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1.
Lehto J Paatero J Pehrman R Kulmala S Suksi J Koivula T Jaakkola T 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2008,99(10):1656-1664
Lichen-soil column samples were taken from several locations in the Southern Finland between 1986 and 2006. Columns were divided into three parts, upper lichen, lower lichen and underlying soil, and their gamma emitting radionuclides, (134)Cs, (137)Cs, (103)Ru, (95)Zr, (106)Ru, (110m)Ag, (125)Sb and (144)Ce, were measured with gamma spectrometry. Deposition values were calculated as Bq/m(2) for each sampling site. Distribution of various radionuclides in the three compartments as a function of time was determined. Both effective and ecological half-lives of all radionuclides were calculated for upper lichen, whole lichen and whole lichen-soil column. A linear relation was derived between the physical half-lives and effective half-lives for whole lichen and for whole lichen-soil column. Reindeer meat activity concentrations of various radionuclides and ensuing radiation doses to reindeer-herding people were also estimated for a hypothetical case where a similar high radioactive pollution, as was taken place in the Southern Finland, would have occurred in the reindeer-herding areas in the Finnish Lapland. 相似文献
2.
M. G. Nifontova 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2003,34(1):47-51
The contents of long-lived artificial radionuclides, 90Sr and 137Cs, were determined in lichens and mosses of different taxa and in the samples of moss–lichen cover taken from the mountain and lowland plant communities of the Northern Urals. The effects of Chernobyl fallout and the dynamics of radionuclide contents in lichens and mosses were analyzed. The concentration of 137Cs in the moss–lichen cover was higher in the mountain ecosystems than in the lowland plant communities. 相似文献
3.
《Journal of environmental radioactivity》1987,5(3):185-208
Samples of atmospheric particulate material and terrestrial plants, including lichens, were collected in New Brunswick, Canada between 1980 and 1983 and analyzed for a wide range of artificial and naturally-occuring radionuclides, including fission products (141Ce, 144Ce, 103Ru, 106Ru, 95Zr and 137Cs) derived from the 16 October 1980 Chinese nuclear test. Activity ratios of some of the short-lived fission products in air particulates and lichens are in reasonable agreement with those predicted from fission product yields for nuclear weapons tests, indicating that only minor fractionation occurred for these radionuclides during their transport through air particulate and lichen environmental phases. The 7Be inventories measured in a suite of lichen (Cladonia rangiferina) samples were used to calibrate each lichen plant for its collection efficiency for atmospheric particulates and fallout radioactivity.A lichen model has been developed to predict lichen inventories of radioactivity for different lichen growth functions and bio-elimination rates. Assuming that lichen growth results in a linear increase in surface area with time, the experimental results yield biological residence times of 1–2 years for 210Pb and Pu and 5–8 years for 137Cs. The more efficient retention of 137Cs is probably due to its physiological uptake in lichen plants as a proxy for potassium, as evidenced by an observed, inverse relationship between 137Cs and 40K activities in lichen. 相似文献
4.
《Journal of environmental radioactivity》1988,7(2):107-121
Radionuclides from the Chernobyl accident arrived at Monaco on 30 April, 1986. A sample of Mytilus galloprovincialis collected six days later showed near-maximum levels of most radionuclides. Monitoring continued for seven months thereafter, peak concentrations being transiently as high as 480 Bq kg−1 (all soft parts, wet weight) for 103Ru. Other radionuclides detected included 132Te, 129mTe, 131I, 106Ru, 134Cs, 137Cs, 110mAg, 140Ba, 125Sb, 95Nb and 141Ce. Biological half-lives for elimination in this environment were generally around 10 days or longer and most elimination curves contained a number of components. Radionuclide contents of the mussels were predicted quite accurately from concentrations observed on air filters collected simultaneously, but were not satisfactorily explained relative to total radionuclide concentrations in the seawater even three days after peak air filter activities. The use of concentration factors from the literature did not improve the latter predictions. This suggests that the radionuclides were absorbed very rapidly from the fallout particles, rather than from radionuclides first solubilised from particles. Patella lusitanica specimens contained activities about 20–50 times higher than those in the mussels. 相似文献
5.
Migration of 137Cs and 90Sr in undisturbed soil was studied in large lysimeters three and four years after contamination, as part of a larger European project studying radionuclide soil–plant interactions. The lysimeters were installed in greenhouses with climate control and contaminated with radionuclides in an aerosol mixture, simulating fallout from a nuclear accident. The soil types studied were loam, silt loam, sandy loam and loamy sand. The soils were sampled to 30–40 cm depth in 1997 and 1998. The total deposition of 137Cs ranged from 24 to 45 MBq/m2, and of 90Sr from 23 to 52 MBq/m2. It was shown that migration of 137Cs was fastest in sandy loam, and of 90Sr fastest in sandy loam and loam. The slowest migration of both nuclides was found in loamy sand. Retention within the upper 5 cm was 60% for both 137Cs and 90Sr in sandy loam, while in loamy sand it was 97 and 96%, respectively. In 1998, migration rates, calculated as radionuclide weighted median depth (migration centre) divided by time since deposition were 1.1 cm/year for both 137Cs and 90Sr in sandy loam, 0.8 and 1.0 cm/year, respectively, in loam, 0.6 and 0.8 cm/year in silt loam, and 0.4 and 0.6 cm/year for 137Cs and 90Sr, respectively, in loamy sand. A distinction is made between short-term migration, caused by events soon after deposition and less affected by soil type, and long-term migration, more affected by e.g. soil texture. Three to four years after deposition, effects of short-term migration is still dominant in the studied soils. 相似文献
6.
《Journal of environmental radioactivity》1988,6(3):247-259
Uptake and clearance of radionuclides in foodstuffs have been studied in the neighbourhood of Aberdeen in North East Scotland following the Chernobyl accident. The level of131 I in goats' milk was 100–200 Bq litre−1 in early May and declined with an effective half-life of 4sd3 days, but that in cows' milk was only a few Bq litre−1 as most cattle were kept indoors. 137Cs and 103Ru activities in broccoli declined with effective half-lives of 11 and 6 days respectectively, while 137Cs in grass decresed with a half-life of 22 days, the reduction appearing to show a relationship to weekly rainfall. Studies of tissues from groups of lambs initially grazed on contaminated pasture and later (a) fed indoors on concentrates or (b) continuing to graze outdoors, showed the 137Cs concentrations to decline with half-lives of (a) 17 days and (b) 25 days, while the half-lives describing the reduction in total 137Cs activity were (a) 20 days and (b) 35 days. 相似文献
7.
《Journal of environmental radioactivity》1988,6(3):203-211
The levels of Chernobyl-derived 103Ru, 106Ru, 134Cs and 137Cs were measured in Algoma, Ontario rain samples collected as weekly composites until September 30, 1986. The radionuclides were consistently measurable until about mid-June. The data, when analyzed in conjunction with 7Be measurements, yield a mean tropospheric residence time of about 14 days for the four radionuclides. This value is significantly lower than the previous estimates based on nuclear explosion-derived radionuclides but is within the range of values reported using radon daughters. 相似文献
8.
D. Todorovi? 《Environment international》1997,23(6):294
The effect of tropopause height on the content of 137Cs and total beta activity in surface atmosphere was considered for the period of intensive nuclear weapon tests, from 1968–1971. The activity of 137Cs in monthly air filter samples was measured by gamma spectrometry and total beta activity was determined by 2π proportional counters. The results were correlated with data on tropopause height. The results indicate that the movement of radioactive debris from the stratosphere into the troposphere occurs simultaneously with the changes in tropopause height. The content of long lived radionuclides in the troposphere follows the changes with a certain delay due to meteorological conditions in surface air and due to the location of sampling. 相似文献
9.
Kurnaz A Kucukomeroglu B Damla N Cevik U 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(4):393-399
The activity concentrations and absorbed gamma dose rates due to primordial radionuclides and 137Cs have been ascertained in 222 soil samples in 18 counties of the Trabzon province of Turkey using a HPGe detector. The mean activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs in soil samples were 41, 35, 437 and 21 Bq kg−1, respectively. Based on the measured concentrations of these radionuclides, the mean absorbed gamma dose in air was calculated as 59 nGy h−1 and hence, the mean annual effective dose due to terrestrial gamma radiation was calculated as 72 μSv y−1. In addition, outdoor in situ gamma dose rate (D) measurements were performed in the same 222 locations using a portable NaI detector and the annual effective dose was calculated to be 66 μSv y−1 from these results. The results presented in this study are compared with other parts of Turkey. Radiological maps of the Trabzon province were composed using the results obtained from the study. 相似文献
10.
Francesca Quinto Carlo Sabbarese Lidianna Visciano Filippo Terrasi Antonio D'Onofrio 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009
137Cs and 60Co, two of the radionuclides more representative of discharges from nuclear facilities, are of interest for radiological protections because of their great mobility in biosphere and affinity with biological systems. The aim of the present work is the investigation of the possible influence of the vertical distribution of 137Cs and 60Co in soil upon their uptake by lettuce as function of plant's growth. An experiment ad hoc has been carried out in field conditions. The results show that (i) the transfer of 137Cs and 60Co from soil to lettuce is independent by their distribution in soil, (ii) the soil–plant transfer factors of 137Cs and 60Co show a similar trend vs. growth stage, (iii) the 40K transfer factor trend is different from those of anthropogenic radionuclides, and (iv) 137Cs and 60Co specific activities are about 1 Bq/kg, in the mature vegetable with soil activity from 9 to 21 kBq/m2. 相似文献
11.
《Journal of environmental radioactivity》1988,6(3):261-269
The activity concentrations of 137Cs, 134Cs, 131I and 103Ru were determined separately in honey and pollen samples collected from a single bee colony during several months after the deposition of Chernobyl fallout. The source of each honey and pollen sample was determined by pollen analysis. Although the activity concentrations in honey and pollen varied with time, the concentrations of 137Cs and 134Cs were, in general, higher in pollen than in honey. For 103Ru and 131I, these differences were comparatively small. The mean 131 I/137Cs and 103Ru/137Cs ratios were about one order of magnitude higher in honey than in pollen. The mean 131I/103Ru ratio was about the same for honey and pollen. This observation, in the light of the corresponding nuclide ratios found in the deposition, suggests that 137Cs, 134Cs, 131I and 103Ru were taken up by the plant leaves and transported to nectar and pollen. The higher activity concentrations of 137Cs and 134Cs in pollen, relative to honey, indicate that these radionuclides behave analogously to potassium, which is also found in higher quantities in pollen. 相似文献
12.
A. Aarkrog H. Dahlgaard E. Holm L. Hallstadius 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》1984,1(2):107-117
Samples of lichen, moss, soil and air collected since 1961 in Greenland, Svalbard, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Sweden and Denmark have been remeasured for γ-emitting radionuclides by Ge(Li) spectroscopy. The samples have shown the presence of 207Bi (physical half-life 38 years), a nuclide which has not been reported earlier in world-wide fallout. The concentrations of 207Bi have been compared with those of 60Co, 125Sb, and 137Cs. From this comparison the production of 207Bi is estimated at 1 PBq. It is assumed that the 207Bi is created in thermonuclear tested explosions in general and that in particular the 55Mt detonation of 30 October 1961 at Novaya Zemlya may have produced this activation product. 相似文献
13.
The present study was conducted to compare the 137Cs, 40K, 232Th, and 238U activity concentrations in epigeic moss (Hypnum cupressiforme) and lichen (Cladonia rangiformis). The activity levels in 37 moss and 38 lichen samples collected from the Marmara region of Turkey were measured using a gamma spectrometer equipped with a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The activity concentrations of 137Cs, 40K, 232Th, and 238U in the moss samples were found to be in the range of 0.36-8.13, 17.1-181.1, 1.51-6.17, and 0.87-6.70 Bq kg−1 respectively, while these values were below detection limit (BDL)-4.32, 16.6-240.0, 1.32-6.47, and BDL-3.57 Bq kg−1 respectively in lichen. The average moss/lichen activity ratios of 137Cs, 40K, 232Th, and 238U were found to be 1.32 ± 0.57, 2.79 ± 1.67, 2.11 ± 0.82, and 2.19 ± 1.02, respectively. Very low 137Cs concentrations were observed in moss and lichen samples compared to soil samples collected from the same locations in a previous study. Seasonal variations of the measured radionuclide activities were also examined in the three sampling stations. 相似文献
14.
Twenty-one years after the Chernobyl accident, lichen and moss samples were collected from the Ordu province, which was already chosen for a related study some years ago. It was observed that 137Cs activity concentration ranged from 31 to 469 Bq kg−1 in the moss and from 132 to 1508 Bq kg−1 in the lichen samples. The decrease of the activity concentrations in the present measurements (2007) relative to those in 1997 (over a period of 10 y) indicated ecological half-lives between 1.8 and 10.4 y for the moss and between 2.1 and 13.7 y for the lichen samples. It was observed that 137Cs was still eminent in the area studied. Moreover, 40K activity concentrations and K element concentrations were measured and their relationships were discussed. 相似文献
15.
Lionel Mabit Paul Martin Arsenio Toloza Vesna Zupanc 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2010,101(10):854-863
The aim of the present study was to establish a reference site and its soil characteristics for use of fallout radionuclides in erosion studies in Slovenia. Prior to this study, no reference site and baseline data existed for Slovenia for this purpose. In the agricultural area of Gori?ko in East Slovenia, an undisturbed forest situated in Šalamenci (46°44’N, 16°7’E), was selected to establish the inventory value of fallout 137Cs and to establish a baseline level of multi-elemental fingerprint (major, minor, trace elements including heavy metals) and naturally occurring radionuclides in soils. A total of 20 soil profiles were collected at four 10 cm depth increments for evaluation of baseline level of 137Cs inventory. An exponential distribution for 137Cs was found and the baseline level inventory was established at 7300 ± 2500 Bq m−2 with a coefficient of variation of 34%. Of this mean present-day inventory, approximately 45% is due to the Chernobyl contribution.The physical degradation of soils through erosion is linked with biochemical degradation. This study introduces an approach to establishment of the naturally occurring radionuclide and elemental fingerprints baseline levels at a reference site which can provide comparative data to those from neighbouring agricultural fields for assessment of soil redistribution magnitude using fallout radionuclides. In addition, this information will be used to determine the impact of soil erosion processes and agricultural practices on soil quality and redistribution within agricultural landscapes in Slovenia. 相似文献
16.
Gómez-Guzmán JM López-Gutiérrez JM Holm E Pinto-Gómez AR 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(2):200-205
Lichen is a symbiosis between algae and fungi. They have for decades been used as bioindicators for atmospheric deposition of heavy metals, organic compounds and radioactive elements. Especially the species Cladonia alpestris and Cladonia rangiferina are important for the food chain lichen-reindeer-man.The concentration of 129I was determined in lichen samples (Cladonia alpestris) contaminated by fallout from atmospheric nuclear tests explosions and the Chernobyl accident. The samples were collected at Lake Rogen District (62.3°N, 12.4°E) in central Sweden in the periods 1961-1975 and 1987-1998, and analysed with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at CNA (Seville) to study its distribution in different layers. Data on the 137Cs activity measured previously were also included in this study. The 129I concentration ranged from (0.95 ± 0.13) × 108 at g−1 in 1961 in the uppermost layer to (14.2 ± 0.5) × 108 at g−1 in 1987 in deepest layer. The 129I/137Cs atom ratio ranged between 0.12 and 0.27 for lichen samples collected in the period 1961-1975, indicating weapons tests fallout. For lichen samples collected between 1987 and 1998 the behaviour of 137Cs concentrations reflected Chernobyl fallout. The concentrations of the two radionuclides followed each other quite well in the profile, reflecting the same origin for both.From the point of view of the spatial distribution in the lichen, it appears that 129I was predominantly accumulated in the lowest layer, the opposite to 137Cs for which the highest amounts were detected systematically in the topmost layer of lichen. This vertical distribution is important for radioecology because lichen is the initial link in the food chain lichen-reindeer-man, and reindeer only graze the upper parts of lichen carpets. 相似文献
17.
R. Periez 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》1998,40(3):403
A three–dimensional marine dispersion model for radionuclieds has been developed. The model solves the three–dimensional hydrodynamic equations and, simultaneously, the three–dimensional advective–diffusive dispersion equations. Thus the tide–induced dispersion of radionuclides is obtained. The equations are solved using a finite difference explicit scheme using a time step of a few seconds with appropriate boundary conditions. As an example the model has been applied to study the dispersion of 137Cs in the Irish Sea which is released from the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Sellafield. Tidal amplitudes and current profiles obtained with the model have been compared with observations in the Irish Sea: both sets of data are in good agreement. Observed and computed 137Cs distributions in waters have also been compared. The model gives a good representation of the dispersion of this radionuclide in the Irish Sea. 相似文献
18.
《Journal of environmental radioactivity》1999,42(2-3):255-270
In the Model Complexity working group of BIOMOVS II, models of varying complexity have been applied to a theoretical problem concerning downward transport of radionuclides in soils. The purpose was to study how uncertainty in model predictions varies with model complexity and how model simplifications can suitably be made. A scenario describing a case of surface contamination of a pasture soil was defined. Three different radionuclides with different environmental behavior and radioactive half-lives were considered: 137Cs, 90Sr and 129I. A detailed specification of the parameters required by different kinds of models was given, together with reasonable values for the parameter uncertainty. A total of seven modelling teams participated in the study using 13 different models. Four of the modelling groups performed uncertainty calculations using nine different modelling approaches. The models ranged in complexity from analytical solutions of a 2-box model using annual average data to numerical models coupling hydrology and transport using data varying on a daily basis. 相似文献
19.
Anttila A Leppänen AP Rissanen K Ylipieti J 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(7):659-666
Samples of summer pasture plants that reindeer feed on were collected in order to study 137Cs concentrations in different plant species and in species nested in certain site types, and to study the regional distribution of 137Cs in the Finnish reindeer management area. Plant species were categorized by the site types of mineral soil forest (xeric heath forest and mesic heath forest) and peatland. A third category called ’other plant species’ included plants with various site types, poorly determined species and species with poor statistics. The 137Cs concentrations in different site types differed significantly. The mean 137Cs concentrations of the whole reindeer management area in the xeric heath forest plant species was 44 ± 27 Bq/kg dw, in the mesic heath forest plant species 75 ± 59 Bq/kg dw and in the peatland plant species 219 ± 150 Bq/kg dw. The peatland species uptake 137Cs more efficiently than plant species of mineral soil forests. A particularly efficient collector of 137Cs was Trichophorum sp. It is suggested that Trichophorum sp. could be used as an indicator species for reindeer summer fodder plants. The highest concentrations of 137Cs were found in Southern Lapland and the lowest in Northern Lapland. Today, the concentrations of 137Cs in summer pasture plants that reindeer feed on in Finland are at such a level that there is no need to avoid any plant species. In the case of future nuclear fallout, reindeer grazing in peatlands would increase concentrations of 137Cs in reindeer meat. 相似文献
20.
《Journal of environmental radioactivity》1988,8(2):183-191
The radioactive cloud from the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident arrived in northeast Italy on 30 April 1986. Ground-level air activities detected in Padua reached maximum values of 28·6, 19·2, 3·3, 1·7 and 7·5 Bq m−3 for 131I, 132Te(132I), 137Cs and 103Ru, respectively, on 1 May; about 10 days later, the activities had fallen to less than 1% of peak values. Considerations of cloud homogeneity are reported.The distribution of fallout radionuclides in Padua was evaluated on the basis of radioactivity detected on natural surfaces. The average committed dose equivalent to the thyroid for adult people in Padua through 131I inhalation was estimated at 0·37 mSv. Soil activity was monitored daily in samples collected in Padua during the first weeks of May 1986. Fallout deposition over northeast Italy was measured on 75 surface soil samples collected during June 1986 and long-lived radionuclide distribution maps were derived. 相似文献