环境微生物降解有机磷农药研究进展

微生物降解是有机磷农药在环境中去毒降解的主要方式，该文从环境微生物筛选、降解基因的识别、降解酶的种类及其特性、微生物降解底物特异性及微生物降解效果的评价等5个方面，综述了近年来有机磷农药微生物降解方面的研究进展，展望了微生物降解有机磷农药的研究方向。     

一株氯苯优势降解菌的降解条件优化

以氯苯降解率为降解效果指标,以降解温度、初始pH、降解时间、接种量和氯苯初始浓度为影响因素,对实验室保藏的一株氯苯优势降解菌株Lysinibacillus fusiformis LW13降解氯苯的降解条件进行优化。单因素试验结果表明,该降解菌株对氯苯的适宜降解条件分别为:温度20～40℃,pH为8.0,降解时间4 d,接种量2%～4%,氯苯初始浓度60～140 mg/L。以降解温度、氯苯初始浓度和接种量这三个显著影响因素进行正交试验,结果表明各影响因素的主次顺序为降解温度>氯苯初始浓度>接种量,最佳降解条件为降解温度35℃、氯苯初始浓度100 mg/L和接种量4%,最佳降解条件下氯苯降解率可高达93.8%。     

产生物表面活性剂石油降解菌株筛选及降解特性

首先从曹妃甸港石油污染区采样,筛选到两株降解率较高的产生物表面活性剂石油降解菌株,铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Pa1)和假单胞菌(Pseudomonassp,Ps1),经过10 d的降解实验,Pa1的降解率达到了63.28%,Ps1的降解率达到了65.86%。然后对此菌株进行紫外诱变,其降解率都有显著的提高,Pa1的降解率为71.28%,Ps1的降解率为74.24%。最后进行菌株的组合,两株的混合菌株降解率为76.05%,表明混合菌株的降解率比单个的菌株高;同本室筛选的石油降解菌S1的组合,其降解率提高到81.45%。本实验为产生物表面活性剂菌株与石油降解菌的混合菌群组合降解提供了依据。     

灰分示踪法测定秸秆降解菌降解率方法的建立

建立了用灰分示踪法测定秸秆降解菌对秸秆的降解率的方法,由于灰分是固定存在于秸秆中的,通过定量测定灰分,可准确定量分析秸秆降解菌的降解能力,采用此方法测定了2个秸秆降解菌群对秸秆的降解率,其结果与产糖率法测定结果一致,表明该方法可实现定量准确测定微生物对秸秆的降解率。进一步应用该方法测定了实验室筛出的3个菌株对秸秆的降解率,结果表明:72号菌株为降解能力最高的秸秆降解菌。该方法的建立和应用为秸秆降解菌的筛选及秸秆资源的开发利用提供了实验方法与理论依据。     

TiO2光催化降解去除土壤中荧蒽研究

针对典型多环芳烃污染土壤,文章以荧蒽为目标污染物,选择TiO_2作为催化剂在紫外光照射下降解去除土壤中荧蒽,考察了降解时间、催化剂用量、搅拌次数以及土壤水分含量因素对降解率的影响,研究了腐殖酸和H_2O_2对荧蒽光催化降解率的影响,采用活性基团捕获实验探究了土壤中荧蒽的降解机理。结果表明:降解率随降解时间的增长而提高,其中P25用量为5%、降解时间为48 h时,降解率为24.11%;P25用量增加为20%,光照48 h后的降解率为42.89%;土壤搅拌可提高荧蒽降解效率,搅拌次数为5次时降解率为51.72%,与未搅拌相比提高了8.83%;加入10%的水分后,荧蒽降解率提高到56.90%。腐殖酸抑制荧蒽的降解,加入腐殖酸后降解率降低10.94%。加入1.5 mL质量分数30%的H_2O_2后降解率提高18.26%。加入对苯醌后荧蒽的降解率显著降低,表明·O_2~-在荧蒽的降解过程中起主要作用。     

农药的微生物降解

本文讨论农药微生物降解的研究进展,包括降解微生物的分离和筛选技术,以有机氯和有机磷农药为代表的农药降解途径,微生物降解农药的作用机理,降解代谢中的酶促反应类型,并介绍微生物降解在农药三废处理中的应用。     

间苯二甲腈降解菌的筛选和鉴定

针对间苯二甲腈大量生产带来的环境污染问题,从生物降解的角度出发,分离筛选间苯二甲腈的高效降解菌,并以降解间苯二甲腈的能力作为评价指标,研究降解菌的降解特性并对降解机理进行初步研究。所分离鉴别的优势菌对间苯二甲腈具有高效的降解能力。     

高级氧化方法降解2,4,6-三氯苯酚的研究进展

本文介绍了难降解污染物氯酚的特点,并以2,4,6-三氯苯酚为代表详细介绍了其现今的降解处理方法,着重讲述了运用高级氧化方法降解2,4,6-三氯苯酚的研究现状和进展。结果表明了运用高级氧化方法降解2,4,6-三氯苯酚具有降解效率高,降解效果好,降解彻底,有机物矿化程度高,不产生二次污染等优点。     

稻草基质中白腐菌降解三苯甲烷类染料机制探讨

通过研究稻草固体基质及其不同处理形式、木质素酶、木质纤维素共降解等对染料降解的影响,探讨了侧耳属白腐菌BP在稻草固体基质中对三苯甲烷类染料的降解及作用机制.结果表明,稻草固体基质中染料降解主要是以木质素酶系作用为基础的共降解过程.但对不同染料起降解作用的因素不同,其中溴酚蓝的降解主要依靠木质素酶系作用,孔雀绿的降解依靠以木质素酶系为基础的共降解作用,而结晶紫的降解则主要随木质纤维素的降解作用而共降解.     

蒽酮法研究烷基多苷(APG)的初级生物降解性

用蒽酮分光光度法对 5种不同碳链APG的初级生物降解性进行了研究。结果表明 ,直链醇APG和碳链较短的支链醇APG能完全降解 ,但碳链为 1 4～ 1 5的支链醇APG不能被降解。探讨了结构对降解性的影响 :疏水基的结构对其降解性有较大影响 ,直链醇APG的降解性优于支链醇对APG的降解性 ,碳链较短的降解性优于碳链长的 ,链支化度影响支链醇APG的降解性 ;对其降解曲线的研究表明 :C8～ 1 0 直链、C1 4～ 1 5支链等APG的降解曲线存在降解度随时间下降的特殊现象 ;提出了APG一条可能的降解途径。     

Chloramine demand estimation using surrogate chemical and microbiological parameters

A model is developed to enable estimation of chloramine demand in full scale drinking water supplies based on chemical and microbiological factors that affect chloramine decay rate via nonlinear regression analysis method. The model is based on organic character (specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA)) of the water samples and a laboratory measure of the microbiological (F m ) decay of chloramine. The applicability of the model for estimation of chloramine residual (and hence chloramine demand) was tested on several waters from different water treatment plants in Australia through statistical test analysis between the experimental and predicted data. Results showed that the model was able to simulate and estimate chloramine demand at various times in real drinking water systems. To elucidate the loss of chloramine over the wide variation of water quality used in this study, the model incorporates both the fast and slow chloramine decay pathways. The significance of estimated fast and slow decay rate constants as the kinetic parameters of the model for three water sources in Australia was discussed. It was found that with the same water source, the kinetic parameters remain the same. This modelling approach has the potential to be used by water treatment operators as a decision support tool in order to manage chloramine disinfection.     

不同深度处理工艺再生水中余氯衰减规律及溶解性有机物变化特性比较

考察了余氯在不同深度处理工艺再生水中的衰减规律,并利用紫外-可见吸收差光谱和三维荧光光谱对余氯衰减过程的有机物变化进行了初步解析.结果表明,再生水中的余氯衰减迅速,加氯前0.5 h内的氯消耗占8 h内氯消耗的50%以上.混凝出水水样的余氯衰减速率大于超滤出水和臭氧出水.加氯后,混凝出水和超滤出水的紫外-可见吸收差光谱在230 nm和280 nm附近出现特征峰,表明余氯衰减过程中,水中具有不饱和键和生色团的物质被破坏.臭氧出水在波长230 nm附近出现特征峰.加氯使再生水的荧光强度减弱,混凝出水中腐殖质类物质荧光强度的降低程度大于超滤出水和臭氧出水,表明该类物质可能是影响余氯衰减速率的主要物质.     

Modeling of residual chlorine in water distribution system

Water quality within water distribution system may vary with both location and time.Water quality models are used to predict the spatial and temporal variation of water quality throughout water system.A model of residual chlorine decay in water pipe has been developed, given the consumption of chlorine in reactions with chemicals in bulk water,bio-films on pipe wall, in corrosion process, and the mass transport of chlorine from bulk water to pipe wall.Analytical methods of the flow path from water sources to the observed point and the water age of every observed node were proposed .Model is used to predict the decay of residual chlorine in an actual distribution system.Good agreement between calculated and measured values was obtained.     

Insights into effects of algae on decay and distribution of bacterial pathogens in recreational water: Implications for microbial risk management

The decay and distribution of bacterial pathogens in water is an important information for the health risk assessment to guide water safety management, and suspended algae might affect bacterial pathogens in water. This study established microcosms to investigate the effects of algae-related factors on the representative indicators and opportunistic pathogen species in water. We found that suspended algae increased the persistence of targeted species by 1-2 orders of magnitude of concentrations ...     

Modeling and verifying chlorine decay and chloroacetic acid formation in drinking water chlorination

This study presents a phenomenological model that can be used by the water professionals to quantify chlorine decay and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation in water. The kinetic model was developed by introducing the concept of limiting chlorine demand and extending an established reactive species approach. The limiting chlorine demand, which quantifies chlorine reactive natural organic matter (NOM) on an equivalent basis, was mathematically defined by the relation between ultimate chlorine residue and initial chlorine dose. It was found experimentally that NOM in water has limiting chlorine demand that increases with chlorine dose once the ultimate residue is established. These results indicated that the complex NOM has a unique ability to adjust chemically to the change in redox condition caused by the free chlorine. It is attributed mainly to the redundant functional groups that persist in heterogeneous NOM molecules. The results also demonstrated that the effect of chlorine dose on the rate of chlorine decay can be quantitatively interpreted with the limiting chlorine demand. The kinetic model developed was validated for chlorine decay and chloroacetic acid formation in finished drinking water.     

基于影响因素分析的给水管网主体水余氯衰减模型

余氯在管网中主要发生主体水反应和管壁反应。一方面自身会不断消耗衰减,导致管网末梢处余氯值达不到要求,另一方面,氯会与水体中的某些有机物反应生成三卤甲烷等消毒副产物。以上作为氯消毒的两个主要问题,既相互矛盾又相互联系。其中余氯在主体水中的反应受到多种因素的影响,这些因素包括温度,初始余氯浓度和水体水质情况等等。论文在正交试验设计的基础上,通过对试验结果的极差和方差分析,得出结论:温度是影响余氯衰减的最主要因素,其次是水体水质情况,影响最小的是初始余氯浓度。在正交试验结果的基础上做定性分析的同时,采用编程拟合建立了改进的主体水余氯衰减模型,得到的参数组合为A=21 428 571,m=0.539,α=2.903。该改进模型不仅能很好地拟合试验结果,而且由于是基于正交试验所建立,模型的代表性和适用性都更加优越。     

Nutrient concentration variations during Oenanthe javanica growth and decay in the ecological floating bed system

The ecological floating bed system is a natural alternative to technical methods of wastewater treatment and involves complex processes induced by plants or microorganisms in the wastewater. This study aimed to identify nutrient concentration variations during Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC growth and decay in the ecological floating bed system. Results showed that the third-order polynomial equation was suitable to describe pollutant concentration changes, showing that the effect of O. javanica ecological floating bed system on polluted water could be divided into the purification phase and decay phase. During the purification phase, nutrient concentrations rapidly decreased because O. javanica influenced water microbial communities and water physical parameters (i.e., dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature), and had a direct uptake of nutrients. However, during the decay phase, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the plant tissues decreased, and these lost nutrients ultimately transferred to water and led to water quality deterioration. Results also showed that the uptake and storage of O. javanica in nutrients were temporary and the plant served only as media of the nutrients removed from the water. Under these circumstances, harvesting was an appropriate intervention to improve the treatment efficiency of O. javanica ecological floating bed system.     

饮用水消毒中一氯胺的衰减动力学研究

对饮用水消毒过程中一氯胺的衰减过程,采用二级反应速率模型对其衰减规律进行了非线性拟合;分别考察了pH值、温度、碳酸盐、溴离子、碘离子和天然有机物(NOM)浓度等水质参数变化对一氯胺衰减速率的影响.结果表明,pH值是影响一氯胺衰减速率的重要因素,pH<7.0时尤为明显;温度和碳酸盐对一氯胺的衰减速率均有明显影响;在pH=6.60时,随着溴离子浓度的增加一氯胺的衰减加快;在pH>7.60,0.1 mg/L的溴离子浓度对一氯胺的衰减影响不明显,碘离子对一氯胺的衰减影响较相同反应条件下溴离子的影响明显.此外,一氯胺衰减动力学模拟结果表明,采用二级动力学反应模型可以较好地拟合在卤素离子(Br-I、-)共存条件下的一氯胺衰减规律,对在沿海地区饮用水消毒工艺中不同条件下氯胺消毒剂浓度预测可以提供一定的理论和技术支持.     

有氧和厌氧环境下指示微生物的稳定性特征

建立有氧和厌氧水环境模拟反应器,利用荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术探究了猪源拟杆菌标记物、部分指示微生物和潜在致病菌在有氧及厌氧水环境中的变化特征.结果表明,指示微生物 Streptococcaceae、Lactobacillaceae、Carnobacteriaceae、Ruminococcaceae、Lachnos...     

石油烃类污染物在地下水中自然衰减特性

污染物在地下水中的自然衰减是目前解决地下水污染问题的一个重要的研究领域，是地下水污染生物修复的基础课题，本文以地下水中的常见污染物石油烃为对象，着重阐述该物在地下水中的自然衰减特性。根据所获取的国内外资料，介绍了其自然衰减的三种动力学方程：Monod动力学方程，一级衰减动力学方程和瞬时反应动力学方程，并且对于石油烃的自然衰减速率进行了详细的描述，为以后的研究提供参考。