivity analysis was performed to verify the impact of variations in material and energy flows, and allocation ratios in the GHG balances. Market prices of sugar and molasses, amount of nitrogen-fertilizers used in sugarcane production, and sugarcane yield per hectare turn out to be important parameters for the GHG balances estimation. Sales of the surplus electricity derived from bagasse could reduce emissions by replacing electricity produced in diesel power plants. Scenario analysis on two wastewater processes for treatment of effluents obtained from ethanol conversion has also been carried out. If wastewater generated from ethanol conversion unit is treated in pond stabilization (PS) treatment process, GHG emissions alarmingly increase to a level of 4032 kgCO_2eq m⁻³ ethanol. Results also show that the anaerobic digestion process (ADP) and biogas recovery without leakages can significantly avoid GHG emissions, and improve the overall emissions balance of EtOH in Nepal. At a 10% biogas leakage, life cycle emissions is 1038 kgCO_2eq m⁻³ ethanol which corresponds to 44% avoided emissions compared to gasoline. On the other hand, total emissions surpass the level of its counterpart (i.e. gasoline) when the leakage of biogas exceeds 23.4%.     

A streamlined life cycle assessment on the fabrication of WC–Co cermets

Tungsten carbide–cobalt (WC–Co) cermets have been widely used because of their high hardness and excellent wear-resistant properties. In this study, the environmental burdens related to WC–Co component fabrication were evaluated to compare the Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS^®) process and the conventional powder metallurgy (P/M) process. Sensitivity analysis revealed that choice of weighting scheme does not significantly affect the final result; the LENS^® process is more preferable if powder recycling is applied, part size is small, or part shape is complex; and the P/M process provides more benefits to produce large parts of simple shape.     

The theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) as option generation tool within cleaner production projects

Cleaner Production is an organized approach to minimize industrial waste and emissions by increasing the efficiency of the use of materials and energy. It is propagated especially by UNIDO and UNEP as an approach to identify preventive measures to cut on waste and emissions from industrial activities. Case studies conducted by the authors in the last 10 years demonstrate, that in a number of cases water consumption per production unit of industries from the surface treatment sector, from food processing and from the textile industry could be reduced by 30–90%, auxiliary materials consumption could be reduced by 30–50%, and energy consumption of processes could be reduced by 15–25%. All these measures were actually economically beneficial for the companies, most of these measures paid back in less than one year [1].The standard approach to apply Cleaner Production originates from chemical engineering. It follows the steps of: Drawing a process flow sheet – collecting input/output data – doing mass and energy balances – identify sources for waste and emissions – set priorities – identify options. In the process of option generation one generally relies on expert knowledge or on checklists which are available in different manuals or in the best available technology reference (BREF) notes.¹ This approach is strong with teams with an (chemical) engineering background.The authors wanted to develop a generic approach for option identification especially for teams with little formal engineering background or teams which have to go beyond their professional experience by using elements of the so-called TRIZ method (Theory of inventive problem solving, or originally Russian: “

” (Teoria reschenija isobretatjelskich sadatsch)). TRIZ offers very strong tools for developing process improvement options on a generic level without specific technological knowledge about the process which shall be improved. The authors have found from their research that especially the concept of the Ideal Final Result, and the Laws of Evolution form a conceptual framework which can aid effectively in the identification of improvement options in a systematic way.     

Towards sustainable production and use of charcoal in Kenya: exploring the potential in life cycle management approach

The study seeks to demonstrate the potential role that industrial ecology could play towards energy poverty reduction and environmental conservation in Kenya through sustainable charcoal production and consumption. This is achieved through an exploration of the application of the life cycle management (LCM) concept that identifies various opportunities for technological intervention for energy and environmental conservation and reduction of material and energy losses. It also identifies opportunities for income generation at various stages of the product’s life cycle; an aspect critical in poverty reduction in developing countries. The study finds that applying LCM in the charcoal trade in Kenya can deliver social, economic and environmental benefits to developing country communities and should, therefore, be promoted. However, appropriate legal, policy and institutional frameworks must exist in these countries for this to occur.     

动态好氧堆肥模拟模型研究与应用

对动态好氧堆肥系统的物料和能量平衡进行了全面分析,建立了动态好氧堆肥模拟模 型,研制开发了混合物料系统好氧堆肥动态模拟计算机软件系统.运用生活垃圾与糖厂废渣联 合堆肥实验成果对模型进行了有效性检验,证明了模型的有效性.对云南省云县糖厂废渣和生 活垃圾联合堆肥在生产规模下的动态好氧堆肥工艺进行了模拟,得到了停留时间、反应器体 积、加水量、通气量等工艺参数.模型可以用于一种物料堆肥或多种物料混合堆肥系统的工 艺设计和运行控制.     

转型期中国物质生产能源消费与CO2排放关联特征

论文利用计量经济模型,就近30 a来我国物质生产过程中能源消费与CO₂排放变动关联特征进行研究,结果表明:①物质生产部门能源消费的持续增长是我国能源消费总量增长与CO₂排放量增长的主要驱动因子;②物质生产部门的产业能源消费结构均衡度长期以来处于较低水平,呈现"低水平不平衡-平衡-较高水平不平衡"的变化规律;③物质生产部门能源消费-GDP脱钩弹性系数分布情况与物质生产部门CO₂排放-GDP脱钩弹性系数分布情况相似,均表明目前我国物质生产对能源消费的依赖度趋低,单位能源消费的经济产出量逐渐提高,但我国物质生产部门的经济产出与能源消费的弱脱钩关系相较于发达国家的强脱钩关系之间仍存在较大差距。最后,论文针对研究结论,从物质生产部门行业结构、能源消费结构、经济增长与能源消费间脱钩关系三个角度,提出调控未来物质生产部门能源消费的建议要点。     

Cost-performance analysis of nutrient removal in a full-scale oxidation ditch process based on kinetic modeling

A full-scale oxidation ditch process for treating sewage was simulated with the ASM2d model and optimized for minimal cost with acceptable performance in terms of ammonium and phosphorus removal. A unified index was introduced by integrating operational costs (aeration energy and sludge production) with effluent violations for performance evaluation. Scenario analysis showed that,in comparison with the baseline (all of the 9 aerators activated), the strategy of activating 5 aerators could save aeration energy significantly with an ammonium violation below 10%. Sludge discharge scenario analysis showed that a sludge discharge flow of 250–300 m3/day (solid retention time (SRT), 13–15 days) was appropriate for the enhancement of phosphorus removal without excessive sludge production. The proposed optimal control strategy was: activating 5 rotating disks operated with a mode of "111100100" ( "1"represents activation and "0" represents inactivation) for aeration and sludge discharge flow of 200 m3/day (SRT, 19 days). Compared with the baseline, this strategy could achieve ammonium violation below 10% and TP violation below 30% with substantial reduction of aeration energy cost (46%) and minimal increment of sludge production (< 2%). This study provides a useful approach for the optimization of process operation and control.     

Eco-efficiency evaluation of iron rod industry in Nepal

This paper presents the eco-efficiency of energy intensity, material consumption, water use, waste generation, and CO₂ emission in terms of production value in net sales (US$) per environmental influence using empirical evaluation. Evaluation has been considered only within production process boundary of iron rod industry. Evaluation of eco-efficiency tried to couple the economic and environmental influences of industry to know economic and environmental excellence. Eco-efficiency of iron rod industry was quantitatively analyzed and determined that energy, material consumption, water use, waste generation, and CO₂ emission eco-efficiency have been increased gradually along with increased production during analysis period of five years (2001–2005). It was possible due to installing heat recovery unit along with innovative processes modification. While comparing each year's eco-efficiency of all above-mentioned parameters, eco-efficiencies were increased that indicates less resource use and less waste released. As a general statement of overall comparison and characterization of eco-efficiencies of five years duration, iron rod industry was eco-efficient in all aspects. Eco-efficiency being an emerging trend has not yet been implemented in Nepal. It is further recommended to adopt the eco-efficiency evaluation in other industries. In addition, it is high time to augment the provision of eco-efficiency concepts in industrial policy and legislation concerned.     

Application of vibration in the laser powder deposition process

Laser powder deposition (LPD) has been used for a few decades as a technique that is unique in the application of complex geometry part manufacturing, high-value parts repairing, and surface modification. However, improving the buildup quality of LPD process is still a challenge because of the presence of defects. In this paper, the effect of in-process vibration frequency on the buildup properties of LPD is studied. Experimental results show that the vibratory energy has a significant effect on reducing porosity. Up to an 80% reduction in the porosity and the maximum defect size can be obtained by choosing the appropriate vibration parameters. In addition, a more homogeneous microstructure is achieved that results in less deviation in hardness throughout the buildup.     

Macro-level environmental comparison of near-dry machining and flood machining

This paper focuses on investigating several aspects of the machining process from an ecological perspective, the result being a macro-level analysis. The analysis presented here considers not only the environmental impact of the material removal process itself, but also the impact of the associated processes such as the material preparation, and the scrap processing. A macro-level assessment of the comparative life cycle environmental performance of the near-dry machining (NDM) using TiN-coated carbide tools and the flood machining (FM) is performed by a case study referring to the gear milling. The assessment, using the SimaPro 7.1.5 software and the ecoinvent1.5 database, includes combined Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the workpiece material, the scrap processing, the use of lubrication, and the energy consumption.