Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

乌鲁木齐河流域西山地区地下水化学特征

乌鲁木齐河西山地区位于流域中游上段山间盆地的西部,具有独特的水文地质条件,作为乌鲁木齐市的备用水源地,其地下水环境和补给排泄条件的研究非常重要。通过地表水和地下水的化学成分演化研究,结合氢氧稳定同位素分析,将地下水的补给分为两期,即全新世补给和晚更新世补给,并以此得出乌鲁木齐河在晚更新世发育于研究区现在河道的西侧,自末次冰期后由西向东摆动的结论。另外西山地区农场的灌溉活动,促进了河水的蒸发以及后续的溶解交替发生,方解石和石膏矿物不断从河水中溶解,芒硝的相对浓度不断在地下水中累积。当原河水蒸发成固相蒸发盐,然后溶解在新补给的水体中时,原河水的氢氧同位素值不再被保留下来。     

酸沉降作用的降低和安大略省基拉尼湖泊的化学恢复

毗邻加拿大安大略省萨德伯里市的基拉尼公园中的湖泊都表现出明显的水质变化,其中包括pH值和碱度的普遍增加,SO2- 4、碱基阳离子和金属浓度的减少.经过数十年的改善,尽管一些湖泊的pH值已经大于6,但仍有许多湖泊的湖水酸度却一直很高.过去,萨德伯里金属冶炼厂排放引起的过高的硫沉降左右了这一地区的酸化过程.然而,自从冶炼厂的硫排放被严格控制之后(排放量降低了90%),萨德伯里地区的硫排放就不再是该地区最主要的硫沉降源了.目前,基拉尼地区的SO2- 4湿沉降和湖水中SO2- 4浓度已经十分接近约200km外的安大略省多赛特地区,这就表明基拉尼地区的硫沉降现在主要来自于长距离传输,而不是当地污染源.对基拉尼湖泊的研究揭示了化学恢复过程的复杂本质.一旦湖水的酸度降低,就会引起一系列的变化,包括Ca2+浓度的减少,透明度增加和热力学状态改变.这些变化可能会潜在地影响一些生态体系.因此很明显需要对基拉尼湖泊的恢复在多胁迫因子的框架内继续进行评价.     

丽江市夏季降水化学组成分析

运用相关分析、趋势分析、海盐示踪法和HYSPLIT模型,对2006-05-23～2006-07-02云南丽江市夏季降水常量离子的化学特征分析表明,降水中离子浓度的大小顺序为SO^2-₄>Ca²⁺>Cl^->NO^-₃>Na⁺>K⁺>Mg²⁺,其中SO^2-₄和Ca²⁺是夏季降水中的高浓度离子,分别占离子总浓度的65.5%和15.6%;13次降水中阴离子总浓度显著高于阳离子总浓度.夏季降水中SO^2-₄∶NO^-₃变化范围为7.2～37.1, 平均值为15.7, 表明SO^2-₄为该区降水酸度的主要贡献者.由于离子在大气中的相互反应和来源的相似性,离子间相关性水平较好,其中SO^2-₄和NO^-₃的相关系数为0.74;离子浓度与同期降水和平均风速表现负相关.研究区夏季降水中NO^-₃、 SO^2-₄、 K⁺、Ca²⁺主要是陆源物质输入,NO^-₃、 SO^2-₄、 K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和Cl^-陆源物质贡献比例依次为100%、 98.8%、 96%、 99.3%、 46.7%和50.3%.人类经济活动导致的一些污染是该区大气环境变化的主要原因;丽江周边工业区的污染物质主要通过局地环流输入,南亚、东南亚和我国东南沿海工业区的污染物质主要随季风环流输入.     

Chemical characterization of acid precipitation in Albany,New York

Chemical composition of precipitation in Albany, NY from July 1986 to December 1988 has been studied. Mean volume-weighted concentrations (μeq^ℓ−1) were: acidity, 104.0; alkalinity, −63.7; SO₄²⁻, 52.8; NO₃⁻, 29.8; Cl⁻, 5.6; F⁻, 0.50; NH₄⁺, 19.3; Ca²⁺, 6.5; Mg²⁺, 2.8; Na⁺, 3.5; and K⁺, 1.4. Mean pH was 4.2 . Seasonal patterns were pronounced for most species. Concentrations of H⁺, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺ peaked in the summer and spring. Deposition was related to rainfall amount by a power law relationship in which the exponent of the equation was ∮.6. Wet SO₄²⁻ deposition was 2.35 keq ha⁻¹ over a 30-month period. The SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ deposition rates observed at Albany indicate that transport from midwestern sources have a major influence at this site. On the average, free H⁺ ion concentrations determined from pH measurements accounted for 51% of the measured total acidity. There were unknown species, most likely organic acids, that could contribute to the acidity. Correlation and regression analyses indicated that major anions, SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻, were closely associated with H⁺ and NH₄⁺ ions. Factor analysis revealed four common factors which are related to fossil-fuel combustion, sea spray, cement factory and biomass burning.     

浙江宁波天童地区酸性降水化学特征研究

为了解浙江宁波天童地区降水的化学特征、离子来源及酸性降水的成因,于2010年3月—2011年2月在该地区采集了90个降水样品,并运用离子色谱法分析其化学组分.结果显示,天童地区降水的酸化频率和酸化程度非常高,酸雨频率为97%,雨量加权pH平均值为4.37,离子浓度的大小顺序为SO24->NH4+>NO3->Ca2+>Cl->Na+>Mg2+>K+>F-,降水较清洁;降水pH值和各离子含量存在明显的季节变化,总体表现为冬、春季污染程度高于夏、秋季;SO24-/NO3-的浓度比值为1.9,表明该地区酸雨类型为硫酸和硝酸复合型;SO24-、NO3-、NH4+和部分Ca2+主要来自人为污染源,Na+、Cl-和大部分Mg2+主要来自海洋源,K+和大部分Ca2+则主要来自地壳源,海洋对天童地区降水离子组分影响较大,但对降水酸度影响并不显著;NH4+与SO42-(r=0.90)、NO3-(r=0.88)的相关性分别大于Ca2+与SO24-(r=0.67)、NO3-(r=0.73)的相关性,且NH4+/Ca2+的浓度比值为1.47,说明NH4+对降水酸性的中和作用大于Ca2+,与我国其他城市降水相比,天童地区降水中的碱性离子,尤其是Ca2+浓度较低,从而导致降水酸度高于北方地区和西南其他地区.     

希夏邦马夏季降水中水化学特征

１９９６夏季,中美联合冰川考察队伍在西藏南部希夏邦马地区进行联合冰川学综合考察,期间在多处进行了降水样收集和冰川表面积雪的采集,为希望夏邦马冰川冰芯中古环境气候 解释奠定基础,此我,还进行了同步气象观测。比较面夏邦马降水中氧稳定同位素,化学成分变化特征和冰川表现的沉积记录,结果希夏邦马夏季降水中氧稳定同位素含量和气温变化并未表现出相关性但其“高程效应”却十分明显,降水中各离子成分的变化幅度很大,但     

Physical,Chemical and Microbiological Water Quality of the Manyas Lake,Turkey

Manyas, also known as the Bird Paradise Lake, is situated near the south-eastern coasts of the Marmara Sea in Turkey. This shallow lake, is a unique natural reserve providing habitat for migratory birds with its rich fauna and plankton species. The objective of this work is to study the ecological and water quality changes resulting from increasing anthropogenic pollution and human intervention on the natural variations of the water level. For this purpose, physical, chemical and microbiological aspects of the aquatic ecosystem in the lake of Manyas are being measured semimonthly since more than a year. After the completion of field measurements associations between different parameters will be searched by means of a water quality model. Results obtained will be used in the sustainable restoration of the lake. In this paper, firstly the nutrient and trophic dynamics of the planktonic ecosystem are associated with the bio-geochemical water cycle in the lake. Secondly, space and time distributions of all physical, chemical and microbiological data are presented and interactions between the nutrient availability and some microscopic communities are discussed.     

艾比湖干涸湖底化学组成及盐尘的风运堆积

选择亚洲中部典型干涸尾闾湖——艾比湖干涸湖底及其下风向约200km的范围为研究区,并把研究区分为干涸湖底风蚀区和盐尘扩散堆积区两个子区.通过对两子区连续多年野外实地观测、采样分析、定点试验等手段,研究了干涸湖底表层沉积物的化学组成、湖底风蚀动态和盐尘的扩散堆积规律.结果表明,艾比湖干涸湖底不同地表形态(结晶盐壳、盐-淤泥-黏土壳、风蚀堆积壳)间可溶性盐含量差异显著,盐类混合物中以硫酸盐和氯化物为主,二者基本占全部可溶性盐的90%,碳酸盐含量甚微.春秋两季是湖底风蚀和盐碱尘暴的高发期,盐分堆积动态与风期变化一致,春、秋两季大风期,降尘中盐通量最高;冬、夏两季降尘中盐通量较低.干涸湖底下风向盐尘的堆积强度以精河为中心分别向西北和东北方向递减,盐尘在风运过程中表现出显著的分异规律,硫酸盐比氯化物具有更远距离的迁移能力.     

Chemical composition of rain in Thessaloniki,Greece, in relation to meteorological conditions

Wet precipitation was collected in Thessaloniki, Greece, during the period March 1989–December 1990 by using an automatic wet-only precipitation sampler.Rainwater samples were analysed for major cations (H⁺, NH₄⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) and anions (Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻), in addition to acidity and conductivity measurements. The majority of rain had a neutral or alkaline character as a result of neutralization, primarily caused by calcareous soil dust and secondarily by atmospheric ammonia. In all rain, SO₄²⁻ concentration exceeded NO₃⁻ concentration. The contribution of maritime sources to the total SO₄²⁻ concentration was very low (<2%).The chemical composition of precipitation was analysed in conjunction with meteorological variables (season of the year, precipitation type, airflow patterns) to evaluate temporal variations and chemical source influence. Rain caused by weak, localized flows showed the highest acidity and the minimum influence of neutralization processes.     

Effect of chromium on growth attributes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Heavy metal soil pollution takes place when the metal concentration of soil exceeds natural background level and causes ecological destruction and deterioration of the environment.In the present study,a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of chromium-contaminated soil in sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)growth attributes.Three different levels of chromium(Cr)i.e.,20, 40,and 60 mg/kg were applied to three varieties of sunflower(G-3,G-9,and G-59).The results of morphological,chemical,and yield p...     

近3年太原市夏季降水的化学特征研究

本研究采集了2011~2013年太原市夏季66场降水样品,分析了p H值、电导率和水溶性阴阳离子,探讨了太原市夏季降水的化学组成及来源.结果表明,近3年太原市夏季降水p H值范围为4.63~8.02,加权平均值为5.19;2011~2013年酸雨频率分别为37.0%、31.2%和17.4%.太原夏季降水的化学组成以SO2-4、NO-3、Ca2+和NH+4为主,阴离子SO2-4和NO-3加权平均浓度分别占阴离子总浓度的67.2%和22.0%,阳离子Ca2+和NH+4加权平均浓度分别占阳离子总浓度的55.1%和29.0%;降水中SO2-4、NO-3、Ca2+和NH+4浓度水平随年度有明显的下降趋势.近3年SO2-4/NO-3的当量浓度比分别为2.97、3.06和3.08,平均值为3.02,说明太原市夏季酸性降雨类型为硫酸和硝酸复合型,且硝酸盐的贡献逐年增强.通过中和因子分析,表明太原市夏季降水中Ca2+和NH+4对酸性中和起主导作用,但Mg2+的作用不可忽略.太原市夏季降水中水溶性化学组分主要与燃煤排放有关;结合气团的后向轨迹分析表明太原市夏季降水主要受山西省内南部低空运行的短距离输送气团的控制;西南和东南气团是太原市夏季降水中水溶性化学组分的主要来源.为了有效改善太原市的空气质量,太原南部及本地焦化企业和燃煤电厂污染物的排放应给予关注.     

Life cycle assessment of sunflower and rapeseed as energy crops under Chilean conditions

An option for the agriculture and energy sectors in Chile is the cultivation of energy crops, but environmental studies are first needed in the framework of a sustainable national energy policy.In this study, we used a cradle-to-farm gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to compare environmental impacts and energy and water demand of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Chile, as potential oleaginous crops for first-generation biodiesel production. National agricultural data are used for the LCA inventory and process data of international databases are adapted to local conditions. The effect of field N₂O emissions and land use change is evaluated. The results indicate that, compared to sunflower, rapeseed production has a better environmental performance in 9 out of the 11 impact categories evaluated, and lower water consumption. The energy demand of rapeseed is 4.9 GJ/t seed, 30% less than that of sunflower. Mineral fertilizers cause the highest environmental impact in both crops. The analysis of the life cycle of fertilizers indicates that extraction of raw materials and its production are key stages. Attempts to reduce the environmental impact and energy requirement of both crops should be mainly associated with the evaluation of other types of fertilization. In addition, particularly for sunflower, low impact herbicides should be evaluated, seed yield improved and cultivation practices optimized. If the crops are produced on degraded grasslands, the greenhouse gas emissions may be reduced.     

河北香河亚微米气溶胶组分特性、来源及其演变规律分析

霾的形成发展与细颗粒物化学组分变化紧密相关.本文利用颗粒物化学组分监测仪(ACSM)、黑碳仪等对河北香河夏季亚微米气溶胶(PM1)化学组分、来源及其演变规律进行详细分析.结果表明,PM1平均占到PM2.5的约71%,PM1主要分布在20~80μg·m-3间;观测期间有显著的秸秆燃烧事件,秸秆燃烧时段PM1质量浓度显著升高,其中有机物质量分数迅速升高,平均约占到47%;秸秆燃烧使得大气气溶胶由弱碱性转变为弱酸性;整个观测期间,正交矩阵因子分解法(PMF)共识别出4类有机气溶胶,分别为两种一次有机气溶胶(类烃类有机气溶胶和生物质燃烧有机气溶胶)和两种二次有机气溶胶(低挥发、高氧化性的有机气溶胶和低氧化、半挥发性的有机气溶胶),有机气溶胶氧化程度较高.其中二次有机气溶胶的贡献远大于一次有机气溶胶,平均占到有机物的~69%,而去除秸秆燃烧时段后PMF结果中未解析出生物质燃烧有机气溶胶.     

高斯模型的干湿沉积化学转化综合公式研究

污染物在大气中被稀释扩散时 ,还会发生干沉积、湿沉积和化学转化过程 ,所有这些都会影响污染物在大气中的分布。目前高斯模型对污染物的非扩散过程基本不考虑 ,使得环境影响评价中城市尺度的大气预测结果不合理 ,因此提出干湿沉积化学转化综合公式 ,指明了各个参数的计算方法 ,并以上海市化工区为例进行应用计算     

施用制革污泥土壤中铬的积累、化学形态及其植物有效性

通过对施用制革污泥土壤中铬的含量和形态、作物中铬积累量的测定,结合小麦幼苗培养试验,对Cr的化学形态与植物有效性的关系进行了研究.结果表明,施用污染后2mol/L HCl浸提态Cr的大幅度增长可能是造成作物Cr含量增加的主要原因,当土壤中Cr含量为220mg/kg时,小麦植株达到最大吸收量23.5mg/kg.高浓度Cr投入2种不同土壤时,小麦与水稻茎叶中Cr含量基本一致,而籽粒中含量则随作物种类有较大变化.