芦苇人工湿地对农村生活污水磷素的去除及途径

构建了芦苇(Phragmites australis)水平潜流人工湿地处理农村生活污水中的磷素,考察了湿地除磷效果以及地上植物吸磷量。结果表明,人工湿地对磷素的去除随水力停留时间的延长而增加,停留时间大于5.3 d时,芦苇湿地除磷效率可以高于88%。湿地进水TP负荷与磷去除速率之间有较好的线性关系(R2>0.91)。湿地植物在11月份收割时,地上生物量为1.65 kg.m-2,芦苇地上部分吸收磷量为3.68 g.m-2.a-1。分析了湿地除磷途径,在试验条件下,湿地填料的吸附和沉淀等作用是水平潜流人工湿地除磷的主要途径,植物吸收仅占湿地总磷去除量的9.1%,但是湿地水生植物是人工湿地重要组成部分,可以通过影响湿地的其他条件间接影响湿地除磷效果。试验证明,人工湿地是适用于农村地区的优良的污水处理技术。     

人工湿地生态系统提高氮磷去除率的研究进展

介绍了人工湿地及其去除污水中氮磷的机理，并从湿地植物、基质和微生物三个方面系统地阐述了目前人工湿地系统提高氮磷去除率的研究进展情况；提出了可以通过改良湿地系统设计提高氮磷净化效果、利用培养优化菌种与调节环境条件促进湿地系统氮磷的转化及通过在基质中添加合适的附料、提高人工湿地系统植物多样性从而增加氮磷的吸附吸收的建议，为人工湿地污水净化技术的应用研究提供了有益的参考。     

北固山湿地土壤氮磷的空间分布特征

镇江北固山湿地是一以芦苇(Phragmites australis)和虉草(Phalaris arundinacea L.)为优势植物的滨江湿地,土壤中氮磷空间分布对了解湿地水体的富营养化具有重要意义.在北固山湿地的典型区域内布点采样,对土壤中氮磷进行分析,研究了湿地土壤氮磷水平变异性及氮磷在不同植被区土壤中的空间分布规律.结果表明:北固山湿地全氮主要分布在0～60 cm土壤层,表层土壤中全磷质量分数显著高于下层土壤.土壤各层次全磷的水平变异性普遍高于全氮,尤其在20～40 cm土壤层全磷的变异系数达到52.34%,说明氮素在各层次分布相对均匀.植被类型对土壤中氮磷的空间分布有较大影响,虉草区各土壤层全氮、全磷质量分数均高于芦苇区,其0～20 cm和20～40 cm土壤层全磷质量分数亦高于空地.受污水排放、内江水冲洗等作用,污染空地及三个排污口全氮、全磷质量分数分别呈现不同的空间变化规律.研究结果为湿地生态恢复和生态清淤提供参考.     

云南高原常见湖滨湿地植物群落对生活污水氮的净化研究

湿地植物具有净化水质的特殊功能,研究不同湿地植物群落对生活污水净化效果及机理,对退化湿地的恢复与人工湿地的构建具有重要的理论和现实意义。选取小黑三棱＋杉叶藻＋荇菜（Com.Sparganium simplex＋Hippuris vulgaris＋Nymphoidespeltatum）、水葱＋睡菜＋荇菜（Com.Scirpus validus＋Menyanthes trifoliate＋Nymphoides peltatum）、菰＋荸荠＋荇菜（Com.Zizaniacaduciflora＋Heleocharis yunnanensis＋Nymphoides peltatum）和香蒲＋睡菜＋眼子菜（Com.Typha przewalskii＋Menyanthestrifoliate＋Potamogeton distinctus）等4种云南高原常见湖滨湿地植物群落作为实验材料进行水质净化模拟研究。结果表明：供试植物都能较好的适应生活污水环境,各植物全株氮质量分数在12.37～19.55 mg.g-1之间,各群落植物氮累积量为229～269 mg.m-2,对生活污水脱氮贡献率为10.11%～11.21%;各群落对生活污水TN的去除率都在75%以上,均显著高于无植物对照组（P〈0.05）,其中水葱＋睡菜＋荇菜（Scirpus validus＋Menyanthes trifoliate＋Nymphoides peltatum）群落对生活污水TN去除效果显著优于其他3种群落（P〈0.05）,去除率高达（93.79±1.27）%;试验期间,各群落污水N03--N与TN浓度之间显著负相关（r=–0.597,P〈0.05）,能很好的揭示氮的去除过程;各群落植物净增生物量与群落TN累积量显著正相关（r=0.953,P〈0.05）,表明收割植物可充分发挥湿地植物的脱氮潜力;植物群落能有效增强和促进湿地系统对污水中氮的净化能力,各植物群落对污水TN去除贡献率在29.24%～43.57%之间,群落内植物生长特性及其种间关系是各植物群落水质净化效果存在显著差异的主要原因。     

几种植物在生长过程中对人工湿地污水处理效果的影响

不同的植物及植物的不同生长阶段对人工湿地系统污水处理效果都有影响。对几种华南地区常见的湿地植物在其不同生长阶段处理污水的效果进行了研究,采用了不种植物的沙滤系统作对照。结果表明:(1)植物生长过程中,植物高度能反映污水处理效果总体上的变化;(2)在植物的生长过程中,各人工湿地系统污水处理能力总体上持续增强,各水质指标pH、DO、TN、NH3-N、NO3-N、TP和CODCr等均呈下降趋势,其中TP和CODCr呈逐步下降,pH、DO、TN、NH3-N、NO3-N则呈现锯齿形波动,但总体上仍是下降过程;(3)植物系统氮处理能力好于无植物沙滤系统,而对磷TP和CODCr的去除则恰好相反;(4)不同植物对人工湿地污水的处理效果影响不明显。研究结果对探讨人工湿地污水处理规律和植物在人工湿地中的作用提供了新的科学依据,并为指导人工湿地工程的运行提供了参考。     

牧草轮作对奶牛场污水氮、磷的净化效果研究

以土壤为基质,选择象草（Pennisetum purpureum）和黑麦草（Lolium perenne）两种牧草作为植被模拟人工湿地净化系统,研究牧草全年轮作在间歇流人工湿地中对奶牛场高质量浓度污水的适应性及对污水氮、磷的净化效果。结果表明：象草、黑麦草在间歇性高质量浓度污水中生长良好,可作为畜牧场高质量浓度污水修复植物进行全年轮作,并适时的收割,去除污水中的氮、磷。在不同污水质量浓度处理的牧草净化系统中,水力停留时间为8 d的条件下,铵氮的去除率为75.9%~94.9%;硝态氮的去除率为65.4%~90.9%;总氮的去除率64.2%~90.1%;总磷的去除率在90%以上;象草和黑麦草对污水中氮、磷的吸收转化在系统对氮磷净化中的贡献率平均分别为氮25.12%和20.03%、磷31.20%和20.42%;各处理氮、磷的去除效果与污水的质量浓度呈负相关。     

表面流人工湿地中氮磷的去除机理

人工湿地作为一种高效、低耗的污水处理新工艺已被广泛接受，特别是其在脱氮、除磷方面的应用逐步为人们所重视。本文深入地讨论了表面流人工湿地中各种生物、物理、化学过程对污水中各种形态含氮、含磷化合物的去除机理，及其具体途径、相关反应和反应类型，总结了国内外对各个过程影响因素、控制条件、反应速度、去除能力及相互之间协调拮抗作用的研究结果。虽然硝化／反硝化作用和土壤吸附沉淀作用已被公认为是表面流人工湿地脱氮、除磷的主要途径，但不同研究结果之间仍存在着明显差异，鲜有多介质环境条件下各种脱氮、除磷过程中多种氮、磷形态的质量平衡研究，而以此为基础的人工湿地生态动力学模型的研究则是深入了解人工湿地运行机理、设计和预测其处理效率，以及推动人工湿地污水处理工艺广泛应用的关键。     

湖滨带复合型人工湿地氮磷的去除效果

湖滨带是连接湖泊水域生态系统与陆地生态系统的一个功能过渡区,是湖泊的最后一道保护屏障。在河流的入湖口建造湖滨湿地,可有效净化入湖径流中携带的部分有机污染物、营养盐等。以云南抚仙湖北岸的湖滨湿地—马料河复合人工湿地为研究对象,探讨了湿地不同功能区去除氮磷的效果。研究表明,沉淀池除氮效果最不明显,在该区内有机氮可能发生矿化作用而转变为氨氮。有植物系统的潜流和表流区除氮效果较为明显,潜流区对氨氮、硝氮和总氮的平均去除率分别达18.0%、19.7%和22.6%;表流区对三者的平均去除率分别达50.4%、35.9%和43.5%。沉淀池对磷有一定的截留作用,且在进水污染物质量浓度较高时表现明显,平均截留率为14.9%。潜流和表流区除磷效果不明显,可能是因为湿地运行了两年多,土壤吸附交换达到平衡,影响了表流区的除磷效果。潜流区除磷效果受降雨影响较大,雨季时,总磷的平均截留率为12.1%,主要是不溶性磷的吸附和沉积;雨季末期,湿地流量较小,水体流动性差,系统内处于厌氧状态,出现磷释放现象。     

北固山湿地植物对氮磷元素吸收能力的研究

湿地作为一种高效低耗的污水处理技术,其在脱氮除磷方面的应用倍受人们的关注。为研究北固山湿地植物对氮磷元素的吸收能力,以该湿地优势植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)和虉草(Phalaris arundinaceaLinn)为研究对象,测定3月至11月期间,其地上生物量以及各组织中总氮、总磷的含量,分析其氮磷积累的动态变化规律。结果表明,(1)芦苇、虉草的地上生物量均呈先增加后减少的趋势,且茎的生物量远大于叶和穗。(2)芦苇、虉草叶中的氮、磷含量均高于同期芦苇茎中的含量。芦苇对氮、磷的积累在8月份达到最大值,分别为38.97g·m-2、18.22g·m-2。而虉草对氮、磷的积累在5月份达到最大值,分别为23.19g·m-2、6.32g·m-2。(3)芦苇、虉草对氮、磷的吸收均呈单峰值曲线,对氮的吸收都远大于磷,且芦苇对氮、磷的吸收能力较好。(4)适时收割芦苇、虉草,可从北固山湿地中移除1248.90kg总氮和381.8kg总磷,同时还可以将其作为纸浆来源,创造一定的经济价值。     

人工湿地植物生物质资源能源化利用潜力评估

通过测定不同人工湿地植物的纤维素组分和热值,并采用NaOH–酶解工艺研究不同人工湿地植物水解液组分,对在人工湿地技术体系中起重要作用的湿地植物能源化利用潜力进行系统评估.结果显示,15种人工湿地植物的纤维素含量在19.78%～36.9%之间,半纤维素含量在4.51%～19.67%之间,木质素含量在10.79%～20.47%之间,具有与玉米秸秆相当的热值,其热值在14.002～17.839 MJ/kg之间.在NaOH–酶解工艺条件下,不同人工湿地植物水解液中存在5种糖类组分,主要为葡萄糖和木糖.研究表明,人工湿地植物是一种较好的生物质资源,可通过生物质固体成型燃料技术、沼气技术和燃料乙醇技术加以利用,进而建立人工湿地植物生物质资源能源化藕联利用模式.图2表2参22     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.