CHO cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity analyses of disinfection by-products: An updated review

The disinfection of drinking water is an important public health service that generates high quality, safe and palatable tap water. The disinfection of drinking water to reduce waterborne disease was an outstanding public health achievement of the 20th century. An unintended consequence is the reaction of disinfectants with natural organic matter, anthropogenic contaminants and bromide/iodide to form disinfection by-products (DBPs). A large number of DBPs are cytotoxic, neurotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic. Epidemiological studies demonstrated low but significant associations between disinfected drinking water and adverse health effects. The distribution of DBPs in disinfected waters has been well defined by advances in high precision analytical chemistry. Progress in the analytical biology and toxicology of DBPs has been forthcoming. The objective of this review was to provide a detailed presentation of the methodology for the quantitative, comparative analyses on the induction of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of 103 DBPs using an identical analytical biological platform and endpoints. A single Chinese hamster ovary cell line was employed in the assays. The data presented are derived from papers published in the literature as well as additional new data and represent the largest direct quantitative comparison on the toxic potency of both regulated and emerging DBPs. These data may form the foundation of novel research to define the major forcing agents of DBP-mediated toxicity in disinfected water and may play an important role in achieving the goal of making safe drinking water better.     

废旧干电池对泥鳅的致毒作用

以抗污染能力强的泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicadatus)为实验材料,研究了废旧干电池污染的水源对水生生物的毒害作用。结果表明,泥鳅受毒害程度与水体中废旧干电池的数量和暴露时间成正相关关系;对受毒害但未死亡的个体断尾取血,显微镜下观察血红细胞的形态、结构,发现在废旧干电池污染的水体中残存的个体,其血红细胞的变异率远远超过生活在正常水体中的个体。     

新世纪的清洁能源--燃料电池

介绍了一种高效，环境良好的发电方式-燃料电池发电技术，阐述了燃料电池的发电原理及其开发现状，对其发展前景作了展望。     

苯在一株黄杆菌细胞内外的分布与降解率的关系

对前期实验筛选出的1株能有效降解土壤中苯的黄杆菌株进行了多组实验,分析了在不同的苯初始浓度、pH值、摇床转速及温度条件下,该菌株细胞膜外、细胞膜上以及细胞质内的苯浓度分布状况和对应的降解率变化情况,以及二者之间的关系.结果表明,细胞膜外苯浓度与降解率之间呈现良好的负相关关系,相关系数为-0.91、-1、-1、-1,证实了黄杆菌株降解苯是以胞内降解为主.当苯初始浓度一定时,细胞膜上的苯浓度与降解率之间呈良好的正相关关系,相关系数为0.95、0.97、0.99,说明此时细胞膜显著影响苯的降解,但是当苯初始浓度变化时,这种相关关系并不十分明显,相关系数为0.80,说明这种影响只在一个合适的苯初始浓度范围内发生.另外,细胞质内的苯浓度与降解率之间关系还不确定.     

Detection of both the normal and mutant alleles in single cells of individuals heterozygous for the sickle cell mutation—prelude to preimplantation diagnosis

As a preliminary step to preimplantation diagnosis of sickle cell disease in unfertilized eggs or 8-cell embryos of heterozygous parents, we established quality control for detection of the mutant and normal alleles of the beta-haemoglobin gene using single buccal cells. Efficient polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a 680 base pair sequence of the beta-globin gene spanning the site of the sickle cell mutation was obtained for 79 per cent of single heterozygous cells. In 71 per cent of cases, both alleles were detected. With this current efficiency, we predict that a clinical preimplantation diagnosis at the 8-cell embryo stage could be carried out safely and reliably for a couple at risk of transmitting sickle cell disease to their children.     

Fetal and maternal progenitor cells in co-culture respond equally to erythropoietin

To explore potentially selective growth conditions for fetal cells in cultures from the blood of pregnant women, we investigated if fetal and adult erythroid progenitors with different hemoglobin expression programs are differentially responsive to erythropoietin (EPO). Co-cultures of clonogenic cells from 12-week fetal and adult peripheral blood were established, and the development of erythropoietic cells was monitored using flow cytometric profiles of correlated cellular contents of fetal and adult hemoglobin (HbF and HbA, respectively). Adult nucleated red cells were classified as F+A−, F+A+ or F−A+. All fetal cells were F+A−. The population of F+A− cells was flow-sorted and fetal cells were identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using chromosome-specific probes. Delayed EPO addition revealed that all types of erythroid cells entered the EPO-dependent phase with similar kinetics, beginning at about Day 4. The data suggest that fetal and adult erythroid stem/progenitor cells have the same initial maturation kinetics in culture independent of their hemoglobin chain expression program. Fetal and adult cells with different hemoglobin profiles also showed similar EPO dose–response curves, determined for different intervals during the first 2 weeks of culture. Thus, the kinetics of entry into the phase of EPO dependence, as well as the sensitivity to EPO at various stages of development, are essentially the same for erythropoietic progenitor cells derived from adult and early fetal blood, which rules out the possibility of using the timing or concentration of EPO for the selective growth of fetal cells from the blood of pregnant women. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生物电化学系统对河道沉积物中抗生素的强化去除

生物电化学系统已被证明可以有效降解废水或污泥中的抗生素,但对于河道沉积物中抗生素降解效果的研究还十分有限.本研究以河道沉积物为底物,考察了沉积物中本底抗生素在微生物电解池(microbial electrolysis cell,MEC)和微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)中的去除、迁移和降...     

微囊藻毒素-RR对烟草细胞活力及营养生理的影响

采用0.1,1.0,10.0μg/mL的微囊藻毒素-RR(MC-RR)处理烟草BY-2悬浮细胞,测定了细胞活力、细胞内蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、硝态氮含量及总磷含量,并且检测了酸性磷酸酶(ACP)的活力变化情况.结果表明,中、高浓度毒素处理细胞2d后,细胞活力及蛋白质含量与对照相比均显著下降.高浓度MC-RR处理降低了胞内可溶性糖的含量,暴露2d后仅为对照的45.57%;低浓度MC-RR处理在后期增加了胞内可溶性糖含量.高浓度毒素处理细胞4d后,细胞内硝态氮含量显著低于对照;中、低浓度毒素处理细胞7d后降低了胞内硝态氮含量.3组毒素处理均降低了胞内总磷含量,到实验结束时,低、中、高浓度处理组的胞内磷含量分别为对照的74.98%、76.47%和84.00%.3组处理组ACP活力与对照相比呈现先降低后升高的趋势.     

大气细颗粒物暴露干扰心肌细胞存活和炎性反应的主要毒性组分研究

鉴于PM_(2.5)组分呈现多样性和复杂性,其引起心力衰竭的主要毒性组分尚不清楚.由于采样地区、季节和污染源的不同,PM_(2.5)不同组分的占比也会有巨大差异,但不同浓度无法比较其不同组分间的毒性差异.因此,为了揭示大气PM_(2.5)引起心肌毒性作用的关键组分,分离复合型PM_(2.5)的3种主要组分(有机组分、金属组分和水溶性组分),综合两种浓度暴露方式,即实际占比浓度和与复合型PM_(2.5)相同的暴露浓度,染毒H9C2大鼠心肌细胞24 h和48 h,选择心肌细胞的细胞存活和炎症反应为主要评价指标,旨在揭示PM_(2.5)对心肌造成毒性损伤的关键性成分.CCK-8法检测存活结果显示,不同组分在实际环境比重下,对心肌细胞存活率没有造成显著影响.相同浓度暴露下,高剂量组分(30μg·cm~(-2))引起心肌细胞存活率显著降低,且有机组分毒性大于其他组分.根据细胞活力测定结果,选择低染毒浓度(10μg·cm~(-2))暴露细胞,采用qRT-PCR和ELISA试剂盒检测炎症因子变化.与对照组相比,金属组暴露后,炎症因子TNF-α和IL-1β显著升高,而有机组则显著升高TNF-α的含量.结果表明,造成心肌细胞存活毒性和炎症损伤的主要PM_(2.5)组分可能为有机组分和金属组分,而炎性反应对这两种组分的响应存在显著差异.     

低浓度甲醛促进K562细胞增殖的分子机制探究

低浓度甲醛(Formaldehyde,FA)可以促进细胞增殖.本实验选用K562细胞为实验对象,用不同浓度的甲醛溶液处理细胞,探究其中可能存在的分子机制.测定细胞活力及胞内氧化损伤程度后,发现当甲醛浓度为75μmol·L~(-1)时,细胞增殖率上升(p0.05或p0.01),Warburg效应中的丙酮酸激酶M2型同工酶(PKM2)、葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)、乳酸脱氢酶A(LDHA)、葡萄糖和乳酸含量上升(p0.05);此外,细胞周期调控因子Cyclin D-cdk4与转录因子E2F1含量也上升(p0.05).同时,细胞内氧化损伤加强,其中活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量上升(p0.01),还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)下降(p0.05).然而,在加入抗氧化剂VE后,氧化损伤程度减弱,细胞增殖率降低,PKM2、GLUT1、LDHA、葡萄糖、乳酸,Cyclin D-cdk4、E2F1含量均下降.结果表明低浓度甲醛可能通过氧化应激诱导Warburg效应和影响细胞周期调控因子两条途径促进细胞的增殖.     

乙酸铅对PC12细胞形态的影响

为了从形态学角度研究铅诱导细胞凋亡的机制,用100 μmol·L-1乙酸铅对PC12细胞进行染毒24 h,检测细胞整体形态、细胞骨架和细胞超微结构的改变.实验结果显示:乙酸铅染毒24 h后.细胞整体形态和细胞骨架无明显改变.但电子显微镜下已出现细胞核固缩;线粒体肿胀、正常结构消失并伴有空泡化;胞内出现鼓泡等现象.结合前期研究结果,推测线粒体在铅诱导细胞凋亡中起了重要作用.而细胞骨架不参与此过程.     

固定化条件对苯系物细胞传感器检测效果的影响

利用海藻酸钠作为包埋剂对苯系物细胞传感器Pseudomonas fluorescens A506(pTS)进行固定化处理,并对细胞浓度、固定化时间、投加量等检测因素进行了优化.固定化后的细胞与游离细胞对苯系污染物的检测效果进行对比.经过2 h固定化处理的细胞传感器,在检测时间1.5～6.0 h内,信号上升速度为游离细胞的2.26倍,信号最大值为游离细胞的2.23倍.固定化处理后的细胞生长缓慢,且浓度远低于游离细胞,说明了固定化处理后的单位细胞信号强度增加.同时,细胞浓度随着固定化时间的延长而降低.在影响因素方面,细胞浓度和固定化时间对于检测信号的影响较大.固定化后,对高浓度的苯系污染物有着更快的信号响应.     

细胞培养技术在藻毒素毒理研究中的应用

随着水体富营养化的加剧,藻毒素对人类的危害愈加明显,对其机理的研究也愈发显得重要。在目前广泛采用的小鼠活体实验不能很好满足研究需要的时候,细胞培养技术将实验带入了微观细胞世界,并在越来越多的应用中体现出优越性,使对藻毒素毒理研究研究取得了巨大的进展。本文对藻毒素研究的现状以及细胞培养较之常规方法的优势和其应用进行综述,同时展望该技术的良好发展前景。     

地下水污染对人体血象影响的调查分析

通过对葫芦岛市某河流域长期饮用受污染地下水的居民的血象调查 ,分析了可能导致异变的原因 ,提出地下水的化学污染可能是血液细胞毒理学变化的因素之一     

铜绿微囊藻溶藻菌EA-1的分离鉴定及溶藻特性

从广州流花湖分离获得一株溶藻菌株EA-1,16S rDNA分析表明菌株EA-1属于肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）.研究了肠杆菌EA-1对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻效果和溶藻机制.结果表明,对数期EA-1具有最佳溶藻效果,投加比例为10%,初始叶绿素a含量为1.43mg/L时,EA-1能实现3d内完全除藻,叶绿素a含量为2.39mg/L时,共培养6d后,抑制率为84.1%±1.3%.EA-1通过分泌胞外溶藻物质间接溶藻,生理生化响应表明,EA-1无菌滤液胁迫下,藻细胞膜脂过氧化损伤严重,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性先急剧上升后下降.三维荧光光谱（EEM）表明溶藻产物为类腐殖酸,类富里酸和类蛋白类物质.扫描电子显微镜（SEM）显示藻细胞出现褶皱,内陷和萎缩现象.透射电子显微镜（TEM）显示藻细胞破坏过程为：首先,胶质层与细胞壁分离,光合片层变得松散和不规则,内含物被部分降解.随后,光合片层被彻底破坏,DNA核物质和多聚磷酸盐等营养物质颗粒被降解,藻细胞内部结构被完全破坏,藻细胞死亡.     

利用双室微生物燃料电池处理模拟废水的产电特性研究

本实验通过研究电池的启动过程、阳极有机物降解率和阴极Cu2+的去除率,评价了微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)的产电和处理废水性能.以模拟糖蜜废水作为阳极基质,模拟电镀废水作阴极电子受体,建立简单的双室微生物燃料电池.结果表明在外电阻为800Ω的情况下,电池得到最大电压417.00 mV,从极化曲线上获得最大输出功率密度44.17mW.m-2,内阻为293Ω.电池在第五周期时,COD去除率也达到最高47.31%.在第四周期内,Cu2+最大的去除率为59.76%.综上所述,MFC在处理有机废水和电镀废水方面具有可行性.     

污水生物处理系统细菌衰减特征的实验研究

通过衰减速率测定实验和LIVE/DEAD细胞活性染色实验,分析了污水生物处理系统中细菌在好氧环境下的衰减状态.研究发现,细菌的衰减实质上是由生物量减少引起的数量衰减和由细胞活性降低引起的活性衰减两部分构成的.结果表明,硝化系统细菌在衰减过程中由细胞活性降低引起的衰减约占60%,由细胞死亡引起的衰减约占40%;而在异养系统中由活性降低引起的衰减和由细胞死亡引起的衰减分别为80%和20%.     

Performance evaluation of microbial fuel cell for landfill leachate treatment: Research updates and synergistic effects of hybrid systems

Over half of century, sanitary landfill was and is still the most economical treatment strategy for solid waste disposal, but the environmental risks associated with the leachate have brought attention of scientists for its proper treatment to avoid surface and ground water deterioration. Most of the treatment technologies are energy-negative and cost intensive processes, which are unable to meet current environmental regulations. There are continuous demands of alternatives concomitant with pos...