Strategic Thinking for Sustainable Development of Mining-Based Cities in China

Cities based on mining are distinctive from other cities in China. Their heavy dependence on minerals, a relatively undiversified industrial structure, seriously damaged ecological environment and the rather low degree of openness have all reduced their competitiveness, and severely constrained and hindered their sustainable development. In this paper the authors will study mining-based cities from the perspective of sustainable development, first by having a critical review of their features, and then by researching into strategic options to support their sustainable development.     

Strategic Thinking for Sustainable Development of Mining-Based Cities in China

Abstract

Cities based on mining are distinctive from other cities in China. Their heavy dependence on minerals, a relatively undiversified industrial structure, seriously damaged ecological environment and the rather low degree of openness have all reduced their competitiveness, and severely constrained and hindered their sustainable development. In this paper the authors will study mining-based cities from the perspective of sustainable development, first by having a critical review of their features, and then by researching into strategic options to support their sustainable development.     

Population Biology of Gametophytes in Homosporous Polypodiophyta

Modern data on the diversity of morphology and morphogenesis of gametophytes in homosporous ferns, their vegetative reproduction, and the existence of their colonies growing separately, independently of sporophytes, are reviewed. The ontogenetic states of gametophytes are identified and characterized. The problem of gametophyte chemical interactions mediated by antheridiogen, an exohormone, is discussed. These intrapopulation interactions determine the polyvariant character of gametophyte ontogeny and the complex age and sex structure of their colonies.     

Negotiation System of Ecological Compensation of Water Source Areas

In view of no generally accepted ecological compensation standards and methods at present,this paper discusses the introduction of the negotiation system to the process of ecological compensation for water source areas.That is,the government in water source areas and the downstream regions of river basins should confirm their respective rights and obligations and then establish their compensation standards through negotiations according to the different purposes of water use.The amount of compensation should be determined in the comprehensive consideration of the quality,quantity and compensation price of water.Through open and fair negotiations,an institutional arrangement will be set up,which can make the water source areas and the downstream regions of river basins fully express their true preferences and their independent choices on the ecological environment.     

Watershed wash-off of atmospherically deposited radionuclides: a review of normalized entrainment coefficients

Radionuclide wash-off is the transport of activity by flowing water over the soil surface (runoff). To complete existing reviews on long-term removal rates, this paper focuses on short-term wash-off fluxes, quantified in the literature by soil-runoff transfer factors called normalized liquid and solid entrainment coefficients (noted K(l)(*), K(s)(*)). Compiled data concerned essentially (137)Cs and (90)Sr wash-off measured under simulated rainfalls on small experimental plots after Chernobyl fallout in the exclusion zone. K(l)(*) and K(s)(*) values span approximately one order of magnitude. Their validity is limited to a season, and their representativeness is limited by restricted studied situations, notably dominant unsoluble forms in fallout, light soils and intense rainfalls. Formulas based on a simplified representation of the soil-runoff system were proposed to generalize the existing values for other conditions. However, their implementation requires a more systematic compilation of the available information, including decisive influence factors such as the fraction of exchangeable form, distribution coefficient, suspended matter enrichment ratio. Entrainment coefficients K(l)(*) and K(s)(*) were mathematically related to the transfer function approach. The proposed relationships proved their complementarity in terms of time support and captured fluctuations. Both approaches should be used in assessments to estimate average fluxes and their variability.     

新生代农民工市民化问题探析——基于生活满意度视角

新生代农民工市民化是我国当前重大社会问题,了解新生代农民工市民化的需求与驱动力对于促进其主动市民化,构建和谐社会具有重要意义。本文认为农民工市民化的过程就是其在城镇就业、定居进而构建并不断提高生活满意程度的过程,因而生活满意度是新生代农民工市民化的实质驱动力。利用四川省成都市的实地调查数据与实证分析,基于296份新生代农民工的问卷调查,采用多元回归分析技术,探讨了经济收入、社会福利、社会地位及社会关系等对新生代农民工生活满意度的影响程度。分析结果表明:新生代农民工具有追求平等、发展与融入城市的强烈愿望,其生活满意程度取决于经济收入、社会福利、社会地位及社会关系等方面与城市人的横向比较结果。最后提出了就业环境公平化、社会福利均等化及市民化教育等对策建议,从而有利于促进其从经济、社会到心理的城市融入。     

Trophic structure of ecosystems and ecotoxicology of soil organisms

Studies on the ecotoxicology of soil organisms have led to the revision of views on the trophic structure of ecosystems. It was found that the microbial link is obligatory and controls the migration of toxicants and their effects in the food chain. Differences in effects are accounted for by both the physiological stability of organisms and their affliation with relatively independent and biogeochemically closed ecosystems differing in their spatiotemporal scales. The latter form a hierarchical three-level structure: ecosystems of unicellular organisms—ecosystems of small multicellular organisms—the ecosystem of large multicellular organisms, or of biogeocenosis. Trophic networks within the structure are united by ecosystemophagy as the type of feeding of large multicellular organisms, and this accounts for the importance of the latter as indicators of long-term changes in a biogeocenosis.     

Physiological mechanisms of degradation of fish populations in acidified water bodies

Disturbances in fish that result from water acidification and related factors are analyzed in the context of generalizations based on the results of experimental and field studies. It is shown that low pH, monomeric aluminum, and other metal ions have an adverse effect on physiological processes in fish and are a major cause of their death in acidified lakes and rivers. The vulnerability of fish to low water pH at different stages of their life cycle and mechanisms of delayed mortality are discussed.     

Influence of spruce and pine on the acidity and composition of atmospheric fallout in north taiga forests of an industrially developed region

The ideas concerning the spatial and temporal variation of acidity and composition of atmospheric fallout in forests of the boreal zone are discussed. The role played by the atmospheric component in the functioning of these forests depends on the acidity and composition of fallout and the extent of their transformation by the biocenosis. The most profound transformation of fallout occurs during the growing season. In spaces between crowns, the corresponding changes are atmogenic; in undercrown areas, they are obviously biogenic (autogenic). Spruce transforms the fallout more intensively than pine. Under conditions of industrial pollution, the atmobiogenic character of fallout is supplemented with a technogenic component, as its acidity and concentration of pollutants and other elements sharply increase. Concentrations of principal cations reach high values because of their leaching from the crown by acid precipitation. The traditional concept of atmospheric load on boreal forests should be reconsidered taking into account their spatial structure.     

Ecological Connections between Gamasid Mites (Arachnida,Gamasoidea) and Small Mammals in Forest Biotopes of the Middle Volga Region

Host specificity of mites with respect to different species of small mammals in forest ecosystems was studied. The preferences of some parasites for certain host species differed from those described previously. In some cases, most parasites preferred to feed on the species that were most numerous in a certain biogeocenosis, rather than on their specific hosts. Conversely, other species of mites fed mostly on their specific hosts, irrespective of their low abundance, thus manifesting close connections with these mammals. Two mite species, Myonyssus dubinini and M. rossicus, were found in the study region for the first time.     

On the Classification of Aquatic Communities: An Example of Zooplanktonic Cenoses of Karst Lakes in the North of European Russia

Nine lakes in the Arkhangelsk oblast were analyzed with respect to their morphometry, hydrology, and hydrochemistry, and their zooplankton was studied for three years. The data on zooplankton abundance, biomass, the ratio of filter-feeders and predators, the Shannon index of species diversity, and average individual weight of zooplankters were obtained. Differences in the structure of zooplanktonic cenoses were revealed in lakes differing in morphometric parameters, prevailing ions (HCO₃ ^–, SO₄ ^2–), and their concentration.     

蔬菜出口产地农户对食品安全规制的认知及其农药决策行为研究

食品安全与农药残留一直是备受关注的焦点问题。基于此,本文应用山东省蔬菜出口产地安丘市392个农户的调查数据,对农户食品安全规制的认知及其农药使用行为的影响因素进行了分析。研究结果表明,农户的学历层次、农产品国内销售和出口日本的比例、农户对国内外农产品市场的评价及是否接受农药残留检测显著影响其对食品安全规制的认知;而农户的平均生产支出、是否接受农药残留检测、检测标准的严格程度及是否作生产记录影响其农药使用行为。此外,本文发现该制度的实施导致一些农户产生逆向选择,且农户的农药使用因种植结构而不同。针对当前农业生产的特点和食品安全现状,为了促进当地农业生产方式的转变和保护生态环境,政府应加强对农业主体的培训和技术指导,引导当地农户加强与产业组织的联系,有效开展农药残留检测、优化种植结构,提高农产品的质量和国际竞争力。     

Interspecific relationships of the midday gerbil (Meriones meridianus Pall., 1773) and tamarisk gerbil (M. tamariscinus Pall., 1773) in pasture ecosystems of the Kalmyk Republic

Studies performed in the southern Kalmyk Republic from 1993 to 2005 have shown that the midday and tamarisk gerbils are similar in their biotopic distribution and that their preferences for certain habitats depend on specific features of feeding. Individual home ranges of both species overlap, and the patterns of their daily activity are synchronous. These facts suggest that there is no interference competition between the midday and tamarisk gerbils in pastures of the southern Kalmyk Republic.     

Present Development Situation of Transgenic Crops and Effect on Ecological Environment

In recent years, genetic engineering technology has been playing a great role in improving crops. As far as property is concerned, transgenic crops are mainly classified into three types. One is anti-herbicide crops; next is anti-disease and anti-insect pest transgenic crops. The third is high added-value transgenic crops, such as insulin tomatoes China has cultivated. We have successfully expressed hepatitis B virus surface antigen genes in tomatoes and potatoes. Besides, scientists have al…     

Exploring Indigenous Understandings of River Dynamics and River Flows: A Case from New Zealand

Indigenous communities are particularly sensitive to the use and development of freshwaters, as they hold distinct perspectives on water which reflect their identity, and their custodial obligations to manage tribal waters. Within New Zealand, Maori (the indigenous people) have, for generations, voiced their concerns about the continual modification of waterways within their tribal territories. Until about the mid-nineteenth century, water quality was at the forefront of issues concerning human manipulation of rivers and streams. A range of new issues then arose that were increasingly concerned with reduced river flows. Of the many techniques developed to address these issues, many rely heavily on professional expertise and objective, scientific philosophies, which often fail to recognize cultural values, and benefit from cultural knowledge. This essay presents examples of the knowledge of streams and rivers held within Maori communities that could benefit contemporary resource management if it can be determined how cultural knowledge and practices and scientific approaches can be communicated and integrated.     

General analysis of forest vegetation in the south of the Far East with regard to the feeding of wild ruminants (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia)

Vegetation in the main types of forest landscapes in the south of the Far East has been analyzed with regard to the dependence of population density and spatial distribution of five wild ruminant species on the main parameters of phytomass. The results have shown that the majority of ruminant species at their current population density never suffer from insufficient food supply. A high population density of the sika deer (Cervus nippon) is the only factor that may cause degradation of vegetation in the study region. The present-day population density of ruminants in their habitats does not depend on the amount of phytomass and species diversity of forage plants. Conversely, there is a strong relationship between the highest population density of ruminants recorded during the past 50 years and the phytomass stock of forage plants in their habitats.     

Biological activity and environmental impact of anionic surfactants

The newest results concerning the biological activity and environmental fate of anionic surfactants are collected and critically evaluated. The chemical and physicochemical parameters related to the biological activity and the field of application are briefly discussed. Examples on the effect of anionic surfactants on the cell membranes, on the activity of enzymes, on the binding to various proteins and to other cell components and on their human toxicity are presented and the possible mode of action is elucidated. The sources of environmental pollution caused by anionic surfactants are listed and the methods developed for their removal from liquid, semiliquid and solid matrices are collected. Both the beneficial and adversary effects of anionic surfactants on the environment are reported and critically discussed. It was concluded that the role of anionic surfactants in the environment is ambiguous: they can cause serous environmental pollution with toxic effect on living organisms; otherwise, they can promote the decomposition and/or removal of other inorganic and organic pollutants from the environment. The relationship between their chemical structure, physicochemical parameters, biological activity and environmental impact is notwell understood. A considerable number of data are needed for the development of new anionic surfactants and for the successful application of the existing ones to reduce the adversary and to promote beneficial effects.     

Effects of heavy metal pollution on the ecological and biological characteristics of common chernozem

A detailed comprehensive study on the effects of heavy metals on the biological activity and other characteristics of common chernozem of the southern European facies was performed. This involved the analysis of various microbiological and biochemical indices characterizing soil biological activity, their dynamics, a set of several metals and their different chemical forms, and a wide range of metal concentrations in the soil. New important aspects of the effects of heavy metals on biological processes in the soil were revealed. An integral method was proposed for assessing changes in the total biological activity of the soil on the basis of informative indices used in the monitoring, diagnosis, and indication of soils polluted with heavy metals. Geographic trends in changes of soil resistance to heavy metal pollution were analyzed within the common chernozem subtype and by comparing chernozem with other soils.     

基于资源理论的贫困县域经济竞争优势的获取

根据资源理论（RBT）。探讨了贫困县域经济竞争优势的获取。文章依据资源状况特征。将贫困县域分为资源丰富型和瓷源缺乏型两类．分别提出和分析了资源丰富型和缺乏型贫困县域的经济竞争优势获取的不同路径。资源丰富型县域的经济发展要充分利用、开发和保护现有的资源。如旅游资源、矿产资源、经济作物、传统工艺产品等。来发展贫困县域的经济。同时,创建具有企业家精神的政府。发展其自然资源、人文资源与具有企业家精神的政府相结合的发展路径。资源缺乏型贫困县域的经济竞争优势应根据县域的实际情况．构建贫困县域的无形资产，以建立具有企业家精神的政府和企业家为主，创建地区的产业结构．制定发展战略从而带动贫困县域的经济发展。     

Adaptive significance of endomycorrhizas for herbaceous plants

It has been shown that endomycorrhizas are found in the majority of herbaceous plants, but their adaptive significance is ambiguous. As a rule, the degree of development of plants and their parts, cenotic status of the species, and species diversity of plant community manifest no definitely positive correlation with the level of mycorrhiza development on root systems. Interactions between the partners in most cases can be classified as indifferent or negative.