北京地铁义和庄站基坑支护结构及变形监测

结合北京地铁义和庄站深基坑支护变形监测方案,并通过大量实测数据对基坑的水平变形、钢支撑和锚索拉力变化规律进行了研究;并比较排桩、内支撑与排桩、锚索两种支护形式的变形差异.监测结果表明:围护结构的变形增量主要发生在基坑深层土体开挖及支撑结构架设前后阶段,在开挖至坑底后变形趋于稳定;支撑内力增加影响因素较多,包括地面堆载及温度影响;围护结构变形与支撑轴力变化具有显著的关联性;桩撑与桩锚支护结构的变形具有一定的差异性.     

砂卵石地层桩锚支护结构稳定性实例研究

在城市中进行深基坑开挖,其稳定性至关重要。为研究砂卵石地层深基坑开挖过程中桩锚支护结构的稳定性问题,采用FLAC3D对其进行了三维模型计算分析,分析了不同开挖阶段桩锚支护体系的变形特性,以及基坑土体位移的变化情况,并与实测结果进行比较,研究了土体压力、桩体内力、锚索拉力与桩体水平位移的关系。结果表明：砂卵石地层在一定深度处存在＂自立拱＂效应,同时,可以对锚索进行有效的锚固,从而对桩体内力、变形起到有效的控制作用,保证基坑的稳定性。数值分析与实测结果相吻合,说明数值计算模型合理,结果可靠。     

深基坑桩锚支护结构土层预应力锚索工作性能测试分析

对某深基坑桩锚支护结构土层预应力锚索进行了检测与监测,同时进行了支护结构顶部水平位移的监测.检测结果表明,土层预应力锚索的主要失效模式是注浆体与土层接触面发生剪切破坏,其破坏形式是渐进缓变型;受拔时锚-土界面位移占锚头累计位移的80%～90%,其抗拔承载能力与锚索的二次注浆工艺密切相关.监测成果表明,二次张拉能显著减少预应力损失,同时土层预应力锚索对桩锚支护结构的顶部变形起到了有效的控制作用;锚索锁定后.后续工况引起的顶部变形增加量较小时,不会对锚索锁定荷载产生较大影响.     

西安地铁车站深基坑变形规律FLAC模拟研究

开展西安地铁深基坑变形规律理论与监测的研究对指导西北地区深基坑信息化施工具有重要价值。本文以西安地铁2号线某车站深基坑工程为背景,完成了车站深基坑施工监测方案设计,对深基坑施工过程进行了FLAC计算模拟,重点研究了桩体变形、钢支撑轴力、基坑周边地表变形规律。结果表明,复杂环境下城市地铁车站站深基坑明挖施工时,现场监测是信息化安全施工的保证,采用钻孔灌注桩和钢支撑的复合围护方案作为车站深基坑的围护结构是合理的,土方分层开挖方式和钢支撑预应力施加是减少空间效应保证安全施工的重要措施。桩身水平位移特别是桩顶水平位移是围护结构变形特性的直接反映,围护桩变形最大的地方为基坑中部到三分之二基坑深度处。基坑围护结构附近的地面隆起量明显小于基坑中部的隆起量,随着开挖深度增大,隆起量逐渐由基坑中部最大转变为两边大中间小的型式。     

地下隧道深基坑仰坡开挖与支护数值模拟及安全性分析

为了降低地下隧道深基坑施工风险，避免基坑仰坡开挖过程中造成坍塌事故，以重庆九号线从岩寺站的隧道掘进机始发洞口深基坑工程为背景，对基坑南侧仰坡的分级分层开挖进行数值模拟，分析在不同支护方式下仰坡开挖产生的围岩变形规律与特征，并结合现场实时监测数据对深基坑开挖过程进行安全性分析。结果表明，深基坑仰坡实测水平位移与数值模拟结果变化规律基本一致，计算模型反映了基坑因开挖而引起的水平变形，数值模拟结果合理。深基坑仰坡水平位移随开挖深度增大而增大，最大值位置从二级坡中点附近逐渐下移到一级坡中点附近；采用喷锚支护的支护方式，相比单纯锚杆支护与未支护下的基坑开挖，支护效果更加显著，最大水平位移有明显减小，表明该深基坑采用的开挖与支护方案是安全有效的。     

多元回归模型在基坑坡顶水平位移分析的应用

运用拓扑康GTS-332N全站仪建立坐标系统,对大连软件园基坑北侧JKA段进行了桩顶水平位移监测。将影响该基坑坡顶水平位移的主要因素确定为基坑使用时间、开挖深度作为自变量对桩顶水平位移进行了多元回归分析,得出了多元回归方程,通过回归方程的F检验和回归系数t检验表明基坑使用时间和开挖深度对桩顶水平位移的影响是显著的。回归预测方程与实测结果对比表明残差在-0. 45～0. 48之间,具有很好的拟合性,为深基坑桩锚支护安全施工提供了可靠的理论基础。     

桥梁施工钢管桩围堰变形安全监测系统应用

为确保钢管桩围堰结构施工安全,本文基于工程建设项目实际设计了围堰变形安全智能监测方案,通过在钢管桩围堰上埋设应力传感器进行变形数据采集与分析,可精确采集钢管桩水平位移、竖向位移和轴力变化,及时对钢管桩围堰变形超限进行预警与预控。通过实证,该智能安全监测系统在深基坑施工中具有较好的实用性。     

锚杆锚固段拉脱失效对基坑安全稳定性的影响研究

为了探究锚杆支护基坑工程中支护结构失稳的灾变机理,揭示锚固段拉脱失效对锚杆支护基坑安全稳定性的影响,依托某深基坑工程开展现场试验,布置分布式传感器监测桩锚支护结构锚杆内力和变形情况,结合数值计算分析,研究支护锚杆锚固段的拉脱失效区域形成原因及判定方法。结果表明,锚杆的轴向应力随基坑向下开挖深度增加逐渐变大,其中,锚杆自由段轴向应力变化最为明显,锚固段区域轴向应力沿长度方向逐渐减弱。对比分析现场试验数据曲线,判定因预应力张拉作用使基坑预应力锚杆在锚固段存在一定范围的拉脱失效区域,研究依托工程的拉脱失效区域为1.0～2.0 m。拉脱失效会使基坑侧壁边坡的剪应变增量区域形成滑移面,导致滑移趋势明显增大,进一步验证了拉脱失效区域对基坑稳定性会有显著影响。工程设计时不能忽略预应力锚杆锚固段拉脱失效区域的存在,深基坑锚杆设计必须增大安全储备,以保证基坑安全稳定性。     

安全监测在深基坑工程中的应用

对某深基坑工程施工过程采用安全监测和信息化施工手段，安全监测内容包括基坑边坡坡顶位移监测、维护桩水平位移和桩身钢筋应力的监测、锚杆拉力的监测，使得此深基坑工程的安全施工有了可靠的保证，从安全监测的结果来看，此深基坑工程设计合理，施工质量可靠，是大型深基坑工程中成功的支护工程之一。     

窄长类匝道基坑开挖变形监测数据统计分析

为研究窄长类基坑开挖过程中基坑变形性状和基坑开挖对近邻的扰动,以上海市某匝道基坑开挖工程为案例,采用统计方法对该基坑围护结构、邻近地表、周边建筑变形监测数据进行分析.结果表明:相较于民建宽大类基坑,窄长类基坑开挖对于围护结构侧向位移、墙后地表沉降、邻近既有建筑倾斜大小的影响更小,而在围护结构最大侧向位移出现的位置上,二...     

Chlorine leakage from bonnet of a valve in a bullet—a case study

This paper deals with the accidental release of chlorine from bonnet of a valve in a bullet installed in a chloro-alkali industry, and the probable causes of the accident and the ensuing sequence of events. Emergency procedures are also discussed. Finally, in the conclusions reached at some useful recommendations, which has been drawn for industrial facilities handling chlorine.     

Application of mindfulness-based stress reduction to a stress management intervention in a study of a mining sector company

Purpose. The aim of this article was to check whether mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is an effective intervention in reducing work-related stress in the case of workers in a copper mine. Methods. Sixty six employees were randomized to the experimental group (32 participants) or to the control group (34 participants). Work-related stress was measured using the job content questionnaire (JCQ) and mental health was measured using the general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) Experimental manipulation was 40-h MBSR training. Results. Multivariate repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a significant increase of JCQ decision latitude (F?=?17.36, p?<?0.001) and social support (supervisor F?=?9.00, p?<?0.004; coworker F?=?5.61, p?<?0.020), and a significant decrease in GHQ-28 anxiety (F?=?5.28, p?<?0.079) and depression (F?=?3.95, p?<?0.048) due to the intervention. Conclusions. The study confirms that MBSR can be effective in reducing stress resulting from the external risk (and/or imagined fear) of losing one’s health or life. The use of MBSR could be recommended in health and safety activities in difficult and dangerous work conditions, such as mining, to promote workers’ well-being.     

一起化肥厂爆炸事故的原因分析

某县化肥厂合成车间分析室突然发生爆炸,当班的2名化验员当场死亡,经济损失较大.爆炸冲击波将整个钢筋水泥(20m2)的分析室夷为平地,一块重约70kg的砖垛被抛至30m以外;离爆炸中心方圆60m以内的建筑物玻璃全部震碎.     

Ignition of a dust layer by a constant heat flux

In real conditions, the surface temperature of an equipment enclosure covered with a combustible dust layer can significantly rise due to insulating properties of the dust layer. To assess this effect, the measurements of minimum ignition temperature of dust layer at constant temperature of the heated plate t_{t min} (standard method) and the same ignition temperature at constant rate of heat generation t_{h min} for two coal dusts were made. Dust layers of thickness between 5 and 50 mm were tested. For each dust, t_{t min} was higher than t_{h min} for every tested thickness of the layer. The difference was biggest for thin layers and decreased with increase of the layer thickness. The results suggest a deficiency of the standard procedure of measuring minimum ignition temperature of a dust layer.     

The Airline Lifesaver: a 17-year analysis of a technique to prompt the delivery of a safety message

INTRODUCTION: The Airline Lifesaver (AL) is a 13.3 cm x 9.8 cm card any passenger can deliver to the attendant of a commercial airline in order to prompt the delivery of an important safety message. In particular, the AL requests the following safety--belt reminder be added to the regular announcements given at the end of the flight-"Now that you have worn a seat belt for the safest part of your trip, the flight crew would like to remind you to buckle-up during your ground transportation." METHOD: The AL card was handed to 1,258 flight attendants over a 17-year period and compliance with the request for the safety message was systematically tracked. Slightly more than one-third of the AL cards (n=460) included an incentive for making the announcement. RESULTS: Without the incentive, compliance to give the buckle-up reminder was 35.5% of 798 flights. With the incentive, compliance was significantly higher (i.e., 53.3%). IMPACT: The validity of the AL intervention is discussed with regard to its: (a) relevance to cognitive dissonance and consistency theory, and (b) broad-based applicability as a component of community-wide efforts to facilitate a safety-focused culture. The 17-year study also demonstrated a practical and cost-effective application of a behavior-based incentive program.     

Smoke control of a fire in a tunnel with vertical shaft

The aim of this research is to find the optimum smoke extraction rate through the ventilation shaft in case of a fire in a long road tunnel. Furthermore, it is also investigated whether the current emergency ventilation design practice using a vertical shaft can limit the smoke propagation from a fully loaded gasoline tank lorry fire. For this research, scaled model experiments were carried out using a 20 m- long model tunnel with a vertical shaft. A CFD modeling tool was also extensively utilized to investigate the extremely dangerous situation in which a fully loaded gasoline tank lorry is burning inside a long road tunnel.     

Application of a predictive safety model in a combustion testing environment

A predictive safety model for accident prevention and system failure, called Continuous Hazard Tracking and Failure Prediction Methodology, is applied at the Marshall Space Flight Center's promoted combustion test chamber. It combines the underlying principles of work sampling, control charts, and multivariate analysis. The sampling is performed to observe the occurrence of conditions which may be becoming hazardous in a given system. These building blocks of hazards, which we have called dendritics, could result in an accident, system malfunction, or unacceptable risk conditions. The data collected is plotted to generate the appropriate control chart, which depends on the characteristics of the given system and the protection desired. Based on the pattern of the control chart, a system ‘under control’ is not disturbed whereas a system ‘out of control’ is investigated for potential conditions becoming hazardous. Then appropriate steps are taken to eliminate or control these conditions in order to maintain a desired safety status of the system. The continuously running characteristic of this model allows for the verification that the corrective measures taken to ameliorate the ‘out of control’ conditions were satisfactory or whether more proactive action is required. The results provided by the predictive model were validated with historical safety data.     

Thermal effects of a sonic jet fire impingement on a pipe

Although the effects of jet fires are often limited to rather short distances, if their flames impinge on a pipe or a vessel collapse can occur in very short times. In such cases, the heat flux on the affected equipment is very high and wall temperature can increase very rapidly. This can happen in parallel pipelines, if a release occurs and impinges on another one. Nevertheless, jet fire impingement has been scarcely studied. In this communication the results obtained from an experimental set-up are presented. Sonic jet fires impinged on a pipe containing stagnant air or water. The temperatures of the flames impinging on it were measured for the worst case (flame front-bright zone), as well as the evolution with time of the pipe wall temperature at different locations. Initial temperature increases up to around twenty °C/s were registered for the air inside, with maximum values of up to 600 °C reached in 2.5 min, and 800 °C in approximately 9 min. In the case of pipe containing water, in the zone of the wall in contact with the liquid the heating rates were much lower, the maximum temperature reached being up to approximately 150 °C. From the temperatures of the jet flames and of the pipe, the heat fluxes reaching the pipe and the corresponding heat transfer coefficients were obtained. The results obtained emphasized that safe distances are essential in pipelines, together with fire proofing and other safety measures.     

Impact of a shock wave on a structure on explosion at altitude

The number of explosive attacks on civilian buildings has recently increased and the pattern of damage inflicted on structures when an explosion takes place at altitude remains quite difficult to predict. The primary aim of the work reported here was to enhance the understanding of how blast waves from an explosion at altitude interact with the ground and with a structure. Small-scale experiments were conducted using a propane–oxygen stoichiometric mixture as explosive. This approach is original because it models high-explosive detonation in terms of gaseous charge explosion using TNT equivalents. Several non-dimensional laws are expressed and validated by experiments. These relationships allow determination of the propagation of a blast wave and its interaction with a structure as a function of the position of the explosive charge when the explosion occurs at altitude. Then, from knowledge of the blast loading, using Hopkinson's scaling law and TNT equivalents, we can predict the interaction of blast waves with the ground and a structure on a real scale. Simulations were performed using the Autodyn code, and good correlation with the experimental results was obtained.