Rural development with environmental sustainability

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我国海洋经济增长与海洋环境压力的脱钩关系研究

本文选取沿海地区工业废水直排入海量、工业废水中化学需氧量入海量、工业废水中氨氮入海量以及赤潮发生面积作为海洋环境压力指标,基于Tapio脱钩模型,引入脱钩指数构建脱钩状态评价指标,从时间和空间两个层面探讨我国海洋经济增长和海洋环境压力的脱钩状态演变趋势。结果表明:2002~2010年,各项海洋环境压力指标与我国海洋经济增长之间均呈现出扩张负脱钩、弱脱钩和强脱钩三种状态,但演变趋势各有不同;空间上,环渤海经济区海洋环境压力脱钩状态总体表现最优,各项污染指标基本稳定在弱脱钩和强脱钩状态;长三角经济区和珠三角经济区的脱钩状态总体波动较大,各项污染指标在多个不同时期出现恶化情形。基于以上研究结果,本文提出了相应的对策建议,以期实现海洋经济和海洋环境压力的完全脱钩。     

论昆山市产业结构调整的环境约束

以昆山市经济发展、产业结构调整的实际情况为依据,从土地资源、水环境、大气环境、社会环境等方面,研究产业结构调整的环境约束,并提出如何提高土地效益、保护水源地、控制水环境污染、建立严格的环境管治、控制人口增长、提升劳动力素质和进行投资转型的发展策略,以此优化产业结构,促进经济发展.     

物质流管理的时空模型框架及应用研究

从物质流管理(MFM)的内涵出发,建立了物质流管理的时空模型,提出科学技术、经济结构和社会体系是影响物质流管理的关键因素;通过模型阐释了不同时空尺度物质流管理的特征;利用该模型分析了国家、地区、工业园区、企业等不同尺度下所适合应用的物质流管理策略与模式.研究认为,利用市场和行政手段分析、调控物质流时空曲线的环境影响,是物质流管理优化的关键.     

Climate change and water resources management in Tuwei river basin of Northwest China

Water resources are an integral part of the socio-economic-environmental system. Water resources have dynamic interactions with related social, economic and environmental elements, as well as regulatory factors that are characterized by non-linear and multi-loop feedbacks. In this paper, a complex System Dynamic (SD) model is used to study the relationship among population growth, economic development, climate change, management strategies and water resources, and identify the best management strategy to adapt with the changing environment in the Tuwei river basin of Northwest China. Three management alternatives viz. business as usual, water supply management and water demand management are studied under different climate change scenarios. Results indicate that water shortage rate in Tuwei river basin may increase up to 80 % by the year 2030 if current management practices are continued or the supply based management strategy is adopted. On the other hand, water demand management can keep the water shortage rate within a tolerable limit and therefore can be considered as the sustainable strategy for water resources management to maintain the economic growth and ecological status of the Tuwei river basin.     

我国环保产业现状分析及发展措施建议

中国环保产业近几年以10%的速度迅速增长,从而成为我国国民经济新的增长点.大力发展环保产业对实现我国经济和社会发展战略目标,促进经济和社会可持续发展具有十分重要的意义.通过分析我国环保产业现状,指出我国环保产业现存的问题,提出了加快我国环保产业发展的一些建议.     

吉林省经济增长和环境变化的动态关系

以吉林省为例,采用无残差完全分解方法和柯布-道格拉斯生产函数,分别提取环境变化和经济增长的驱动因子,在分析共同影响因子对环境系统和经济系统作用差异的基础上,应用异速生长模型分析经济子系统和环境子系统的相对变化关系.结果表明:经济增长和环境变化具有不同的增长维度,环境变化中的规模效应依赖于经济系统中资源要素的投入水平,而驱动经济增长的技术变化因子仅仅是引起环境变化技术效应的一个方面,环境系统的技术变化具有一定的独立性;经济增长和环境变化既有关联性也有差异性,经济系统主导形成二者倒“U”型的数量关系,而环境系统影响因子进一步决定了在何种污染程度上穿越环境高山;环境变化和经济增长的相对速率具有广义分维性质,环境系统和经济系统的负异速生长是实现可持续发展环境目标的根本途径.      

浅论农村生态环境的主要问题及其保护对策

农村环境质量不能得到改善，全国环境质量 难以改善。但长期来由于经济发展的压力和各咎人为破坏，工农业污染和自然损毁退化等，使农村生态环境问题十分突出，已成为区域可持续发展的严重制约因素，。许多贫困地区难以走上小康之路，生态环境经是重要原因之一。该文在概述了我国农村生态环境主要问题的基础上，着重报导致其恶化的主观原因，并提出了一些具体的对策措施。     

推进污染减排 构建生态环境

介绍了推进污染减排是对社会经济结构的调整和经济效益的增长的重要抓手，同时是改善环境质量、解决区域性环境问题的重要手段。     

多晶硅光伏组件生产可持续性评价

分别采用了全生命周期评价软件、全生命周期成本法、社会性指数评价法,对我国多晶硅光伏组件生产阶段的环境影响、经济性和社会性影响进行了定量评估.结果表明:多晶硅生产、多晶硅电池片生产、电池组装3个阶段的环境影响相对较大,其中多晶硅生产阶段对气候变化的贡献率在50%以上.经济成本分析显示,原料和劳动力的成本占总成本的70%以上.多晶硅电池片生产阶段的成本在光伏组件生产过程的5个阶段中所占的比重最大.社会性影响分析结果显示,在光伏组件生产中,劳动岗位增加的贡献指数值为0.72,劳动力就业贡献较大,而生产能力提高的贡献指数值仅为0.18,显示生产能力提高的贡献较小.研究显示,为提高多晶硅光伏组件的可持续性,在生产过程中需寻找清洁能源、寻找环保替代材料以降低环境影响;积极鼓励支持企业进行技术研发创新,着力提高电池转换效率以降低生产成本;通过市场良性竞争提高多晶硅光伏行业的社会贡献.      

中国环境污染事故发生与经济发展的动态关系

基于1992~2006年中国经济发展和环境污染事故时序数据,建立了中国经济发展和环境污染事故发生的计量模型,以此来分析中国环境安全状态的发展阶段与趋势.结果表明,中国环境污染事故频数与经济增长之间呈现倒“N”型波浪式的EKC特征.环境污染事故频数、水污染事故频数、大气污染事故频数随着人均GDP的快速提高, 先下降、后上升、再下降, 但还会出现反复.环境污染事故的发生不同于环境污染物的排放,不是经济发展过程中的必然产物,但是却具有非常大的不确定性和危害性,必须利用先进的政策、制度和技术,才可以有效减少污染事故的发生.     

EKC analysis for studying economic growth and environmental quality: a case study in China

Compared with the extensive research on the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality in developed countries, there is a paucity of an empirical research on studying the relation for developing countries. Based upon the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory, this paper develops regression models for investigating the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality in China. The EKC analysis based on six pollution indices is illustrated with a case study in Jiaxing of Zhejiang, China.     

Slum dwellers response to flooding events in the megacities of India

Megacities in developing countries are rapidly transforming places. Under the impetus of global change processes and consequent transformations at the environmental, social, cultural, political and economical scales; factors causing disasters and losses are changing every day. These changes are also altering society’s ability to respond to hazard events. This paper examines the response of slum dwellers who are the most vulnerable and marginal section of urban population and often located in places with high hazard risk with less or no means to reduce the impact of flood events. Marginal population groups in megacities suffer the negative consequences of large scale global change processes and do not benefit from the risk mitigation strategies adopted by city authorities. The paper therefore argues that people living in informal settlements instead have to employ a combination of structural means and complex networks of assistance to recover from floods. Based on the results deduced from data collected with the help of household surveys in the slums of Mumbai, the study demonstrates the types of coping strategies used by slum dwellers and the changing characteristics of these mechanisms under the influence of global change processes in megacities. Furthermore, results show that capacity to respond is not equally distributed among slum dwellers due to underlying socio cultural divisions and emerging economic and political constraints. The paper concludes that to address existing discrepancies in urban societies and within slum settlements, flood mitigation strategies will have to be (1) more inclusive of marginal population (2) sensitive to the limitations and scope of old and new social structures and (3) incorporate innovative networks of support to deal with the consequences of global change.     

生态环境保护公众参与的不同层次分析

人类赖以生存的自然环境遭到破坏,会给社会、经济、政治的发展带来严重影响,也会对人类健康造成危害。保护生态环境,光靠政府采取措施、调整政策、加强环境公共事务的管理还不够,还必须有广大民众,各个层次的社团、组织的参与。文章从民众、民间团体、国际组织3个层面分析了生态环境保护公众参与的必然性、必要性。     

Promotion of cleaner production investments: international experience

Cleaner Production (CP) should be an essential part of any comprehensive environmental management system at an enterprise or national level. In many cases the adoption of CP improvements can reduce or even eliminate the need for end-of-pipe investments and therefore can have both environmental and economic benefits. Experience shows, that often companies having identified cost-effective and technically-feasible CP options, may still not be able to make necessary CP investment to realise the financial benefits and environmental advantages. Financing of CP projects varies among countries and types of the projects. Domestic and international efforts to strengthen environmental financing still face a number of serious obstacles, many of which are related to profound economic, political and social problems. The detailed evaluation of revolving fund establishment possibilities based on personal experience of the authors in Lithuania, Zimbabwe and Vietnam is presented in the paper.     

Dynamic analysis and assessment for sustainable development

The assessment of sustainable development is crucial for constituting sustainable development strategies.Assessment methods that exist so far usually only use an indicator system for making sustainable judgement.These indicators rarely reflect dynamic characteristics.However,sustainable development is influenced by changes in the social-economic system and in the eco-environmental system at different times.Besides the spatial character,sustainable development has a temporal character that can not be neglected;therefore the research system should also be dynamic.This paper focuses on this dynamic trait,so that the assessment results obtained provide more information for judgements in decision-making processes.Firstly the dynamic characteristics of sustainable development are analyzed,which point to a track of sustainable development that is an upward undulating curve.According to the dynamic character and the development rules of a social,economic and ecological system,a flexible assessment approach that is based on tendency analysis,restrictive conditions and a feedback system is then proposed for sustainable development.     

Game theoretic analysis of environmental impact assessment system in China

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) system has been established in China since 1973. In present EIA cases, there are four participants in general: governments, enterprises, EIA organizations and the public. The public has held responsible for both social costs and social duties. The public supervises social costs produced by enterprises discharging pollutant in EIA. However public participation is mostly deputized by governments, which severely weaken the independence of the public as one participant in EIA. In this paper, EIA refers to the different attitudes of the participants whose optional strategies may be described by a proper game model. According to disfigurements in EIA, three sides (governments, enterprises, and EIA organizations) dynamic iterative game theory, dynamic game theory of incomplete information, and perfect Bayesian equilibrium theory to analyze the reciprocity relation among governments, EIA organizations and enterprises. The results show that in a short period, economic benefit is preponderant over social benefit. Governments and enterprises both do not want to take EIA to reveal social costs. EIA organizations’ income comes from enterprises and the collusions are built between them to vindicate economic benefit. In a long run, social benefit loss caused by environmental pollution must be recuperated sooner or later and environmental deterioration will influence the achievements of economic benefit, so both governments and enterprises are certain to pursue high social benefit and willing to take EIA, helpful to increase private benefit. EIA organizations will make fair assessment when their economic benefit are ensured. At present, the public as silent victims can not take actual part in EIA. The EIA system must be improved to break the present equilibrium of three sides, bringing the public to the equilibrium to exert public supervision.     

How environmental management driving forces affect environmental and economic performance of SMEs: a study in the Northern China district

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) form the core of societal and economic development. However, most people query on the implementation and performance of environmental management. In this paper, the manufacturing SMEs in Northern China with different pollution levels are studied to explore the main forces (e.g., government, society, market, and enterprise itself) driving SMEs for promoting environmental management. It focuses on the correlation between environmental management and economic performance for SMEs at different pollution levels. The results show that SMEs of different pollution levels have significant differences in the relationship of driving forces and performance. First, for SMEs with high-pollution levels, social and market driving forces and government incentives are revealed having a significant effect on their environmental performance. Driving forces from within the enterprise itself and the market provide a positive effect on the economic performance, while social forces have a negative effect. Second, for SMEs with light pollution, social and market driving forces, and government assistance play a supporting role on corporate environmental performance improvement. It is also found that the driving force of the enterprise itself does not have a significant effect on the environmental performance for SMEs with different pollution levels. In addition, the environmental performance and economic performance for SMEs with high or light-pollution levels are positively correlated. Further, it shows that the environmental performance is moderately correlated with financial indices, but not significantly with the non-financial indices.     

金融发展、环境质量对中国经济增长的影响研究

基于1996年-2015年省际面板数据,对金融发展、环境质量与经济增长之间的影响机理进行分析.计量结果显示出以下三个基本结论:第一,金融发展、环境质量均与经济增长之间存在显著的"倒U型"关系,即存在特定的门槛值,使得经济增长速度先上升后减缓;第二,中国金融发展与环境质量均能够有效的促进经济增长,但金融发展在不同地区存在区域差异性,其中东部地区的金融发展对经济增长的影响最强.此外,金融发展与环境质量之间存在相互促进和加强的关系.     

地方环境约束目标对经济增长的影响效应

从2003~2017年中国283个地级市的政府工作报告中,收集了各年度各城市的环境保护约束目标,考察了各类环境约束目标对经济增长的影响.研究发现,对于SO₂等工业污染物的直接约束能够在促使政府提升环境治理力度的同时,释放经济增长红利;关于空气质量优良天数和PM_2.5浓度的间接约束不足以刺激污染型企业转型,且导致经济增长速度放缓.无环境约束将产生正向经济增长效应,但会以环境污染为代价.中间机制检验结果显示,产业结构和环境治理是环境约束影响经济增长的主要传导渠道.在环境保护约束的特征方面,约束目标“加码”将抑制经济增长,设定污染物减排区间更有利于发挥经济增长效应.经济与环境协调度方面,对环境污染物设定约束目标有助于促进经济与环境协调发展,无约束则不利于经济增长和环境保护双重目标的实现.地方政府应在明确设定污染物排放目标的基础上,遵循渐进原则对环境保护约束目标进行调整.