基于生物导向的水生态健康监测及评估概述

环境监测是水生态健康监测与评估的重要环节,基于物理、化学监测的传统水质监测通常仅能提供独立的数据信息,不能全面、直观地反映水环境状况。基于生物等生命体导向的水生态监测通过生物对环境的响应,能够直接反应复杂水体状况,在水环境健康监测与评估中占据重要地位。基于病原微生物、指示生物介绍了生物监测中的常规生物指标,总结了包括藻类、无脊椎动物和鱼类在内的常见指示生物在不同类型污染水体中的环境指示作用。从生物毒性效应出发介绍了常用的毒性效应测试方法、分析了污染物在不同生物学水平的响应,从而指明生物毒性效应在水环境健康评估中的发展优势。再从生态完整性角度阐述了生态完整性评价的一般方法和新兴分子生物学技术在水生态健康评估中的应用。重点指出环境毒理学和分子生物学在水环境监测的优势,以期为更加科学精确地进行水生态健康监测预警提供支撑。     

生态监测指标选择的探讨

为了维持自然生态环境与人类社会协调、可持续发展,需要对生态系统的状态、演化趋势等进行生态监测。该文以水生态系统为例,从生态系统的组成、结构和功能角度出发,分析比较了不同类型的生态监测指标,提出从生态完整性角度对来描述和评估生态系统状况,开展生态监测和生态评价工作。以水源地水库生态监测为例,阐述了生物完整性指数的应用效果,表明基于生态完整性的生态监测工作是可行有效的。国内外的相关应用与研究均表明,我国推广开展基于生态完整性的生态监测评价工作是完全可行的,具有广阔的应用前景,将极大地推动我国监测工作的发展。     

Deriving indicators of sustainable development

Assessments of current and future development paths require comprehensive sets of indicators covering all essential aspects. From a holistic systems point of view, most currently proposed indicator sets are incomplete and deficient. Assessments of sustainable development require a full representation of the satisfaction states of the “basic orientors” (=fundamental interests) of constituent sector systems, and of their contribution to basic orientor satisfaction of the total system. Basic orientors are value dimensions (existence, effectiveness, freedom of action, security, adaptability, coexistence) emerging from a self-organizing system's interaction with its environment, and its fundamental properties (normal environmental state, scarce resources, variety, variability, change, other systems). Basic orientors are also reflected in human emotions, societal punishment, psychological and social needs, life styles, and values emerging in self-organization of artificial life. The relative weight assigned to basic orientors of partner systems is a question of ethics. Based on these concepts, a general scheme for finding a “complete” set of indicators of viability and sustainability is derived, and it is applied to deriving a comprehensive set of indicators of sustainable development for society and its sector systems (infrastructure, economic system, social system, individual development, government, environment and resource system). The method can be applied at different levels of complexity and regional resolution. A full set of regional indicators for sustainable development is presented, a method for compact assessment of development paths using orientor stars is described, and the approach for application at the community level is outlined.     

Characterizing ecological risk for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water from Lake Taihu, China

Lake Taihu provides vital ecological services for humans in China; it receives a great deal of attention regarding its ecological and environmental conditions. In this study, the ecological risks of eight individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water were assessed using probabilistic distributions of the hazard quotient based on Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that the 95th percentile of the hazard quotients ranged from 0.00074 to 2.831, and the ecological risk of Flua was highest, followed by, in descending order of risk, B[a]P?>?Pyr?>?Ant?>?Phe?>?Flu?>?Ace?>?Chr. The probabilities of hazard quotients exceeding a decision criteria of 0.3 were 18.09%, 6.51%, 3.76%, and 2.85% for Flua, B[a]P, Pyr, and Ant, respectively, indicating their potential ecological risks to aquatic organisms. The spatial distribution of hazard quotients for these four individual PAHs with potential ecological risk were obtained using Geographic Information System (GIS), and similar spatial distribution patterns were also observed in the lake. The highest ecological risks of these four individual PAHs to aquatic organisms were found in Meiliang Bay, followed by Gonghu Bay and Xukou Bay. The uncertainty within the ecological risk assessment was also discussed.     

Simulation and evaluation on the eco-industrial system of Changchun economic and technological development zone, China

Reasonable structure, adaptive patterns and effective regulation of society, economy and environment subsystems should be taken into account in order to obtain harmonious development of urban eco-industrial system. We simulated and evaluated a redesigned eco-industrial system in Changchun Economic and Technological Development Zone (CCETDZ) in the present work using system dynamics and grey cluster methods. Four typical development strategies were simulated during 2005–2020 via standard system dynamic models. Furthermore, analytic hierarchy process and grey cluster allowed for the eco-industrial system evaluation and scenarios optimizing. Our dynamic simulation and statistical analysis revealed that: (1) CCETDZ would have different development scenarios under different strategies. The total population in scenario 2 grew most rapidly and reached 3.28 × 10⁵ in 2020, exceeding its long-term planning expected population. And the GDP differences among these four scenarios would amount to 6.41 × 10¹⁰ RMB. On the other hand, environmental pollution would become serious along with economy increasing. As a restriction factor, positive or negative increment of water resource will occur according to the selected strategy. (2) The fourth strategy would have the best efficiency, which means that the most efficiently development of CCETDZ required to take science, technology, environment progress and economy increase into account at the same time. (3) Positive environment protection measures, such as cleaner production, green manufacture, production life cycle management and environment friendly industries, should be attached great importance the same as economy development during 2005–2020 in CCETDZ.     

基于形态空间格局分析方法和最小累积阻力模型的北京市平原区造林工程生态格局分析

为了科学评估北京市平原区造林工程的生态影响,利用高分卫星数据获取2018—2020年北京市平原区造林面积、分布及变化信息,分析了造林工程的空间格局特征,并采用形态空间格局分析(MSPA)方法及最小累积阻力(MCR)模型,构建了北京市平原区生态网络,通过情景模拟分析造林工程对生态源地、生态廊道产生的影响。结果显示,2018—2020年北京市平原区造林工程主要沿西北东南方向实施,实现了对原有林地资源分布不均衡问题的解决。热点建设区域为北部的延庆及东南部的通州、大兴,呈现由城市边界逐步向市中心蔓延的发展趋势。在不考虑其他因素对土地利用的影响的前提下,造林工程的实施使平原区林地面积增长了9.8%。通过情景模拟发现,造林工程的实施使生态网络向连通、完整、均衡方向发展。其中,生态源地面积增长了131.0 km²,主要生态源地连通性提升了41.1%,生态廊道的分布由主要分布在西北部山区向西北、东南两个方向均有密集分布转变。综上,造林工程的生态环境效应显著,造林工程的实施对生态环境质量改善具有重要意义。     

新疆土地生态环境问题与对策

土地生态环境是人类生存发展的基本条件,是经济、社会发展的基础.在当前的经济形势下,包括水土流失、土壤盐碱化、植被破坏等一系列土地荒漠化问题以及由于荒漠化而造成的生物多样性受损引起人们的广泛关注.为了实现经济的可持续发展目标,加强新疆的综合竞争能力,在区域开发过程中要注重土地生态环境建设.本文对新疆土地生态环境现状与存在的问题进行分析,阐明了土地生态环境恶化的原因,提出土地生态环境建设的对策.     

遥感技术在水生态环境管理的应用与前景

随着遥感数据源的不断丰富,遥感技术不断提高,可以解决越来越多的水环境问题。指出了当前水生态环境管理方面的主要需求,结合目前遥感技术的发展,对国内外的水环境遥感研究进展进行综述。以湖泊富营养化监测与评估、核电站温排水遥感监测及城市黑臭水体遥感监测为案例,具体阐述遥感在水环境管理中的应用方法及成效。未来水生态环境管理发展趋势将以水污染防治为主向水污染防治和水生态修复与保护并重发展。基于此趋势,提出遥感在水生态修复的应用潜力,利于更多地方部门积极有效应用遥感技术,解决水生态环境问题。     

酚类抗氧化剂及其代谢产物对鱼类的毒性研究进展

简述了水环境中合成酚类抗氧化剂(SPAs)及其代谢产物,SPAs对鱼类的急性毒性效应、发育毒性效应及机制、内分泌干扰毒性效应和机制,以及代谢过程和产物毒性预测。指出,为准确实现对SPAs及其代谢物的化学品管理及生态风险评估,未来研究应聚焦于对合成酚类抗氧化剂及其代谢物在水生生物体内的分布及浓度检测,为该类化合物的生物富集和生物转化研究提供更多的背景资料;开展对SPAs潜在毒性分子机制的研究,并建立起分子水平上的毒理学效应与个体乃至种群水平上的不良后果之间的联系;探究并完善SPAs的代谢机制,并对现已明确的代谢产物（如BHT-Q）开展毒性效应评价。     

A dynamic statistical experiment for atmospheric interactions

Interactions among atmospheric parameters exist at different scales. The pristine approach for observational or model data analysis involves changing the input parameters one at a time (OAT) and studying the effect on the system. Limitations of this approach for atmospheric applications are discussed. A fractional factorial (FF) based study is evolved and a methodology is outlined involving dynamic graphical analysis. Observational data from the FIFE and HAPEX‐MOBILHY experiments are utilized with a vegetation and soil moisture scheme dynamically coupled in a planetary boundary layer model to demonstrate the robustness of this approach. Both low‐resolution and high‐resolution designs are considered. Various aspects of the vegetation‐atmosphere interactions are delineated. Results obtained from the interaction‐based FF approach differ considerably from the earlier OAT‐type studies.     

水环境质量预报预警大数据平台研究

构建基于水环境模型的水质预报预警大数据平台是一项复杂的系统工程,主要面临模型的规模计算及其引发的模拟结果规模存储、规模分析的挑战.相关挑战极大地限制了水环境质量预报预警业务的深入开展,但目前国内外关于此方面的研究极少.为此,提出了水环境质量预报预警大数据平台框架.该框架以水环境模型体系为基础,以大数据集群计算体系为核心...     

新疆伊犁州2000～2005年生态环境质量变化评价与分析

利用Landsat-5 TM遥感影像解译的土地利用数据分析了新疆伊犁州(州直辖)2000～2005年的土地利用变化,同时根据<生态环境状况评价技术规范>(试行)(HJ/T192-2006),对该区域生态环境质量状况进行综合评价,对生态环境指标变化情况进行对比分析.结果表明,2000～2005年伊犁州的生态环境质量均为一般,生态环境质量指数(E1)减少0.71.主要原因为草地面积明显减少,耕地面积明显增加.     

A new model for climate system analysis: Outline of the model and application to palaeoclimate simulations

We present a new reduced-form model for climate system analysis. This model, called CLIMBER-2 (for CLIMate and BiosphERe, level 2), fills the current gap between simple, highly parameterized climate models and computationally expensive coupled models of global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. We outline the basic assumptions implicit in CLIMBER-2 and we present examples of climate system analysis including a study of atmosphere–ocean interaction during the last glacial maximum, an analysis of synergism between various components of the climate system during the mid-Holocene around 6000 years ago, and a transient simulation of climate change during the last 8000 years. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of a computationally efficient analysis of climate system dynamics which is a prerequisite for future climate impact research and, more generally, Earth system analysis, i.e., the analysis of feedbacks between our environment and human activities.     

新疆煤炭资源开发可持续的几点建议

新疆煤炭资源丰富,"十二五"期间煤炭计划开采量将近4×108t,这必然会对新疆极其脆弱的生态环境产生不利影响。本文首先分析了新疆煤炭资源开发的总体趋势,然后根据自治区党委、政府确立的"环保优先、生态立区"发展战略和"资源开发可持续、生态环境可持续"发展道路,就如何实现煤炭资源开发可持续提几点建议,为自治区各级政府决策提供参考依据。     

长江流域水环境监测与智慧化管理策略

针对如何将水环境监测感知与智能信息化手段运用到长江生态质量诊断与管理之中,梳理了国内外水环境监测与智慧化管理系统的发展情况,并以长江生态环境保护修复智慧决策平台为例,介绍了长江流域水环境监测网络建设情况,以及智慧决策平台在水环境数据可视化、水环境大数据分析、污染源大数据分析、水质模拟与预测、水质成因分析、流域生态安全评...     

Tiered aquatic ecological risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides and their mixture in Jiangsu reach of Huaihe River, China

A tiered approach consisting of several probabilistic options was used to refine aquatic ecological risk assessment (ERA) of individuals and mixture of various Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) detected in Jiangsu reach of Huaihe River, China. The tiered approach ranged from determined Hazard Quotient (HQ) to Joint Probability Curve and Monte Carlo simulation based HQ-distribution. The results from all levels of ERA methods in the tiered framework are consistent with each other. The results show that Endrin, o,p'-Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT), alpha-Endosulfan and beta-Endosulfan posed clear ecological risk; p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, Aldrin, Heptachlorepoxide and Methoxychlor posed potential risk; while Hexachlorocyclohexanes, Heptachlor, Dieldrin and Hexachlorobenzene posed negligible risk. Further, based on the concept of total equivalent concentration, combined ecological risk caused by the mixture of all detected OCPs was calculated, and it proved to be significantly higher than the risk caused by any individual OCP. Despite inevitable uncertainties in current ERA, a comprehensive tiered approach can help to get a more credible result of risks of individuals and mixture of hazardous pollutants and screen the major risk pollutants contributing to the combined ecological risk.     

基于AHP-RANC模型的湖南省“十三五”生态环境评价

以湖南省“十三五”时期生态环境状况及变化情况为研究内容,在采用压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型确定湖南省生态环境质量评价指标的基础上,使用改进的层次分析-基于排名和非层次比较法(AHP-RANC)计算各指标权重,构建了湖南省生态环境质量综合评价体系,并对“十三五”期间湖南省生态环境系统进行综合评价。分析结果表明：城市环境优良天数比例、酸雨频率、地表水优Ⅲ比例、饮用水水源达标率、生物丰度指数、各污染物万元国内生产总值排放总量、污水处理率以及一般工业固体废物处理率等是影响湖南省生态环境质量的重要因素;“十三五”期间湖南省生态环境综合评价指数逐步改善,由最低值0.291(2016年)波动上升至最高值0.705(2020年),PSR循环由一般变为较好;从综合分析结果来看,生态环境质量受“天”和“人”影响较大,“十四五”期间生态环境系统的良性循环有待进一步巩固加强。     

Selecting indicator species to monitor ecological integrity: a review

We review critical issues that must be considered when selectingindicator species for a monitoring program that aims to maintainor restore ecological integrity. First, we examine the pros andcons of different management approaches on which a conservationprogram can be based and conclude that ecosystem management ismost appropriate. We then identify potential indicators ofecological integrity at various levels of the ecosystem, with aparticular emphasis on the species level. We conclude that,although the use of indicator species remains contentious, it canbe useful if (1) many species representing various taxa and lifehistories are included in the monitoring program, (2) theirselection is primarily based on a sound quantitative databasefrom the focal region, and (3) caution is applied wheninterpreting their population trends to distinguish actualsignals from variations that may be unrelated to thedeterioration of ecological integrity. Finally, we present anddiscuss different methods that have been used to select indicatorspecies.