论中国乡镇企业的可持续发展

随着乡镇企业的迅猛发展,其经济总量已约占全国经济总量的３０％,占农村经济总量的近６０％。但随着国家经济体制改革的不断深入,乡镇企业的发展将面临着严重的挑战,乡镇企业如不能克服本身对发展不利的特点。     

城市雨水问题与可持续发展对策

城市化的快速发展带来了一系列的雨水问题,如雨水径流污染、水资源严重短缺、洪灾风险加大等,雨水是城市可持续发展的关键问题之一。通过对近年来北京城区雨水水质与水量的监测和分析,根据城市可持续发展的总体要求,提出了解决城市雨水问题的指导思想和对策。     

1995-2004年河北省生态足迹分析与生态恢复措施

生态足迹从具体的生物物理量角度研究自然资本消费的空间,为核算地区自然资本利用状况提供简明框架,进而可判断区域可持续发展状态。河北省正大力实施可持续发展战略,但在绿色战略问题上还面临一些难题。文章利用生态足迹模型,对河北省1995—2004年的生态足迹进行了时间序列的测度以及可持续发展的定量测算,根据计算结果进行分析提出相应对策。结果表明,10年间河北省的人均生态足迹增长率达47.9%,赤字增长率达58.5%,人类负荷超过其生态容量,生态承载力严重不能满足生态足迹的需求,区域的经济社会发展处于一种不可持续的发展状。从而加深了对河北省可持续发展状况的认识,对生态建设决策提供科学依据,并提出河北省生态恢复的措施。     

第二讲 乡镇企业发展带来的环境问题

一、乡镇企业的一些特点 从环境保护角度来看,乡镇企业的发展,与国营大、中型企业发展相比,具有一系列特点。了解这些特点,就能采取针对性的环境对策。 1.发展快 这是乡镇企业对环境冲击最具代表性的特点。从发展速度上看,江苏省一直走在全国前面,因而江苏省乡镇企业发展所走的道路,就具有典型意义。从表1可见,江苏省乡镇企业的产值(数量及对环境的影响亦同)是成指数曲线增长的。如1970     

国家环境保护局和中国环境科学学会在南京联合召开全国乡镇企业环境污染防治对策学术研讨会

由国家环境保护局和中国环境科学学会联合召开的全国乡镇企业环境污染防治对策学术研讨会,于1989年3月20日至23日在南京举行。会议主题是从宏观政策及战略对策角度,如何促进乡镇企业经济与环境保护协调持续健康地发展,如何促使乡镇企业环境管理工作纳入科学的轨道,迈上新的台阶。会议共收到论文148篇,论文内容涉及乡镇企业环境政策论证、乡镇企业环境规划对策、乡镇企业环境管理对策、乡镇企业环境污染治理技术对策、乡镇企业环境影响现状评价和乡镇企业环境综合问题等6个方面。出席会议的代表计128人,分别来自25个省、市、自治区,代表了国家环境保护局、农     

湖南省生态足迹与生态承载力的动态变化分析

生态足迹是定量研究区域可持续发展的一种重要方法。为了定量评价湖南省可持续发展程度的动态变化,利用生态足迹理论,计算分析了湖南省1998--2006年间的生态足迹变化过程。结果表明,湖南省人均生态足迹由1998年的1．2441hm。上升至2006年的1．6377hm^2;人均生态承载力由1998年的0．4819hm^2减少为2006年的0．4556hm^2,人均生态赤字由1998年的0．7622hm0上升到2006年的1．1821hm0。生态赤字逐年提高,生态足迹与生态承载力之间的矛盾加剧,区域生态环境处于不安全状态。生态足迹供需结构分析表明,湖南省人均生态足迹供需存在严重的不平衡,其需求以草地、耕地是构成湖南省人均生态足迹的主要组成部分,分别占人均生态足迹的30．11％～37．34％以及29．83％-33．53％,其次是化石能源地（17．60％～22．85％）。而供给以耕地为主,占人均生态承载力的51．02％～53．23％。研究期间万元GDP生态足迹总体上呈下降趋势,表明湖南省的资源利用率不断提高。同时根据生态盈亏的影响因素,并结合湖南省经济发展现状和资源分布特点,探讨了降低和消除区域生态赤字的措施建议。     

乡镇企业可持续发展与小城镇建设

通过对乡镇企业的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益以及小城镇发展的优越性分析可知,乡镇企业不宜在农村发展,应该在小城镇中发展。     

论乡镇小造纸工业污染防治对策

乡镇企业中小型造纸厂在价值规律的支配下,就地取材、因地制宜地发展起来了。由于数量多,分布广,利润低,生产设备落后和缺少环保设施,给农村生态环境带来了严重的影响。本文针对小型造纸厂的污染特点,从政策、管理、技术三方面提出了宏观和微观的对策,供乡镇企业管理干部和小型造纸厂的环保科技人员决策时参考。     

引导乡镇企业健康发展 保护农业生态环境

近年来,乡镇企业发展迅速。天津市引导乡镇企业健康发展,保护农业生态环境的指施是:1.积极扶持的思想指导下,强化环境保护的监督管理;2.从统筹规划,合理布局着手,重点在于宏观控制;3.力求“三个效益”的统一,着力引导乡镇企业向无污染方向发展;4.在执法中服务,在服务中强化监督。市环境保护局在加强乡镇企业环境管理工作中的体会是:1.切实重视并加强对乡镇企业环境保护工作的领导;2.建立、健全环境保护管理机构是强化乡镇企业环境管理的组织保证;3.加强环境保护宣传教育,提高广大干部和群众的环境意识和法制观念;4.区别乡镇企业情况,采取适度、灵活的管理措施;5.环境保护部门与乡镇企业主管部门等密切协作,全方位强化乡镇企业环境管理。     

磷石膏堆存过程中重金属的迁移转化及其生态效应

随着磷化工行业的快速发展,磷石膏作为其典型固体副产物表现出产排量大、堆存基数大以及资源化利用率低等一系列特征,其处理与处置问题成为磷化工企业实现可持续发展、保护公众健康和环境的重大挑战。目前对磷石膏堆存过程中有害重金属物质的迁移转化规律的研究比较少,且磷石膏内有害成分形态多变,这严重制约了其后续的资源化利用。本综述在总结国内外磷石膏中有害物质相关研究的基础上,重点阐述了磷石膏堆存过程中重金属在水体、土壤、地壳、植物体以及液固相中的迁移转化规律,并分析了其对环境各相产生的生态危害效应及途径,为磷石膏中重金属污染特性研究以及无害化、资源化利用途径提供了理论支撑。     

Potentialities,problems, policies and progress in modelling sustainable development: A dynamic,hierarchical approach

This paper discusses some of the potentials, problems, policies and progress in modelling sustainable development. After briefly describing ten approaches to modelling sustainable development, some of the methodological problems still to be resolved are addressed. It is then suggested that policies to promote sustainable development should operate at six different spatial levels connecting global, multinational, national, regional, local and individual. Attempting to model sustainable development in such a hierarchical manner is exceedingly difficult. One way of modelling sustainable development is to develop the concept of a sustainable corridor, combining ecological, economic and equity considerations in a hierarchical fashion and through space-time. A preliminary dynamic, hierarchical model is described connecting global and national patterns of development. Using global and national data for Scotland, the calibrated model, running under the business-as-usual scenario, shows that current development paths are unsustainable. It is shown that, by implementing a judicious choice of policies, a sustainable corridor for a global and a national system can be achieved. The ways in which this preliminary model can be developed to connect all six hierarchical levels are discussed.     

纳米尺度物质对生态环境的影响及其生物安全性的研究进展与展望

纳米科技与产业化已列入国家科技中长期发展规划,将为我国经济和社会的可持续发展做出重大贡献。在发展纳米科技的同时,要密切关注其对生态环境和人群健康的潜在危害,探讨纳米技术正反两个方面的效应,真正地推动纳米科技的进步,促进纳米技术产业化健康、有序发展.为此,以自然环境存在的和人工合成的纳米尺度物质为综述对象,探讨了其对生态环境和人群健康的潜在影响,综述了纳米尺度物质生物安全性、危险度评估技术、对健康影响的作用机制以及潜在危害的防控措施等方面的研究进展,在此基础上,对纳米技术对生态环境影响研究和生物安全性研究的发展方向进行了展望.     

知识经济在重庆可持续发展中的作用

知识经济是城市经济增长和社会可持续发展的重要基础,信息产业和高科技产业已成为推动经济增长的主导产业。结合重庆市的经济、资源环境发展现状,分析重庆发展知识经济的必要性和可行性,通过对重庆直辖以来资源环境可持续能力的评估和高新产业的发展调查,论证了高新产业的发展对资源环境的可持续发展的促进作用,并针对存在的不足提出了政策建议。     

Measuring sustainable development - the creative economy perspective

ABSTRACT

World literature presents a variety of approaches to measuring the creative economy at global, national and regional levels, but so far not enough attention has been paid to the issue of sustainability of creative economies. Creative economies do not rely heavily on natural resources which means that their negative impact on the climate is relatively weaker than in the case of other industries. The measurement of sustainable development is an important contribution to the overall efforts in fighting the climate change. Statistical figures show that the share of the creative economy in GDP of the most developed countries is steadily increasing. Therefore, it is legitimate to analyse the sustainable development issues not only through the lenses of utilization of natural resources and environmental issues but also to look at the sustainability challenge for the creative economies. The growth of creative industries may be hindered by scarcity and improper utilization of resouces, but the main threat to the sustainability is the scarcity of intangible resources and goods such as ideas, freedom of thought, leadership, tolerance, quality of education, etc. Based on a literature review, we endeavoured to investigate the sustainability issues which are relevant specifically for the creative economy. In particular, we were interested in the role of local government in supporting the growth of creative economies. This study contributes to the literature in the sense that it provides understanding on how to assess the impact of local government on the sustainability of creative economy.     

循环经济与PCB行业废弃物循环利用

从不同角度阐述了循环经济的内涵，认为循环经济是一种“三赢”经济，是工业可持续发展的必然选择。并针对我国印制电路板(PCB)行业快速发展过程中产生大量有回收利用价值的PCB废弃物的现状，将循环经济发展模式运用于PCB行业废弃物的回收处理，探讨了PCB废弃物处理模式从“单向非闭合型”向“循环闭合型”转变的途径，进而实现PCB行业的可持续发展。     

构筑可持续发展的循环型社会体系

可持续发展社会的形成并不仅指单纯的物质循环,而是用生态学原理来调和社会和经济的发展,使社会·经济·环境都达成持续的生态平衡。通过论述日本循环型社会形成基本法等相关法律体系,分析了面向循环型经济社会建设的产业体系的发展方向,通过区域性循环社会的实践阐述了从循环型经济社会向可持续发展社会转变的重要意义。     

Quantification of energy related industrial eco-efficiency of China

Improving eco-efficiency is propitious for saving resources and reducing emissions, and has become a popular route to sustainable development. We define two energy-related eco-efficiencies: energy efficiency (ENE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission-related eco-efficiency (GEE) using energy consumption and the associated GHG emissions as the environmental impacts. Using statistical data, we analyze China??s energy consumption and GHG emissions by industrial subsystem and sector, and estimate the ENE and GEE values for China in 2007 as 4.871×10⁷ US$/PJ and 4.26×10⁸ US$/TgCO₂eq, respectively. Industry is the primary contributing subsystem of China??s economy, contributing 45.2% to the total economic production, using 79.6% of the energy consumed, and generating 91.4% of the total GHG emissions. We distinguish the individual contributions of the 39 industrial sectors to the national economy, overall energy consumption, and GHG emissions, and estimate their energyrelated eco-efficiencies. The results show that although ferrous metal production contributes only 3.5% to the national industrial economy, it consumes the most industrial energy (20% of total), contributes 16% to the total industrial global warming potential (GWP), and ranks third in GHG emissions. The power and heat sector ranks first in GHG emissions and contributes one-third of the total industrial GWP, although it only consumes about 8% of total industrial energy and, like ferrous metal production, contributes 3.5% to the national economy. The ENE of the ferrous metal and power and heat sectors are only 8 and 2.1×10⁷ US$/PJ, while the GEE for these two sectors are 9 and 4×10⁴ US$/GgCO₂eq, respectively; these are nearly the lowest ENE and GEE values among all 39 industry sectors. Finally, we discuss the possibility of ecoefficiency improvement through a comparison with other countries.     

构建促进循环经济型服务业发展的保障体系

循环经济是促进可持续发展的重要手段,服务业近年来在我国发展迅速,由此造成的环境问题也日见突出,用循环经济的理念对服务业进行引导显得很有意义。发展循环型经济、建立循环型社会是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现形式。剖析了我国在发展循环经济型服务业方面诸多应改进和进行创新的内容,利用循环经济的理论从行政、法律、经济、社会等方面探讨了循环经济型服务业建设实施的保障体系为服务业按循环经济的规律运行作了益的探索。     

Strategies for the sustainable development of Lugu Lake region

Lugu Lake region, containing a plateau lake, and the unique matrichal society of the Mosuo, has become one of the most important areas for ecosystem conservation and cultural heritage protection in China. It is essential to pursue sustainable development in Lugu Lake region. However, rapid increases in the tourism industry have had negative influences on society, the economy and the environment of Lugu Lake region. Extensive concerns have been raised by numerous ecologists, economists and social scientists over recent years. Using systems analysis of major societal, economic and environmental problems, this paper advocates goals for realising sustainable development. A double-layer management model has been developed of regional ecosystem services, composed of natural ecosystem management and macro-control of society and the economy, and has been used to analyse the importance and feasibility of ecotourism development in Lugu Lake region. Constructive management measures and development strategies are then proposed to achieve sustainable development in Lugu Lake region.