我国生态工业园区稳定性的调研报告

作为可持续发展的重要实践工具，生态工业园（EIPs）建设得到快速推进的同时，也由于多方面存在的影响因素制约，使园区面临“不稳定”风险．本调研报告通过专家调查和全国范围内的统计调查确认了“技术充足，政府支持，行业多样，核心组员，成员沟通”等5个影响因素对我国生态工业园区稳定发展具有显著影响，并对数据结果做了进一步的讨论，提出了相应的政策建设。     

我国工业园区生态化改造的难题与对策思考

针对我国工业园区发展现状,围绕生态园区建设需求,为有效解决工业园区发展与资源环境约束之间的矛盾,提出园区生态化改造的有效对策,主要包括生态补链、提标改造、一体化管理等。进一步展望了工业园区生态化改造的前景,并开展了风险评估和效益分析。     

台湾阳明山地景、保育与解说考察记--对建设国家地质公园的启示

本文为台湾阳明山公园考察记述 ,重点叙述地景 (地质遗迹 )登录、评价与分区管理 ,地景与生态保育和解说服务的理念和实际管理、运作。从中可对建设国家地质公园 ,提高风景名胜区旅游的品位 ,实施寓教于游有所启示。     

我国环境政策中生态工业园内涵误区的分析

作为一种新的工业可持续发展方式,生态工业园已经在世界范围内得到广泛应用。在我国,随着近几年生态工业园建设的蓬勃开展,出现了一些认识和实践中的误区,这些误区可能会影响我国循环经济下一步实践的顺利开展。文章以生态工业园概念的内涵为主线,通过系统梳理和分析相关的国内外文献和我国的法规政策,首先总结了生态工业园的广义和狭义内涵,提炼了工业共生的目标要素、主体要素和行为要素;其次分析了工业共生与循环经济、清洁生产之间的相互关系;在此基础上,提出了目前生态工业园实践中出现的循环经济式、污染控制式、产业发展式三种内涵误区,并进一步剖析了我国政策制定过程中的两个深层问题,即生态工业园实践内容的简单组合化和生态工业园目标与内容的脱节。     

National laws and policies can enable or confound adaptive governance: Examples from South African national parks

There is growing appreciation that protected areas, like all social-ecological systems (SES), are inherently complex and face an unpredictable future under the influence of global environmental change. Adaptive management is the accepted approach for managing complex SES to ensure their resilience, but unless it is supported by a governance system that is itself adaptive it has little chance of success. Scholars have identified certain principles conducive to adaptive governance. Environmental legislation, an important component of the governance system, is often misaligned with these principles. In this paper we assess adaptive governance principles with regard to legislation governing South Africa’s national parks. This assessment indicates that, to enable adaptive governance and adaptive management, legislation should (1) be co-produced by policy-makers, policy implementers and users of protected area ecosystem services; (2) commit and empower management agencies to apply the principles of adaptive governance and adaptive management, particularly in the collaborative development of management plans; (3) commit agencies to review management plans and allow flexibility to adapt plans; (4) ensure that the temporal and spatial scales of the governance system match those of the SES being managed; (5) anticipate change and avoid assumptions of system stability and predictability; and (6) provide for flexible financing mechanisms, so that funds can be prioritised and timed to meet the unpredictable demands of complex systems.     

Developing country experience with eco-industrial parks: a case study of the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area in China

To address the pollution that accompanies rapid industrial growth in China, a National Eco-industrial Park Demonstration Program was launched in 2000. This article provides a case study of the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA). The emergence of an environmental institution in TEDA is used as a backdrop to assess how TEDA has transformed itself into one of the top three national eco-industrial parks in China. Following two years of field research, a network of 81 inter-firm symbiotic relationships formed in TEDA during the past 16 years were identified involving the utility, automobile, electronics, biotechnology, food and beverage, and resource recovery clusters. The article assesses the environmental benefits of the key symbiotic exchanges in TEDA and summarizes some unique characteristics of EIP progress in a developing country.     

生态工业技术及其在佛山市的应用

介绍了生态工业技术的基本特征及其技术体现,并结合广东佛山市传统产业的基本布局、技术特点,重点分析了若干可在佛山地区构成工业共生体的生态工业技术。     

Eco-industrial park initiatives in the USA and the Netherlands: first lessons

Since the introduction of the industrial ecology concept by Frosch and Gallopoulos in 1989, and the apparent success of the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis project, attention to planned eco-industrial park (EIP) development projects has grown all over the world. This article includes data from six of these EIP development projects. Three of the projects discussed are located in the Netherlands and three in the US. This article compares the differences in project approach and results on a national level. The approach suggested is derived from the available EIP development literature.Initial research indicates that the Dutch EIP projects are more successful than their US counterparts. This difference in success can be, mostly, attributed to the fact that the US projects are initiated by local and regional governments that see the project as a way to improve the local/regional economy with access to substantial government funds. Because of this heavy government involvement, US companies are, in general, not interested in the project. The more successful Dutch projects, on the other hand, are mostly initiated by the companies themselves with financial and advisory support from the local and regional government.     

包头铝业生态工业园区产品代谢研究

在生态工业建设理论方法研究上进行一次有益的尝试,首先从产品代谢的角度比较分析了包头(铝业)生态工业园规划前后的产业链组织形式,然后在此基础上分析了规划后的工业共生机制和生态工业网络,并对包头(铝业)生态工业园的特点进行了总结。     

高新技术开发区生态工业园建设规划研究初探

目前我国已开展了较多传统行业的生态工业园规划研究与实践,但对高新技术开发区的生态工业园规划研究还相对薄弱。基于循环经济理念,选择上海市闵行区在产业结构上存在关联的两个高新技术开发区为案例,对其生态工业园的构建方案进行初步规划探讨。研究认为,构建循环经济虚拟产业园是高科技研发型园区建设生态工业园的主要形式,而以电子信息产品制造为主导行业的出口加工区则可以通过构建主导产业绿色供应链保障其生态工业园建设目标的实施。文章还尝试提出高新技术开发区构建生态工业园的环境管理对策,以期为未来国内高新技术开发区构建生态工业园的相关实践提供科学参考。     

An inter-sectoral comparison of green supply chain management in China: Drivers and practices

The issue of green supply chain management (GSCM) has received increased attention in recent years among manufacturing practice and research. Yet, the corporate and environmental manufacturing issues in developing countries have not been as well investigated. This paper compares drivers and practices of GSCM in one developing country, China, focusing on three typical sectors, the automobile industry, the thermal power plants and the electronic/electrical industry. We sought to determine where the differences occur and which industries are further along. This study indicates that Chinese companies in different industries have differing drivers and practices. We tend to confirm that globalization and China's entry into the world trade organization have helped promote GSCM practices in manufacturing enterprises.     

Matching national forest policies and management practices for climate change adaptation in Burkina Faso and Ghana

Many studies have suggested various kinds of forest policies, management planning and practices to help forests adapt to climate change. These recommendations are often generic, based mostly on case studies from temperate countries and rarely from Africa. We argue that policy and management recommendations aimed at integrating adaptation into national forest policies and practices in Africa should start with an inventory and careful examination of existing policies and practices in order to understand the nature and extent of intervention required to influence the adaptation of forest ecosystems to climate change. This paper aims to contribute to closing this gap in knowledge detrimental to decision making through the review and analysis of current forest policies and practices in Burkina Faso and Ghana and highlighting elements that have the potential to influence the adaptation of forest ecosystems to climate change. The analysis revealed that adaptation (and mitigation) are not part of current forest policies in Burkina Faso and Ghana, but instead policies contain elements of risk management practices which are also relevant to the adaptation of forest ecosystems. Some of these elements are found in policies on the management of forest fires, forest genetic resources, non-timber resources, tree regeneration and silvicultural practices. To facilitate and enhance the management of these elements, a number of recommendations are suggested. Their implementation will require experienced and well-trained forestry personnel, financial resources, socio-cultural and political dimensions, and the political will of decision makers to act appropriately by formulating necessary policies and mainstreaming adaptation into forest policy and management planning.     

Best practices for the sustainable production of algae-based biofuel in China

This paper focuses on developing countries that are striving to understand the requirements for the sustainable, commercial development of algae for the production of biofuels. The paper will review the sustainable development of biofuel production, including the major issues that must be addressed before embarking on the path to sustainable biofuel production. The sustainable production of biofuel should be implemented with an ecologically friendly perspective to ensure that future generations will enjoy prosperity of the planet that we share. We can find more than one path for the development of biofuel production from algae but sustainable development must be stressed to ensure prosperity for future generations.     

中国碳排放权交易市场发展历程 ——从试点到全国

碳排放权交易作为控制温室气体排放的一种市场化手段,相对于行政手段具有全社会减排成本较低、能够为企业减排提供灵活选择等优势。2011年以来,我国在北京、天津、上海、重庆、湖北、广东、深圳7个地方开展了碳排放权交易试点工作,为全国碳市场建设积累了宝贵经验。2017年年底,以发电行业为突破口的全国碳市场启动。2018年4月,国务院碳交易主管部门由国家发展和改革委转隶至生态环境部,生态环境部从推动碳交易立法、建立健全制度体系、加快基础设施建设、强化基础能力建设等方面稳步推进全国碳市场建设。本文梳理了我国碳市场的发展历程,并对全国碳市场的进一步完善提出建议。     

SD—MOP整合模型在生态工业园规划中的应用探析

生态工业园作为区域产业生态系统,由产业、人口、资源、经济和生态环境等子系统组成。它的持续发展依赖于各子系统的结构合理、功能完整以及各子系统的协调发展和有效控制。文章结合系统动力学模型和多目标规划方法优点,提出了应用于生态工业园规划的整合模型研究思路。从生态工业系统的整体结构功能模拟优化出发,建立生态工业系统动力学（SD）模型,通过模型的原始运行和灵敏度分析,寻找出对工业园发展影响较大的关键点及与之相应的参变量,以此为核心建立多目标规划（MOP）模型,求解MOP模型获取关键点最优解集。再根据模型的解,针对具体情况设计模拟运行方案,与决策者进行交互,取得系统发展的优化规划方案。该整合模型为生态工业园的规划和宏观调控提供了一个新的研究方法,并可为工业系统的可持续发展提供技术支持。     

Eco-industrial park development in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil: a tool for sustainable development

The development of eco-industrial parks (EIPs) is an emerging concept that is being spread worldwide as a new industrial model that can reconcile the three dimensions of sustainability: social, economic and environmental. In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, EIPs were launched through formal legislation as a means to foster sustainable development and to ameliorate the distress caused by unplanned urban and industrial development. The objective of this study is to present and analyze the development of EIPs in Rio de Janeiro, focusing on two of the initiatives launched. We argue that Rio de Janeiro has the potential for developing a sustainable industrial system through EIP implementation, but the continuity of EIPs will only be successful if there is convergence of interests among the actors involved.     

Impact of urban water supply on energy use in China: a provincial and national comparison

To reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and help mitigate climate change, urban water systems need to be adapted so that electrical energy use is minimised. In this study, energy data from 2011 was used to quantify energy use in China’s urban water supply sector. The objective was to calculate the energy co-benefits of urban water conservation policies and compare energy use between China and other countries. The study investigated influencing factors with the aim of informing the development of energy efficient urban water infrastructure. The average energy use per cubic metre and per capita for urban water supply in China in 2011 was 0.29 kWh/m³ and 33.2 kWh/cap year, respectively. Total GHG emissions associated with energy use in the urban water supply sector were 7.63 MtCO₂e, or carbon dioxide equivalent. Calculations using these indicators showed significant energy savings could result from water conservation measures. A comparison between provinces of China showed a direct correlation between energy intensity of urban water supply and the population served per unit length of pipe. This may imply energy and emission intensity can be reduced if more densely populated areas are supplied by a corresponding pipe density, rather than by a low-density network operating at higher flow rates. This study also found that while the percentage of electrical energy used for urban water supply tended to increase with the percentage of population served, this increase was slower where water supply was more energy efficient and where a larger percentage of population was already supplied.     

广州南沙国际汽车产业园的生态工业网络设计

以循环经济和生态工业园理念为指导，以广州南沙国际汽车产业园区为例，通过分析区域规划产业特征，进行了生态工业网络设计。通过补充生态链的缺失环节，将园区汽车、电子、化工等新建企业和制糖业等原有污染较为严重的企业及当地居民生活进行组合，提高了资源使用效率，带动了原有产业的升级换代，从根本上削弱了原有污染源对环境造成的污染，并实现一定的经济效益。     

江苏省生态工业园区建设中的问题和对策研究

近年来,随着科学发展观的深入贯彻落实,生态文明成为国家发展的重要战略,推进园区生态化建设也成为经济发达地区产业结构调整和节能减排的重要措施,本文介绍了近年来国内生态工业园区建设经验,着重分析了江苏省生态工业园区建设现状和存在的问题,提出了加快推进生态工业园区建设的对策措施。     

Critical success and limiting factors for eco-industrial parks: global trends and Egyptian context

The trend of clustering industries into regional estates or cities was adopted in the mid 1900’s. At present, the number of industrial estates in the world is estimated to be between 12,000 and 20,000 (UNEP, 1997) and this trend is continuing to rise in both developed and developing countries. The implementation of the EIP concept continues to evolve especially with the environmental threats and impact on climate change that industries pose. However, there is not yet a fully developed EIP that is operating; although some successful examples of regional by-product exchanges are functioning ( [Lowe, 2001], [Peck, 2002], [Lowe et?al., 1995] and [Chertow, 2000]). Actually, a significant number of projects have failed or have abandoned the goal of becoming an EIP. Furthermore the current body of knowledge on industrial ecology is not sufficient to provide practical solutions to the obstacles facing EIPs.This paper is based upon the Ph.D. Doctoral thesis research of D. Sakr. It was prepared to examine means to improve the uptake of cleaner production & industrial symbiosis in industrial areas in Middle East & North Africa Region focusing on Egypt as a case study. An extensive literature review was performed on eco-industrial development projects’ experiences around the world, in order to identify the critical driving and limiting factors for EIPs. This paper summarizes the lessons learned from worldwide EIP experiences as a basis for the planning and implementation of future EIPs. The paper reflects as well upon the Egyptian context for the identified EIP success and limiting factors. The identified key success and limiting factors are: the creation of symbiotic relationship, information sharing and awareness, financial benefits, organizational structure, and legal and regulatory framework.