长江上游地区杂交水稻亲本遗传多样性

利用表型鉴定以及47对均匀分布于水稻12条染色体的SSR标记,对长江上游138个杂交水稻亲本进行检测,并采用遗传相似系数及数学模型分析其群体结构,以了解其遗传多样性信息.结果显示,长江上游杂交水稻亲本的保持系、恢复系以及总体的表型性状遗传变异程度较大,适用于进行遗传多样性分析.利用47对SSR标记共检测到94个等位基因位点,平均每个位点2个;其中有效等位基因数67.05个,占71.33%,Nei氏遗传多样性指数变幅为0-0.51,平均值为0.26.供试材料可分为恢复系类群和保持系类群,与生产上利用的保持系和恢复系高度一致.本研究表明利用SSR标记能详细了解长江上游杂交水稻亲本遗传多样性信息并有效区分恢复系与保持系.     

中国大麦育成品种(系)的遗传多样性

为了解我国大麦育成品种(系)的遗传基础现状,利用位于大麦7个连锁群上不同位置的25对SSR引物对来自国内不同区域的大麦推广和新育成品种(系)的遗传多样性及其亲缘关系进行分析.结果表明,25对SSR引物在73个大麦品种间均有多态性扩增,每一对引物检测到的等位基因数目在2-6之间,平均为3.92个.SSR引物的多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅为0.252-0.780,平均为0.569.遗传多样性分析发现,我国不同大麦产区的皮大麦品种(系)间遗传相似性系数(GS)变化范围为0.661-0.767(平均值0.714),青藏高原地区青稞品种(系)间遗传相似性系数变化范围为0.533-0.925(平均值0.699),表明目前国内皮大麦和青稞的遗传多样性均较差、品种遗传背景单一.通过聚类分析,在遗传相似系数0.671水平处,42份皮大麦材料聚为2大类;在遗传相似系数0.618水平处,31份青稞材料聚为5大类,来源地相同的材料通常聚在同一大类或亚类,材料聚类结果与其地理来源有一定相关性.本研究表明SSR标记具有较好的遗传变异检测能力,对大麦品种(系)间的遗传多样性评价可为我国大麦育种过程中亲本材料的选择和利用提供重要依据.     

柚类资源及其近缘种SSR标记的分子评价

采用31对SSR引物对122份柚类种质资源及其近缘种的遗传多样性进行了研究.31对SSR引物可以检测到335个等位基因变异,平均每个位点可检测到9.85个等位基因.每个位点多态性信息指数(PIC)平均值为0.7085.从这些引物中有效地筛选出21对高信息量SSR引物,与31对引物在122份柚类资源间遗传关系达到极显著相关(r=0.99104).柚类资源及其近缘种等位基因平均数(A)、平均杂合位点百分比(P)、SSR表型杂合度(H0)分别为2.8、83.54%、0.524.用UPGMA方法将122份研究材料分成7个组群,110个柚类品种在相似系数0.712时可细分成18个亚组,分类结果有利于今后有目的地利用这些丰富育种材料的遗传背景.图3表2参21     

黄连木居群遗传多样性的SSR标记分析

为系统揭示黄连木天然居群在遗传多样性水平上的差异及遗传分化状况,采用SSR(Simple sequence repeats)分子标记对其8个居群进行遗传多样性分析.在建立良好的反应体系基础上,从已有的阿月浑子SSR引物中筛选出9对适合进行黄连木遗传分析的引物,在8个黄连木居群中共检测到43条等位基因,位点平均等位基因数为4.78,平均多态位点百分率达90.28%.各居群内平均有效等位基因数为2.08,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.472,说明各居群的遗传多样性处于中等水平.按检测到的有效等位基因数(Ne)和期望杂合度(He),各居群的遗传多样性由高至低依次为安康唐县顺平辉县略阳栾川林州涉县.居群间的遗传分化系数(FST)平均为0.319,说明居群内变异是黄连木变异的主要来源,并根据遗传距离将8个居群分为三大类.     

用SSR标记检测同源四倍体与二倍体水稻的遗传差异

随机选用分布于水稻(Oryza stativa L.)12条染色体上的15对SSR(simplej sequence repeats)引物，对18种中科院成都生物所培育的四倍体水稻和9种大面积种植的二倍体水稻进行了SSR多态性分析．11对具多态性的引物共检测到33条多态性条带，平均每对引物检测到3个等位基因．研究结果发现，所用同源四倍体水稻的基因组与二倍体水稻基因组大部分相同，只是在某些位点上具有差异，并筛选出部分SSR标记来区分二倍体与其同源四倍体．本研究还对二倍体与同源四倍体之间遗传差异的原因进行了初步的探讨．图2表2参12     

基于中华猕猴桃“红阳”转录组序列开发EST-SSR分子标记(英文)

为开发猕猴桃EST-SSR标记,了解28个品种猕猴桃间的遗传多样性和遗传关系,对中华猕猴桃"红阳"的转录组序列进行分析,并根据分析结果设计SSR引物.之后采用CTAB法提取28个品种猕猴桃的DNA作为SSR-PCR的扩增模板,并根据扩增结果进行聚类分析.研究中共得到包含SSR的序列21 848条,其中重复单元为单碱基、双碱基、三碱基、四碱基、五碱基和六碱基的序列分别为1 642、15 965、3 141、248、368和484条,随机选择其中46条序列设计SSR引物.根据初步的PCR扩增,筛选出32对条带较少且明亮的引物分别对28个品种猕猴桃的DNA样本进行扩增,并对引物对应的SSR序列进行定位.结果显示,32对引物对应的序列中有19条能够得到完整的所在基因、染色体以及染色体中具体位置的信息.这些引物中有26对具有多态性,共统计到等位基因120个,每对引物得到1-11个等位基因,平均3.75个.28个猕猴桃品种之间的遗传相似性系数在0.53-0.97之间,在遗传相似系数为0.72的水平上,可将它们分为5大类,分类结果与传统形态学的划分基本一致.本研究揭示的各样本间的遗传关系可为未来猕猴桃的种质改良提供依据.图4表5参33     

大麦EST-SSR分子标记开发及特征分析

大麦是一种古老的栽培作物,也是分子遗传学研究中常用的模式植物,为满足大麦基因作图、遗传多样性、种质资源鉴定和分子辅助育种等研究的需求,拟在NCBI公共数据库基础上,开发基于表达序列标签(EST)的简单序列重复(SSR)分子标记.从NCBI数据库中获得了525 781条大麦EST序列,将这些序列进行聚类和去冗余后共获得61 902个Unigene,随后通过MISA软件搜索Unigene中的SSR位点,并设计引物9 659对,最后通过电子PCR(E–PCR)和普通PCR对引物进行验证.结果显示:(1)61 902个Unigene中含有SSR位点24 648个,其中复合SSR位点5 843个,约占3.42%,单纯SSR位点23 805个,约占96.58%;(2)经E-PCR验证后发现9 659对SSR引物中有1 060对(11%)能够成功扩增出产物;(3)随机选取的11对引物经普通PCR验证发现,这些引物都能在2份野生大麦品种、2份栽培大麦品种及1份小麦、硬粒小麦、荆州黑麦和节节麦中成功扩增.本研究表明日益丰富的EST公共数据库是大麦SSR分子标记的重要来源;利用EST公共数据库、SSR搜索软件,结合E–PCR验证是开发SSR分子标记省时高效的手段.     

11个猕猴桃品种间的遗传多样性分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA标记(RAPD)技术对采自四川省猕猴桃科研基地的11个猕猴桃品种进行了遗传多样性分析.通过引物筛选,从15个RAPD引物中扩增出135条带,其中100条为多态带,占74.07%.UPGMA聚类分析结果揭示了各品种间的亲缘关系.RAPD标记说明猕猴桃品种间遗传距离与地理分布有一定关系,地理位置较近的材料能聚在一起.分子标记可用于猕猴桃种质资源的分类、鉴定及良种选育.图2表2参15     

产生全雄子代罗非鱼亲本的分子标记及其遗传多样性分析

通过1对1的配对实验,选取产生全雄性杂交子一代的奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼亲本,对其进行RAPD分析.在40个引物中筛选出22个重复性好的引物用于两个亲本群体的分子标记和遗传多样性研究,其中5个引物(S236、S328、S471、Opz6、Opz8)扩增出的特异性DNA片段,可以作为区分两个亲本群体的分子标记.在奥利亚罗非鱼群体内,共检出133个位点,多态位点数15,多态位点比例为11.28%,在奥利亚罗非鱼群体内,共检出134个位点,多态位点数26,多态位点比例为19.40%.两个亲本群体内较高的遗传相似指数(S分别为0.9787、0.9462),说明两个群体内的遗传变异较小,纯度高;奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼的种间遗传距离较大(D=0.2595),表明有产生较强杂种优势的可能     

基于山桐子转录组序列的SSR分子标记开发

为研究山桐子遗传多样性,对山桐子转录组数据进行分析,开发SSR分子标记技术.将山桐子高通量转录组测序获得的84 213条Unigene进行简单重复序列(SSR)位点挖掘和分析,并结合引物验证,初步证明其可行性.通过软件分析,共获得含SSR位点的序列数23 077,出现频率为27.40%,涉及序列数量为29 953条,发生频率为35%.SSR序列中包括1 620种重复基元类型,其中单核苷酸、二核苷酸和三核苷酸为优势重复类型,SSR位点数分别为9 782(32.67%)、6 921(23.11%)和5 420(18.10%).单核苷酸中A/T类型比例最高,为9 630(32.15%),二核苷酸和三核苷酸中以类型AG/CT(4 679;15.62%)和AAG/CCT(1 220;1.53%)为主.SSR位点重复次数差别较大,主要是3次(4 748;15.70%),其次为6次(3 707;12.25%)和5次(3 475;11.60%).运用多态性分析的方式初步验证SSR位点在不同地区山桐子标记中的可行性.同时,利用Primer 5.0进行引物设计,随机筛选100对引物进行验证,31对引物可以扩增出条带,19对引物扩增出预期大小的条带,8对引物能特异性区分宜宾、资阳、宁强、成都4个不同地区的山桐子.本研究通过分析山桐子高通量转录组序列的SSR信息,筛选出8对引物验证不同地区山桐子的遗传多样性,将有助于山桐子基因挖掘、分子标记育种和资源保护等后续工作的开展.     

Transferability of STS markers in studying genetic relationships of marvel grass (Dichanthium annulatum)

Transferability of sequence-tagged-sites (STS) markers was assessed for genetic relationships study among accessions of marvel grass (Dichanthium annulatum Forsk.). In total, 17 STS primers of Stylosanthes origin were tested for their reactivity with thirty accessions of Dichanthium annulatum. Of these, 14 (82.4%) reacted and a total 106 (84 polymorphic) bands were scored. The number of bands generated by individual primer pairs ranged from 4 to 11 with an average of 7.57 bands, whereas polymorphic bands ranged from 4 to 9 with an average of 6.0 bands accounts to an average polymorphism of 80.1%. Polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.222 to 0.499 and marker index (MI) from 1.33 to 4.49. Utilizing Dice coefficient of genetic similarity dendrogram was generated through un-weighted pairgroup method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) algorithm. Further, clustering through sequential agglomerative hierarchical and nested (SAHN) method resulted three main clusters constituted all accessions except IGBANG-D-2. Though there was intermixing of few accessions of one agro-climatic region to another, largely groupings of accessions were with their regions of collections. Bootstrap analysis at 1000 scale also showed large number of nodes (11 to 17) having strong clustering (> 50). Thus, results demonstrate the utility of STS markers of Stylosanthes in studying the genetic relationships among accessions of Dichanthium.     

水稻籼粳杂种雌性不育突变体91FS及其双亲的RAPD分析

以水稻籼粳杂种雌性不育突变体91FS及其双亲籼稻涪江2号和粳稻02428为材料进行RAPD分析.从检测过的100个引物中发现有10个引物扩增出多态性产物,表明91FS既承袭了双亲的遗传物质,又发生了新的变异,这为91FS的水稻籼粳杂种真实性提供了分子水平上的证据。     

Use of EST database markers from M. truncatula in the transferability to other forage legumes

In general tropical forage legumes lack microsatellites or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Development of genic SSR markers from expressed sequence tagged (EST) database is an alternate and efficient approach to generate the standard DNA markers for genome analysis of such crop species. In the present paper a total of 816 EST-SSRs containing perfect repeats of mono (33.5%), di (14.7%), tri (39.3%), tetra (2.7%), penta (0.7%) and hexa (0.4%) nucleotides were identified from 1,87,763 ESTs of Medicago truncatula. Along with, 70 (8.5%) SSRs of a compound type were also observed. Seven primer pairs of tri repeats were tested for cross transferability in 19 accessions of forage legumes comprising 11 genera. At two different annealing temperatures (55 and 60 degreesC) all primer pairs except AJ410087 reacted with many accessions of forage legumes. Atotal of 51 alleles were detected with six M. truncatula EST-SSRs primer-pairs against DNAfrom 19 accessions representing 11 genera where number of alleles ranged from 2 to 13. The cross-transferability of these EST-SSRs was 40.6% at 55 degreesC and 32.3% at 60 degreesC annealing temperature. 24 alleles of the total 50 (48%) at 55 degreesC and 27 of 51 (53%) at 60 degreesC were polymorphic among the accessions. These 27 polymorphic amplicons identified could be used as DNA markers. This study demonstrates the developed SSR markers from M. truncatula ESTs as a valuable genetic markers and also proposes the possibility of transferring these markers between species of different genera of the legumes of forage importance. It was evident from the results obtained with a set of Desmanthus virgatus accessions where SequentialAgglomerative Hierarchical and Nested (SAHN) cluster analysis based on Dice similarity and Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean Algorithm (UPGMA) revealed significant variability (24 to 74%) among the accessions. High bootstrap values (>30) supported the nodes generated by dendrogram analysis of accessions.     

Isozyme, ISSR and RAPD profiling of genotypes in marvel grass (Dichanthium annulatum)

Genetic analysis of 30 accessions of marvel grass (Dichanthium annulatum Forsk.), a tropical range grass collected from grasslands and open fields of drier regions, was carried out with the objectives of identifying unique materials that could be used in developing the core germplasm for such regions as well as to explore gene (s) for drought tolerance. Five inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers [(CA)4, (AGAC), (GACA) 4; 27 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and four enzyme systems were employed in the present study. In total, ISSR yielded 61 (52 polymorphic), RAPD 269 (253 polymorphic) and enzyme 55 isozymes (44 polymorphic) bands. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) and marker index (MI) across all polymorphic bands of 3 markers systems ranged from 0.419 to 0.480 and 4.34 to 5.25 respectively Dendrogram analysis revealed three main clusters with all three markers. Four enzymes namely esterase (EST), polyphenoloxidase (PPO), peroxidase (PRX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) revealed 55 alleles from a total of 16 enzyme-coding loci. Of these, 14 loci and 44 alleles were polymorphic. The mean number of alleles per locus was 3.43. Mean heterozygosity observed among the polymorphic loci ranged from 0.406 (SOD) to 0.836 (EST) and accession wise from 0.679 (1G3108) to 0.743 (IGKMD-10). Though there was intermixing of few accessions of one agro-climatic region to another largely groupings of accessions were with their regions of collections. Bootstrap analysis at 1000 iterations also showed large numbers of nodes (11 to 17) having strong clustering (> 50 bootstrap values) in all three marker systems. The accessions of the arid and drier regions forming one cluster are assigned as distinct core collection of Dichanthium and can be targeted for isolation of gene (s) for drought tolerance. Variations in isozyme allele numbers and high PIC (0.48) and MI (4.98) as observed with ISSR markers indicated their usefulness for germplasm characterization.     

Effective Population Size and Maintenance of Genetic Diversity in Captive-Bred Populations of a Lake Victoria Cichlid

Abstract: We used microsatellite DNA markers to investigate the maintenance of genetic diversity within and between samples of subpopulations (spanning five captive-bred generations) of the haplochromine cichlid Prognathochromis perrieri . The subpopulations are maintained as part of the Lake Victoria Cichlid species survival plan. Changes in the frequencies of 24 alleles, over four polymorphic loci, were used to estimate effective population size (   N _e   ). Point estimates of N _e ranged from 2.5 to 7.7 individuals and were significantly smaller than the actual census size (   N _obs  ) for all subpopulations (32–243 individuals per generation), with the corresponding conservative N _e   /  N _obs ratios ranging from 0.01 to 0.12. Approximately 19% of the initial alleles were lost within the first four generations of captive breeding. Between-generation comparisons of expected heterozygosity showed significant losses ranging from 6% to 12% per generation. Seven private alleles were observed in the last sampled generation of four subpopulations, and analysis of population structure by F _ST indicated that approximately 33% of the total genetic diversity is maintained between the subpopulations from different institutions. To reduce the loss of genetic variation, we recommend that offspring production be equalized by periodically removing dominant males, which will encourage reproduction by additional males. Consideration should also be given to encouraging more institutions to maintain populations, because a significant fraction of the genetic variation exists as among-population differences resulting from random differentiation among subpopulations.     

小麦异源细胞质遗传效应的比较研究

本文以稳定的同核异质异核杂种小麦为材料,对小麦属和山羊草属的细胞质遗传效应进行了比较研究,分析了异源细胞质遗传疚的特点,并初步筛选出了一批在小麦雄性不育性应用中以及在小麦核质杂种优势利用中有价值的细胞质材料。     

The Genetic Diversity of Native, Stocked, and Hybrid Populations of Brook Trout in the Southern Appalachians

Using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction analysis and starch-gel electrophoresis of the CK-A2 locus product, we examined genetic variation in 311 brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from 11 native, 5 hatchery-derived, and 8 hybrid populations in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Native southern Appalachian fish were genetically distinct from hatchery-derived fish. Southern and hatchery-derived fish were reliably distinguished based on three mtDNA restriction sites. Native southern haplotypes differed from hatchery-derived haplotypes by an average of 0.84%. Northern hatchery-derived haplotypes varied little in mtDNA compared to native southern haplotypes. Introgression of mtDNA haplotypes and the CK-A2 locus varied among populations, and introgression of allozyme and mtDNA markers was positively correlated. Continued introductions of nonnative strains of brook trout in the southern Appalachians could simplify the genetic structure of native brook trout populations and eliminate unique genotypes.     

Microsatellite variation, effective population size, and population genetic structure of vermilion snapper, Rhomboplites aurorubens, off the southeastern USA

Vermilion snapper (Rhomboplites aurorubens) were collected from four sites off the Atlantic coast of the USA and one site in the Gulf of Mexico to evaluate effective population size and genetic stock structure. Previous studies had suggested geographic variation in the ratio of males to females, so this population characteristic was explored in conjunction with the genetic analysis. Sex ratio varied greatly among the five sample sites; males comprised 57% of samples in the Gulf of Mexico, while within the South Atlantic Bight they comprised between 36% (Morehead City, North Carolina) and 53% (Carolina Beach, North Carolina) of samples. No clear geographic trends in the sex ratio emerged; instead, it was found to vary with fish length, the percentage of males decreasing with increasing size. Allelic variation assessed at seven dinucleotide microsatellite loci was large; gene diversities ranged from 0.43 to 0.95 and allelic counts from 7 to 39. Estimates of the effective population size ranged from 24 500 (based on the infinite-alleles model) to 150 500 (based on the stepwise-mutation model). There was evidence for excess homozygosity within samples: estimates of F _IS (the correlation of alleles within individuals) ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 among the seven loci, and three estimates were significantly greater than zero. Differentiation among localities was very weak, as estimates of F _ST (the correlation of alleles within populations) were on the order of 0.001 to 0.002 and genetic distance estimates between localities were not related to geographic distances. This suggested that vermilion snapper in the South Atlantic Bight (Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Cape Canaveral, Florida) and Gulf of Mexico are likely to consist of one genetic stock. Despite the overall homogeneity, there were indications of a temporally dynamic local structure that would bear further examination. Received: 6 July 1998 / Accepted: 9 February 1999