悬浮物对三峡水库水质测定结果的影响

以长江寸滩断面和嘉陵江大溪沟断面水样为测定样品,探讨了悬浮物对三峡水库水质测定结果的影响,提出在三峡水库水质监测中,应对经0.45μm滤膜过滤的滤液进行指标测定,同时测定悬浮物含量,并对悬浮物进行组分分析;建议在地表水环境质量标准中,纳入悬浮物项目。     

关于滤纸可溶物对测定悬浮物影响的探讨

针对滤纸可溶物对测定悬浮物结果的影响作了定量和研究。     

影响悬浮物测定结果的因素分析

通过对水中悬浮物的测定条件、取样量以及样品采集等方面的因素分析 ,找出了悬浮物监测结果产生误差的原因 ,提出了解决的方法和如何进行悬浮物测定的质量控制 ,进而提高监测数据的准确性和精密性     

CODCr与CODMn测定中取样量合理性判别

依据国家标准分析方法和监测规范对CODMn及CODCr测定中反应液残留的氧化剂量所做的相对规定，推导出直观地判断样品取样量是否合理的方法，开拓了控制COD分析质量的又一视角。     

生活废水中悬浮物对挥发酚测定的影响及其消除

针对用4-氨基安替比林直接光度法测定未经处理的生活污水中,预蒸馏后仍有悬浮物存在这一现象,进行了预处理后蒸馏和预蒸馏后用中速定量滤纸过滤的对比实验。结果证明预处理后蒸馏和预蒸馏后过滤均能达到消除悬浮物的目的。     

地表水中悬浮物含量和粒径对磷测定的影响

我国地表水体悬浮物含量和颗粒粒径组成的时空分异明显。该研究筛分3种粒径颗粒,研究不同粒径颗粒中赋存的磷形态及其解吸-吸附磷的能力特性差异,探讨不同悬浮物含量引起水体总磷(TP)测定结果偏差情况及改进建议。结果表明,粒径d<30 μm颗粒所赋存总磷、生物有效态磷含量明显高于50~150 μm、30~50 μm颗粒,水空白环境下粒径<30 μm颗粒所释放磷量也最高,等温吸附条件下粒径<30 μm颗粒具有更高的磷吸附能力。通过Freundlich交叉型吸附曲线拟合,粒径50~150 μm、30~50 μm、<30 μm颗粒的磷解吸-吸附平衡质量浓度分别为0.84、0.63、0.58 mg/L,粒径<30 μm颗粒在地表Ⅰ~Ⅴ类水体(TP≤0.4 mg/L)中更易达到磷解吸-吸附平衡状态。我国地表一般水体中悬浮物含量大多在零至几千mg/L范围,而使用 "静沉30min-消解" 国标前处理方法无法保证统一的沉降效果,使得水体TP含量测定结果偏低或偏高。针对地表一般水体,建议同时增加"混匀-消解-过滤"前处理方法测定水体TP含量作为参考。     

地表水样品自然沉降时间对总磷测定结果的影响分析

地表水中总磷含量高低是评定水质优劣的一项重要指标,分析数据表明丰水期中总磷主要来源于泥沙中吸附的有机磷和无机磷,而溶解态磷含量较少;水样中总磷含量随着自然沉降时间的延长而逐渐降低.因此样品采集回来后样品的自然沉降时间是影响地表水中总磷测定结果的一个主要原因之一.     

采样时间对ANDERSEN采样器采样效果的影响

在室内用ANDERSEN生物粒子采样器进行了不同采样时间对采集空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度，粒数中值直径效果的研究，结果表明，在1－12min内，采集的空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度随采样时间的增加而减少，呈明显的负相关关系，相关系数分别为－0．903和－0．688，P值均大于0．05，另外，在采样过程中，空气真菌比细菌耐受采样空气冲击力的能力强，采样时间对空气细菌和真菌粒子的粒度分布和粒数中值直径的影响不明显。     

样品量对河流沉积物组分分析结果的影响

在完全相同的实验条件下 ,将 GSD-9水系沉积物作为监控样品 ,对河流表层沉积物 (<63 μm粒级部分 )取不同重量进行消化并用 ICP-AES法分析测定主要元素 K、Na、Ca、Mg、Al、Fe、Mn、Ti,分析的准确度大于 94% ,分析结果相对标准偏差小于 5 % ,说明消化过程和分析结果是可信的。通过对四条不同河流黄河、赣江、汾河和辽河沉积物样品量与元素分析结果之间的关系图发现 ,在样品量小于 2 0 mg的情况下 ,总体会造成分析结果较大的波动 ,实验数据很难保证 ,而当样品量达到 2 0 mg以上 ,测定结果逐渐趋于平稳基本呈水平线 ,在 5 0～ 2 5 0 mg之间分析结果最为稳定。因此为了保证测定结果的准确性 ,河流表层沉积物的样品量至少应保证大于 2 0 mg。     

延长初发酵培养时间对大肠菌群结果影响分析

阐述了将《大肠菌群多管发酵法》(GB/T 4789.28-2003)初发酵时间24 h延长至48 h的原因,通过对139份不同种类样品进行大肠菌群总数检测,发现有12份样品增加了大肠菌群数,表明延长初发酵培养时间,可以增加迟缓发酵大肠菌群成员检出.指出迟缓发酵大肠菌群在44.5 ℃培养时,均无产酸产气现象,表明引起迟缓发酵的大肠菌群不属于粪大肠菌群成员.     

The role and distribution of total suspended solids in the macrotidal coastal waters of Korea

Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of total suspended solids (TSS) in the shallow and macrotidal regions of the Korean peninsula indicated there were significant changes in TSS concentrations. These were seasonally influenced by the wind, river input and tidal cycle. There were high TSS values at estuarine and river mouth stations and during low tide due to the re-suspension of bottom sediment by strong wind action during winter months, in addition the land input through rivers and strong tidal current during ebbing. Monthly mean values of TSS significantly correlated with wind speed and nitrate concentration (p < 0.01). This indicated that the resuspension of surface sediment was a more important source of TSS than the river input, and that nitrate was introduced into the water column during the resuspension process. TSS were seven times higher at low tide than in high tide. Light penetration was significantly inhibited by TSS; as >98% of incident light was absorbed within 2 m and zero photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) under 2 m in the estuarine stations during winter. Removal of heavy metals and nutrients by TSS in the water column was evident. Over 80% of the initial concentration of nutrients was removed within 10 min under various concentrations of TSS and also TSS contained significantly higher concentration of heavy metals than surface sediment. The concentration levels of nutrients and chemical oxygen demand in the west coast were comparable with the East and South Sea, even the major rivers in the Korean peninsula flow into the West Sea with major pollutant loadings into the coastal areas. High concentration of TSS is likely to contribute to the removal process of these pollutants, resulting in relatively lower levels of nutrients and organic materials in these coastal waters.     

示波极谱法测定大气总悬浮微粒中微量锌

在乙二胺 (en)介质中 (p H1 1 .5～ 1 2 .3 ) ,Zn(en) 2 +3在单扫描示波极谱仪上于 -1 .42 V(vs.SCE)处产生一灵敏的络合物吸附波 ,锌含量在 0 .0 0 6～ 0 .3 5 μg/ml范围内 ,浓度与峰电流呈线性关系。检测限为 0 .0 0 3 μg/ml。加标回收率为92 %～ 1 0 3 % ,相对标准偏差小于 4.1 %。该方法准确、简便、选择性好 ,可用于 TSP中微量锌的测定。     

大气总悬浮颗粒中有机碳的测定

本文提出一种新的高灵敏度测定总悬浮颗粒中有机碳的方法一元素分析法。该方法是在氧化炉最佳温度为６００℃时,一步测定出样品中有机碳的含量,并成功地对齐齐哈尔市大气总悬浮颗粒中的有机碳进行了连续的监测。结果表明,总悬浮颗粒中有机碳的含量有较明显的变化规律。     

PM2.5的化学物种采样与分析方法

对PM25的化学物种组成及其采样方法进行了概述,侧重介绍了主要的半挥发性成分硝酸铵与有机碳的采样问题.按照无机多元素、水溶性离子和含碳组分概述了PM25主要化学物种的分析方法.     

TSP-PM10-PM2.5-2型中流量大气颗粒物采集系统的开发和应用

自行开发并研制了TSP-PM10-PM2.5-2型中流量TSP、PM10、PM2.5大气颗粒物采集系统,是目前中国唯一可以采集TSP、PM10、PM2.5样品并提供足够的样品量进行大气颗粒物化学成分分析的中流量大气颗粒物采集器.该系统精心设计和加工的限流孔可以保持完全固定的流量,保证切割粒径的稳定,减小采样的误差并方便操作.该系统已经成功地应用于20多个城市和地区大气颗粒物的监测和研究中,为研究大气颗粒物的污染状况和来源提供了有效的技术手段和支持.     

Effect of temperature on single and competitive adsorptions of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto natural clays

This study conducted a combined adsorption-sequential extractionanalysis (CASA), by which five phases (i.e., exchangeable, carbonate, Mn-Oxide, organic, and Fe-Oxide phases) of adsorbed heavy metals were analyzed, to investigate temperature effects on single and competitive adsorptions of Zn(II) and Cu(II) ontonatural clays. In the case of single adsorption of Zn, the exchangeable phase adsorption decreased from 65 to 40%, but thecarbonate phase adsorption increased from 30 to 40%, with an increase in temperature from 15 to 55 °C. However, in itscompetitive adsorption with Cu, Zn was mostly present in the exchangeable phase (over 90%), and with an increase in temperature, the exchangeable phase adsorption decreased only 10%. In the case of Cu, over 50% among the total amount of adsorption was present in the carbonate phase in both cases ofsingle and competitive adsorptions. The carbonate phaseadsorption of Cu increased from 56 to 61% and from 60 to 66% in single and competitive adsorptions, respectively, with atemperature increase. These results show that in the case of Zn,the major mechanism of retention in natural clay soils might beexchangeable phase adsorption, especially in the case of competitive adsorption with Cu. However, in the case of Cu, the major mechanism might be carbonate phase adsorption, which is known to be a more immobile phase than exchangeable phase adsorption. It seems that the adsorption of Zn and Cu onto natural clays is an endothermic reaction, which represents thatthe adsorption equilibrium constants and capacities increase with a temperature increase, with the exception of exchangeablephase adsorption.     

典型城市工业区TSP中重金属污染研究

以徐州市北郊工业区作为研究对象,探讨工业型城市大气总悬浮颗粒物中重金属元素的时空分布特征。监测结果表明,该区大气TSP中重金属污染较为严重,单个样品中重金属铅、锌、镉、铬、铜和锰的最高含量分别达350.9、1037.9、5.5、16.3、17.8、238.5mg/kg;元素浓度呈秋冬季偏高,夏秋季偏低的趋势;空间分布充分体现了与污染源地域分布的一致性。