新型β-PbO2电极电解处理茜素红废水的研究

采用高压塑片工艺制备新型β-PbO2电极,该工艺简单易行,且所得β-PbO2电极具有很好的抗腐蚀性能.为研究该电极的电催化性能,探讨了电极间距、电解时间、茜素红初始浓度、外加电压、初始pH等条件对该电极降解茜素红染料效果的影响,并与石墨电极进行对比.结果表明,β-PbO2电极在脱色和COD去除方面都有明显的优越性.根据茜素红的分子结构和电解产物气相色谱—质谱联用(GC/MS)仪分析结果,初步探讨了茜素红降解的反应机制.     

不同咪唑基离子液体改性PbO_2电极降解苯酚废水

以5种不同结构的咪唑基离子液体为电沉积溶液的添加剂,采用电沉积法制备了改性钛基PbO_2电极。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)对电极表面形貌、晶体结构进行表征。以苯酚为电催化目标降解物,对不同电极氧化去除苯酚及COD的活性进行考察比较;同时,以水杨酸为捕捉剂,通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析技术对不同电极体系中羟自由基(·OH)的生成量进行检测。结果表明,阳离子烷基支链长度及阴离子的改变均会对PbO_2电极的表面形貌、结晶取向及电催化活性产生一定影响,且后者的影响作用较前者更为突出。[Emim]Br和[Emim]PF_6改性电极的电催化活性比较相近,均明显低于[Emim]BF_4改性电极。固定阴离子为BF_4~-,3种不同烷基支链长度离子液体对PbO_2电极活性的改进效果顺序为[Bmim]BF_4[Emim]BF_4[Hmim]BF_4。此外,不同改性电极对苯酚废水COD去除率的高低与·OH的生成量多少一致,表明苯酚的电化学氧化降解主要是由·OH间接氧化引起的。     

RuO2-IrO2-SnO2/Ti阳极电催化氧化苯酚的研究

以RuO2-IrO2-SnO2/Ti钛网电极为阳极,RuO2-IrO2/Ti钛网电极为阴极,构建了电催化氧化体系,同时以苯酚为底物、硫酸钠为电解质,考察了不同pH、极板间距、电流密度和苯酚初始浓度对苯酚去除率的影响。结果表明,在pH为6.5、极板间距为1.0cm、电流密度为50mA/cm2、苯酚初始质量浓度为1 000mg/L的最佳实验条件下,取硫酸钠质量浓度为20g/L的苯酚模拟废水250mL,120min时苯酚去除率可以达到98.4%。     

RuO_2-IrO_2/Ti修饰阳极的制备及电催化降解苯酚的研究

采用涂刷法制备铱、钌摩尔比(Ir∶Ru)分别为1∶2、1∶1和2∶1的3种RuO2-IrO2/Ti修饰电极。5g/L苯酚溶液中循环伏安(CV)曲线测试结果表明,Ir∶Ru为1∶2的RuO2-IrO2/Ti修饰电极没有出现明显的氧化峰,而Ir∶Ru分别为1∶1、2∶1的RuO2-IrO2/Ti修饰电极分别在0.83、0.90V处出现明显的氧化峰。0.5mol/L硫酸溶液中的极化曲线测试结果表明,Ir∶Ru分别为1∶2、1∶1、2∶1的3种RuO2-IrO2/Ti修饰电极的析氧电位分别为1.20、1.25、1.35V。一定条件下的苯酚降解试验结果表明,160min后Ir∶Ru分别为1∶2、1∶1、2∶1的3种RuO2-IrO2/Ti修饰电极的苯酚去除率分别达到74.3%、82.3%和94.6%。可见,Ir∶Ru为2∶1的RuO2-IrO2/Ti修饰电极的析氧电位最高,苯酚去除率最高,电催化效果最好。     

电解质种类对电催化氧化降解苯酚的影响

研究了不同电解质对有机物电催化氧化性能的影响。以高温热解法制备了Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3阳极,用SEM和XRD对电极结构进行了表征。以苯酚为目标有机物,考察了Na2SO4、NaCl和NaNO33种不同电解质对苯酚降解效果的影响。用循环伏安法研究了苯酚在不同支持电解质条件下的电化学行为。采用碘量法测定了在不同电解质溶液中氧化性物质的生成量。研究结果表明,电极的活性涂层主要由SnO2和微量的Sb2O3组成,均匀完整地覆盖住了Ti基体表面。以NaCl为支持电解质时苯酚降解效果明显优于用Na2SO4、NaNO3为支持电解质,并且苯酚的降解主要以电极表面电化学生成的HClO和ClO-的间接化学氧化为主。以Na2SO4为支持电解质时有利于降低和稳定槽电压。在3种电解质条件下,苯酚的降解均遵循一级反应动力学规律。在降解过程中NaCl溶液中生成的氧化性物质浓度最大,且随降解时间延长逐渐增大。     

软锰矿粒子电极的制备及其对SMP的催化降解

针对二氧化锰对废水中氯离子电解生成活性氯具有较好催化活性的特点,以软锰矿为原料制备一种新型粒子电极,将其用于三维电极系统处理油气田高含氯废水,利用活性氯的强氧化性进一步强化废水中难降解有机物SMP的处理;并考察软锰矿粒子电极制备条件对电极性能和电解效果的影响。结果表明:软锰矿与石墨质量比6∶4、PTFE分散液加入量10%、330°C下灼烧2 h为软锰矿粒子电极最优制备条件;与常规活性炭粒子电极相比,软锰矿粒子电极电解活性氯的产生量、COD去除率均显著优于活性炭粒子电极;且软锰矿粒子电极在重复使用多次后,活性组分流失量较小,对SMP的降解效率仍较高,保持了稳定的电催化性能。     

TiO_2改性钛基SnO_2电极的制备及性能研究

采用热分解法制备了钛基SnO2(Ti/SnO2)电极和TiO2改性钛基SnO2(Ti/SnO2-TiO2)电极。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)仪,极化曲线和循环伏安测试等方法对改性前后的电极进行表征,并考察电极的电催化氧化能力。结果表明,Ti/SnO2-TiO2电极膜层中存在锐钛矿型TiO2粒子,引入的TiO2使Ti/SnO2-TiO2电极具有比Ti/SnO2电极更粗糙的表面和更大的比表面积,且使电极的析氧过电位由1.7V提高至2.0V。循环伏安测试结果和电催化氧化4-氯苯酚(4-CP)过程均表明,Ti/SnO2-TiO2电极具有比Ti/SnO2电极更高的电催化氧化能力。     

Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/β-PbO2阳极消毒处理医院污水

采用热分解+电沉积法制备Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/β-PbO2作为阳极消毒处理医院污水,初步探讨其杀菌基本原理,并研究了阳极材料、电流密度、电极间距、NaCl电解质浓度对消毒效果的影响。结果表明,以Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/β-PbO2作为阳极,碳纤维作为阴极,在电流密度为80 A/m2,消毒时间为12 min,电极间距为5 mm,不添加电解质的实验条件下,处理后出水的粪大群肠菌数小于500 cfu/L,符合污水综合排放一级标准(GB8978-1996)。     

钛修饰电极的制备及电化学性能比较

通过电沉积法在钛网(Ti)上负载钯、钯镍双金属及聚吡咯(PPy)双金属,对比研究不同修饰对电极电化学催化活性的影响。循环伏安测试(CV)表明,在最佳制备条件下,Pd/Ti电极在-500 mV(以Hg/Hg₂SO₄为参比电极)左右获得氢吸附峰值为-59.47 mA;引入Ni制备双金属修饰电极(PdNi/Ti电极)获得氢吸附峰值为-64.40 mA,双金属修饰电极表现出较好的电催化性能;吡咯修饰后制得的Pd-Ni/PPy/Ti电极获得的氢吸附峰值最大,峰值为-80.14 mA,电催化性能更优。扫描电镜(SEM)分析了Ni和PPy的引入对电极表面形态的改变。利用原子发射光谱(AES)分析了电极表面Pd、Ni金属的负载量。实验表明,Ni与PPy的引入使Pd-Ni/PPy/Ti电极在大大减少钯负载量的情况下,仍具有很好的电催化性能,电化学脱氯潜能也很大。     

二氧化铅电极的制备、表征及其电催化性能研究

以电沉积法制备了Ti/PbO2和Ti/MnO2/PbO22种电极.采用SEM、XRD和XPS等分析方法表征了电极的形貌、元素组成及元素化学态,并以罗丹明B为目标有机物,考察了所制备电极的析氧极化曲线和电催化活性以及Ti/MnO2/PbO2电极的循环伏安曲线.研究结果表明,Ti/MnO2/PbO2电极的稳定性、使用寿命、析氧电位和电催化活性较Ti/PbO2电极都有所提高,并且罗丹明B在Ti/MnO2/PbO2电极上的反应主要发生在析氧反应区,且反应不可逆.     

电解浮选用于活性污泥固液分离及其动力学研究

在装有Ti/RuO2-IrOz-TiO2阳极、Ti阴极的电解浮选槽中进行了活性污泥固液分离的研究.考察了水力停留时间对浮选效果的影响,研究了电解产生的微气泡对悬浮物浮选的动力学.研究表明,电解浮选是高效的固液分离单元,悬浮物的去除遵循一级动力学模型.     

纳米RuO2－TiO2光电催化处理农药废水研究

采用自制的负载型纳米RuO₂－TiO₂光催化剂对农药厂生产废水进行光电催化降解试验。考察了煅烧时间、催化剂用量、光辐照强度、电流密度、废水初始pH值和反应时间对废水COD和色度去除率的影响。结果表明，自制光催化剂光电催化性能显著，最佳光电催化活性是同样降解条件下、同样含量的Degussa P－25 TiO₂的1.38倍，是Ru_0.3Ti_0.7O₂的1.81倍。其COD和色度去除率分别为64.3%和95.2%。     

电解浮选用于活性污泥固液分离的正交实验研究

本研究旨在探索用电解浮选进行活性污泥固液分离的可行性。研究通过小试试验确定电解浮选进行活性污泥固液分离的适宜工艺条件,在装有Ti/RuO₂-IrO₂-TiO₂阳极、Ti阴极的电解浮选槽中进行了活性污泥固液分离的研究,针对影响电解气浮工艺的4个主要影响因素（水力停留时间、接触室电流密度、分离区电流密度和接触室极板间距）及3个合适的水平进行正交试验。结果表明,分离区电流密度是最主要影响因素。当进水SS浓度为1687 mg/L时,在停留时间为25 min,接触室电流密度为5 mA/cm²,分离区电流密度为4 mA/cm²,极板间距为3 mm的条件下进行电解浮选验证性试验,悬浮固体颗粒物去除率较高,去除率为98.9% ,能耗0.54 kWh/m³。     

Improved 4-nitrophenol removal at Ti/RuO2–Sb2O4–TiO2 laser-made anodes

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, binary and ternary mixed metal oxide anodes of Ti/RuO2–Sb2O4 and Ti/RuO2–Sb2O4–TiO2 were prepared using two different...     

电极材料对电解法处理循环式准好氧垃圾填埋场渗滤液效果的影响研究

分别用3种不同材料电极(不锈钢、Ti/Pt和Ti/RuO2-IrO2)作阳极、石墨电极作阴极在同一条件下分别对循环式准好氧填埋垃圾场渗滤液进行电解处理对比研究.研究结果表明,随着电解时间的变化,渗滤液中的COD、BOD5、BOD5/COD、重金属离子浓度、色度和pH值均会发生改变.当电解时间为10～20 min时,用上述3种电极作阳极电解均会出现渗滤液COD、BOD5、BOD5/COD增大的现象;当电解时间为30～40 min时,用Ti/RuO2-IrO2或Ti/Pt电极作阳极电解均可使渗滤液的色度降为0;当电解时间为120 min时,分别用3种电极作阳极电解都可使渗滤液中的COD、BOD5和重金属得到有效的去除,其中用Ti/RuO2-IrO2电极作阳极电解对COD、BOD5的去除效果最好:用Ti/Pt电极作阳极电解对Pb2 的去除效果最好.     

Application of response surface methodology to the removal of the antibiotic tetracycline by electrochemical process using carbon-felt cathode and DSA (Ti/RuO2-IrO2) anode

The removal of antibiotic tetracycline (TC) from water by electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP) was performed using a carbon-felt cathode and a DSA (Ti/RuO(2)-IrO(2)) anode. The influence of applied current, initial pH and initial TC concentration on TC removal efficiency was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken statistical experiment design (BBD) was applied to analyze the experimental variables. The positive and negative effects of variables and the interaction between variables on TC removal efficiency were determined. The applied current showed positive effect, while the initial pH value and initial tetracycline concentration gave negative effect on TC removal. The interaction between applied current and initial pH value was significant, while the interactions of initial TC concentration with applied current or initial pH were not pronounced. The results of adequacy check confirmed that the proposed models were accurate and reliable to analyze the variables of EAOP. The reaction intermediates were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique and a plausible degradation pathway for tetracycline degradation was proposed. The acute toxicity experiments illustrated that the Daphnia magna immobilization rate reached the maximum after 240 min of electrolysis and then decreased with the progress of the reaction.     

Performance of Gd-doped Ti-based Sb-SnO2 anodes for electrochemical destruction of phenol

The performance of electrodes for the electro-catalytic decomposition of a model pollutant (phenol) was enhanced using Gd-doped Ti/SnO(2)-Sb electrodes prepared by a thermal deposition method. Phenol degradation followed first-order rate kinetics, with the maximum rate achieved using a 2% Gd doping level (molar ratio based on Gd:Sn) for tests conducted over a doping range of 1-10%. The first-order rate constant with 2% Gd was 0.044 min(-1), versus 0.026 min(-1) obtained with the control (plain Ti/SnO(2)-Sb). TOC removal and UV scans revealed that different intermediates were produced for different Gd contents, and that destruction efficiencies of these intermediates also varied with Gd doping levels of 1-5%. Electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron dispersive spectrometry, and X-ray photon-electron spectroscopy. It is suggested that the state of specific active sites on the electrode surface and the oxygen transfer activity at the electrode/electrolyte interface affect the performance of anodes with different compositions.     

Evaluation of different electrochemical methods on the oxidation and degradation of Reactive Blue 4 in aqueous solution

The oxidation of a reactive dye, Reactive Blue 4, RB4, (C.I. 61205), widely used in the textile industries to color natural fibers, was studied by electrochemical techniques. The oxidation on glassy carbon electrode and reticulated vitreous carbon electrode occurs in only one step at 2.0 < pH < 12 involving a two-electron transfer to the amine group leading to the imide derivative. Dye solution was not decolorized effectively in this electrolysis process. Nevertheless, the oxidation of this dye on Ti/SnO2/SbO(x) (3% mol)/RuO2 (1% mol) electrode showed 100% of decolorization and 60% of total organic carbon removal in Na2SO4 0.2 M at pH 2.2 and potential of +2.4V. Experiments on degradation photoelectrocatalytic were also carried out for RB4 degradation in Na2SO4 0.1 M, pH 12, using a Ti/TiO2 photoanode biased at +1.0 V and UV light. After 1h of electrolysis the results indicated total color removal and 37% of mineralization.     

活性炭纤维上4-氯酚及焦化废水尾水的O3催化氧化降解实验研究

选择YT-1000型活性炭纤维（ACF）作为催化剂,考察ACF与O₃协同作用催化降解水溶液中4-氯酚的最佳反应条件,并将该条件应用于焦化废水生物处理尾水中难降解有机污染物的催化氧化。ACF表面具有丰富的微孔结构,对4-氯酚有良好的吸附作用,在动力学上提高了其与O3反应的起始浓度,并且在ACF表面含氧、含氮等基团的催化作用下发生氧化反应,1 L浓度为100 mg/L的4-氯酚水样中投加2 g ACF反应6 min时,吸附作用对TOC的去除率为43.4%,而ACF协同O₃作用时的TOC去除率提高到72.5%,协同增效作用为67.1%;在选定的反应条件下,ACF协同O₃降解焦化废水生物处理尾水,60 min时的TOC与色度的去除率分别达到56.8%和96.3%。上述研究过程证明了吸附作用与催化作用的协同能有效降解生物过程不能降解的焦化废水中惰性有机污染物。     

Removal of 2-chlorophenol from water using rice-straw derived ash

Removal of 2-chlorophenol from water using rice-straw derived ash (RSDA) was evaluated in this study to compare with commercial activated carbon. RSDA was obtained by burning rice-straw at 400 °C and 700 °C for 1 h. This ash can provide a better adsorbent for 2-chlorophenol. The adsorption capacities of RSDA at 400 °C and 700 °C are 37 and 52 mg g?1 at pH 4, respectively, and decrease to 9.0 and 40 mg g?1 at pH 10. Adsorption of either neutral or anionic 2-cholorphenol by the RSDA are shown as L-shaped nonlinear isotherms, suggesting surface adsorption rather than partitioning is occurring. At higher-burning temperatures, the surface area, porosity, point of zero charge and aromaticity of the resultant RSDA increase, but the oxygen content and surface acidity decrease. The combined effects result in a higher 2-chlorophenol adsorption of RSDA at 700 °C, which shows a slight pH effect on the adsorption of 2-chlorophenol, due to the lower content of oxygen-containing functional groups. Oxygen-containing functional groups contribute to surface acidity and H-bonding sites for adsorbed water, which compromises the interaction between 2-chlorophenol and the adsorbents. Thus, it suggests that rice-straw derived carbon (RSDC) can be used as an effective low-cost substitute material for activated carbon for removal of chlorophenols from wastewater.