太湖地区水稻土表层土壤10年尺度重金属元素积累速率的估计

以江苏省几个水稻土历年监测的重金属元素变化资料为基础,估计太湖地区水稻土表层土壤的重金属元素积累速率并推算本地区相应的几种环境影响的污染通量.结果表明,Cu/Zn、Pb和Cd的积累速率分别达到0.3～lmg·(kg·a)^-1、0.2～1mg·(kg·a)^-1和0.3～3μg·(kg·a)^-1,它们的年污染通量分别为0.5～1kg·(hm²·a)^-1,0.5～1.0kg·(hm²·a)^-1,0.5～3.0kg·(hm²·a)^-1和0.8～10×10^-3kg·(hm²·a)^-1.观察到有效态含量的积累速率高于全量.就整个区域来说,Pb、Cd的面源复合污染强度明显较其他环境影响因子大,尤其是Cd的污染通量较国际上的报道偏高,说明本地区环境污染较为严重,仍然是区域环境质量的制约因素本地区土壤重金属元素的变化及其对食物链的影响以及人类健康的影响必须引起广泛的重视.     

太湖地区3种水稻土不同温度培养中有机碳库变化及其对升温的响应

全球变暖下土壤有机碳储存的变化是土壤与全球变化研究的热点问题.本研究选择了3种太湖地区代表性水稻土的表层土壤,分别进行20℃和25℃的室内恒温培养,监测培养过程中总有机碳、溶解性有机碳和微生物量碳的变化动态,试图了解这些土壤的有机碳分解过程对全球变暖的响应特点.结果表明,这些土壤培养中总有机碳变化可以用一级衰变动力学方程或对数衰减方程描述,但动力学特征依培养温度的不同而异.升温大大促进了铁渗水耕人为土和潜育水耕人为土中有机碳的分解与呼吸损失,而铁聚水耕人为土没有显著变化.供试土壤总有机碳损失的Q₁₀系数分别为:潜育水耕人为土(11.1～14.1)＞铁渗水耕人为土(4.4～6.4)＞铁聚水耕人为土(0.63～0.73).这一方面说明温度敏感性在同一地带的不同土壤间的差异超过文献上报道的不同气候带的差异,但另一方面揭示了水稻土可能是一类对全球升温敏感响应的人为土.溶解性有机碳和微生物量的碳的变化还提示不同温度培养下水稻土微生物群落结构可能改变,因而影响到土壤有机碳库的生物有效性在温度条件下的变化.可以认为,土壤升温下有机碳的变化不但与土壤有机碳的性质有关,而且与土壤性质控制下的生物条件的改变有关.故土壤升温下有机碳的损失不仅仅是温度对分解过程的反应速度的影响.当然,对于不同土壤间的这种差异还需从有机碳-土壤环境-土壤生物的相互关系上做进一步的工作.     

太湖地区不同土地利用影响下水稻土重金属有效性库变化

在太湖地区调查选择了乡镇工业环境、集约化农业丰产方及长期肥料试验地等几种人类农业利用类型和环境影响的地块,采集水稻土耕层样本作若干重金属的有效性库分析.结果表明,各种环境和利用影响下太湖地区水稻土重金属有效性库都存在升高的趋势,其程度介于30%至200%,且以表层最为突出.近工业区环境和长期单施化肥下这种有效性库变化最为剧烈,其土壤Cu、Pb有效性库分别达到7.96～2.15 mg·kg^-1、24.7～3.47mg·kg^-1和8.34～4.42 mg·kg、9.01～4.95 mg·kg^-1.这种有效性升高伴随着总量的积累趋势可能是太湖地区土壤环境质量演变的当前特点,这必须在本地区农业与食物安全中备加关注.     

紫色水稻土颗粒有机质对重金属的富集特征

在重庆合川区和铜梁区随机采集了20个紫色水稻土,将其分成颗粒有机质(0.053~2 mm,POM)、砂粒(0.053~2mm)和细土(0.053 mm)这3个组分,通过比较不同组分的有机碳及重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)含量和分布状况,研究了紫色水稻土中POM对重金属的富集特征及其与土壤理化性质如pH、CEC、黏粒和土壤有机碳(SOC)等的关系.结果表明,采样区紫色水稻土的POM含量范围为7.31~44.76 g·kg~(-1),平均值为19.20 g·kg~(-1),有机碳含量为96.61~263.17 g·kg~(-1),平均值为151.34 g·kg~(-1),显著高于原土及其他组分,对土壤有机碳的贡献率为8.63%~48.62%,代表了一大部分土壤有机碳库.POM中的Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd平均富集系数分别为3.35、1.14、2.88和2.14,显著高于其他组分,表现出一定的富集作用,对上述重金属的贡献率分别为6.02%、2.22%、5.24%和3.21%,POM对Cu、Pb的富集能力和贡献率均显著大于Zn和Cd.相关分析结果表明,POM含量与SOC、pH、CEC、黏粒(0.002 mm)呈显著或极显著正相关,SOC是主要因素.POM-C含量与总量分别与黏粒含量、SOC呈显著相关.POM中重金属总量与SOC、pH、POM-C总量呈显著或极显著正相关,SOC是最关键因子;与其他重金属相比,Zn在POM中的总量与土壤性质的回归系数最高,关系最为密切.     

水稻土中重金属Cd的形态含量变化

对赣东北某冶炼厂附近Cd污染农田土壤中Cd不同形态进行了分析研究。以揭示Cd在水稻土中的污染特征和迁移转化规律，为治理污染提供科学依据。     

太湖地区几种水稻土团聚体颗粒组中PAHs的分布及其环境意义

以太湖地区代表性的青紫泥、黄泥土、白土等3种水稻土为研究对象,采用低能量分离-分散法提取得到不同粒径的团聚体颗粒组,用HPLC测定了本土和分离得到的团聚体颗粒组中16种PAHs的含量.结果表明,供试水稻土不同粒径的团聚体颗粒组中PAHs含量分布存在差异,PAHs总含量以＜2μm粒径的团聚体颗粒组最高,其次是200～2000μm粒径的团聚体颗粒组,PAHs在这2个团聚体颗粒组有明显富集现象(富集系数为1.25～3.92);而20～200μm和2～20 μm粒径的团聚体颗粒组中PAHs含量小于本土,呈现亏缺现象(富集系数为0.64～0.88).考虑到不同粒径团聚体颗粒组的相对组成,水稻土中PAHs主要分布于20～200μm和200～2000μm 2个团聚体颗粒组中,而在＜2μm粒径的团聚体颗粒组中最少.PAHs在不同粒径的团聚体颗粒组中的含量分布与其总有机碳、腐殖质碳、胡敏酸碳的含量有关,并在很大程度上受芳构化疏水性有机物含量的控制.因此,水稻土不同粒径团聚体颗粒中有机碳及其组分的性质影响着这些团聚体颗粒组分对PAHs的吸持与固定.     

太湖地区潴育型水稻土中10种元素的分布

潴育型水稻土,是太湖地区水稻土中最大的一个亚类。其重金属元素在土体中的含量状况及分布特性,尚未见有报道。为了有利农业生产,改善环境,本文对镉、锌、铜、铅、锌、锰、钛、汞及砷10种元素的含量及分布进行了调查。     

基于不同土壤数据单元法的DNDC模型对太湖地区水稻土CH4排放模拟研究

利用农业土壤痕量气体排放模型DNDC(DeNitrification-DeComposition),以整个太湖地区37个县234万hm2水稻土为例,分析了3种不同土壤数据单元法对CH4排放模拟的影响.其中,1∶5万图斑单元法土壤属性来自1∶5万土壤数据库,图斑为最小模拟单元;1∶5万"县级"单元法土壤属性也取自1∶5万土壤数据库,"县"为最小模拟单元;1∶1 400万"县级"单元法土壤属性取自国内同类研究使用最多的1∶1 400万土壤图和《中国土种志》,"县"为最小模拟单元.结果表明,虽然1∶5万图斑单元法大多数县的CH4排放量都在1∶5万"县级"单元法最大与最小值范围之间,但整个地区总排放量(以C计,下同)相差达到1 680 Gg;而1∶1 400万"县级"单元法CH4排放量与1∶5万图斑单元法相比,尽管整个地区总排放量只相差180 Gg,但各"县级"单元之间的估算差异却很大,这一方面说明了土壤数据的详细程度是保证地球生物化学模型模拟精度的重要因子,另一方面也说明在区域CH4排放量估算模拟中使用更详细的土壤资料是非常必要的.     

重金属污染的稻田土中总有机碳和颗粒态碳的变化

从广东大宝山矿区横石河下游受重金属污染的水稻田采集6个土壤剖面样品,研究了土壤中总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒态有机碳(POC)和POC/TOC比率的垂直分布特征,并探讨不同污染程度对土壤有机碳含量及稳定性的影响.结果表明,与轻度污染和中度污染采样点相比,在重度污染的各土层中,TOC含量显著下降,其垂直分布有显著改变.POC含量在不同土层间的变化与TOC表现出相似的规律,但差异更显著.重金属污染会影响土壤有机碳不同组分在土壤剖面上的垂直分布特征及分配比例,从而影响土壤有机碳的稳定性和可利用性.中度重金属污染使POC含量显著增高,土壤有机碳变得易于分解和损失;重度污染使TOC含量显著降低,不利于土壤有机碳的固定和积累.不同重金属对土壤有机碳稳定性的影响不同,Pb表现出与Cu、Cd的拮抗作用,Pb使有机碳稳定性增加;而Cu和Cd则相反.但多种重金属联合效应使土壤有机碳稳定性呈降低趋势.     

太湖沉积物中重金属污染状况及分布特征探讨

依据沉积学原理和水体沉积物重金属的环境地球化学特性，用地积累指数法和改进的多变量Chernoff脸谱图，对太湖沉积物中重金属的污染状况及不同重金属的地积累程度进行了综合性的评价。结果表明：（1）太湖沉积物中重金属的污染可划分为3个区域：湖心相对清洁区、湖岸轻度污染区和内湖综合污染区。（2）太湖沉积物中重金属存在轻度污染。其中铜污染极别高于其它金属，且集中的太湖北部地区。铬污染属于轻度污染，具有分布空间广且均衡的特点。     

Organic carbon stratification and size distribution of three typical paddy soils from Taihu Lake region, China

Developing realistic soil carbon (C) sequestration strategies for China’s sustainable agriculture relies on accurate estimates of the amount, retention and turnover rates of C stored in paddy soils. Available C estimates to date are predominantly for the tilled and flood-irrigated surface topsoil (ca. 30 cm). Such estimates cannot be used to extrapolate to soil depths of 100 cm since soil organic carbon (SOC) generally shows a sharp decrease with depth. In this research, composite soil samples were collected at several depths to 100 cm from three representative paddy soils in the Taihu Lake region, China. Soil organic carbon distribution in the profiles and in aggregate-size fractions was determined. Results showed that while SOC decreased exponentially with depth to 100 cm, a substantial proportion of the total SOC (30%–40%) is stored below the 30 cm depth. In the carbon-enriched paddy topsoils, SOC was found to accumulate preferentially in the 2–0.25 and 0.25–0.02 mm aggregate size fractions. σ13C analysis of the coarse micro-aggregate fraction showed that the high degree of C stratification in the paddy topsoil was in agreement with the occurrence of lighter @1313C in the upper 30 cm depth. These results suggest that SOC stratification within profiles varies with di erent pedogenetical types of paddy soils with regards to clay and iron oxyhydrates distributions. Sand-sized fractions of aggregates in paddy soil systems may play a very important role in carbon sequestration and turnover, dissimilar to other studied agricultural systems.     

Distribution of Cu and Pb in particle size fractions of urban soils from different city zones of Nanjing, China

Soil samples from 4 defined city zones of Nanjing were randomly collected at 0-5 cm and 5-20 cm intervals and size fractions of soil particles were separated from undisturbed bulk soils by low energy dispersion procedure. The total contents of Cu and Pb in the different particle size fractions of the urban soils were analyzed by HNO3-HF-HClO4 digestion and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer determination. The total content of Cu and Pb in soil particle size fractions varied with their size and with city zones as well. Both the content and variation with the size fractions of Pb was bigger than of Cu supporting our previous finding that there was Pb pollution to different degrees in the urban soils although the two elements were generally enriched in clay-sized fraction. Contaminated Pb tended to be preferentially enriched in the size fraction of 2000-250 μm and clay-sized fraction. While the size fractions of the soils from newly developed and preserved area contained smaller amount of Cu and Pb, the partitioning of them in coarse and fine particle size fractions were insignificant compared to that from inner residence and commercial area. The very high Pb level over 150 mg/kg of the fine particle fractions from the soils of the inner city could be a cause of high blood Pb level reported of children from the city as acute exposure to Pb of fine particles of the urban soil might occur by soil ingestion and inhalation by young children. Thus, much attention should be paid to the partitioning of toxic metals in fine soil particles of the urban soils and countermeasures against high health risk of Pb exposure by soil ingestion and dust inhalation should be practiced against the health problem of blood Pb for young children from the cities.     

北京市得田沟和崎峰茶金矿周边土壤中重金属的粒径分布特征

以北京市得田沟和崎峰茶金矿周边土壤为研究对象,运用斯托克斯沉降法研究土壤颗粒组成及重金属在不同粒径中的分布特征.结果表明,土壤颗粒主要以0.15 mm粒级为主,含量达到51.19%~79.75%,其次为0.15~0.05 mm粒级土壤,含量为14.67%~38.99%,粒级0.05~0.01 mm土壤含量为0.18%~7.6%,粒级0.01 mm的土壤含量仅占1.71%~5.95%.除Ti和V外,其它金属元素的含量具有明显的粒级效应,随着土壤粒径的减小而增大,但大多数金属元素不在最细粒级上达到最大值,而是在0.002~0.001 mm粒级上最大.金属元素在不同粒级上的累积效应与粒级上的含量相一致,金属元素在较细粒级上的累积作用明显强于粗粒级.细粒级土壤含有较高的金属含量,对人类健康危害极大,应积极采取有效措施防止极细粒级土壤进入空气和水源.     

苏州地区水稻土重金属污染源解析及端元影响量化研究

利用国家土壤质量标准和当地背景值评价了苏州地区表层水稻土重金属(Pb、Cd、As、Hg、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr)的污染(富集)状况.结果发现,苏州地区土壤Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni平均含量分别是0.23、0.23、9.14、35.36、103.36、35.75、77.12和33.18μg·g-1;除As外,其余7种重金属平均含量皆明显高于当地土壤背景值.通过与中国土壤环境质量标准(GB15618—1995)相比,发现苏州地区土壤中Cd和Hg是8种重金属中风险最高的.地质累积指数分析表明,苏州水稻土重金属Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu和Zn出现了污染,其中以Cd和Hg的污染程度最突出,约80%的土壤样品出现了Pb轻度污染.因子得分-多元回归法(PCS-MLR)估算表明,70%的土壤Cd来自与有色金属或磷有关的人为活动;土壤中约50%的Pb和72%的Hg源于大气沉降的贡献;土壤的Zn和Cu污染主要来自与有色金属或磷有关的人为活动,该端元对土壤Zn和Cu的影响率分别为53%和45%.     

环鄱阳湖区农田土壤重金属空间分布及污染评价

为了解环鄱阳湖区农田土壤重金属污染状况,采用单因子指数法、内梅罗指数法、地质累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对环鄱阳湖区农田表层土壤(0~20 cm)中7种重金属元素进行污染及生态风险评价,并将地统计学方法与GIS技术相结合分析环鄱阳湖区农田土壤重金属的空间分布特征.结果表明:(1)土壤中重金属Hg、As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr、Zn的平均含量分别为0.12、13.15、35.44、0.18、38.45、81.91、80.45 mg·kg~(-1),与江西省土壤环境背景值相比较,均有不同程度累积,Cr、Cu、Cd累积富集情况最严重,内梅罗指数法与潜在生态危害指数法评价结果均表明,环鄱阳湖区土壤重金属综合污染情况为轻度污染,鄱阳县、进贤县、乐平市、南昌县、万年县、新建县以及余干县累积污染情况较严重.(2)以国家土壤环境质量二级标准为评价标准,超标率12.24%=CuCdAsHgCr=8.85%ZnPb,表明研究区部分农田土壤样点Cu、Cd、As、Hg、Cr累积程度已威胁到农作物产量和质量,但总体上为清洁状态.土壤中Hg、Cd达到中等生态危害程度,研究区农田土壤中重金属总体表现为轻微危害程度.(3)半方差函数模型拟合结果显示,Hg、Pb、Cr、Zn符合指数模型,As符合球状模型,Cu、Cd符合线性模型.As、Pb、Cd、Cu的含量总体上呈现出东部地区高、西部地区低的趋势,主要在鄱阳县、乐平市、万年县及余干县等地富集.Zn的含量在中北部地区偏低、在东南部地区较高,乐平市、万年县富集相对严重.Hg、Cr是由西南地区向东北地区递减的梯度变化,两种重金属元素均主要在南昌市各县区累积.     

Effect of moisture regime on the redistribution of heavy metals in paddy soil

Sequential extraction procedure was applied to assess the dynamics of solid-phase transformation of added Cu, Pb, Cd, and Hg in a typical Chinese paddy soil incubated under three moisture regimes (75% field capacity, wetting-drying cycle, and flooding). The heavy metals spiked in the soil were time-dependently transferred from the easily extractable fraction (the exchangeable fraction) into less labile fractions (Fe-Mn oxide- and organic matter-bound fractions), and thus reduced lability of the metals. No significant changes were found for the carbonate-bound and residual fractions of the heavy metals in the soil during the whole incubation. Change rate of the mobility factor (MF), a proportion of weakly bound fractions (exchangeable and carbonate-bound) in the total metal of soil, reflected the transformation rate of metal speciation from the labile fractions toward stable fractions. It was found that soil moisture regime did not change the direction and pathways of transformation of metal speciation, but it significantly a ected the transformation rate. In general, the paddy soil under flooding regime had higher metal reactivity compared with 75% field capacity and wetting-drying cycle regimes, resulting in the more complete movement of metals toward stable fractions. This might be related to the increased pH, precipitation of the metals with sulfides and higher concentration of amorphous Fe oxides under submerged condition.     

Effects of free iron oxyhydrates and soil organic matter on copper sorption-desorption behavior by size fractions of aggregates from two paddy soils

Effects of free iron oxyhydrates (Fed) and soil organic matter (SOM) on copper (Cu2+) sorption-desorption behavior by size fractions of aggregates from two typical paddy soils (Ferric-Accumulic Stagnic Anthrosol (Soil H) and Gleyic Stagnic Anthrosol (Soil W)) were investigated with and without treatment of dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate and of H2O2. The size fractions of aggregates were obtained from the undisturbed bulk topsoil using a low energy ultrasonic dispersion procedure. Experiments of equilibrium sorption and subsequent desorption were conducted at soil water ratio of 1:20, 25℃. For Soil H, Cu2+ sorption capacity of the DCB-treated size fractions was decreased by 5.9% for fine sand fraction, by 40.4% for coarse sand fraction, in comparison to 2.9% for the bulk sample. However, Cu2+ sorption capacities of the H2O2-treated fractions were decreased by over 80% for the coarse sand fraction and by 15% for the clay-sized fraction in comparison to 88% for bulk soil. For Soil W, Cu2+ sorption capacity of the DCB-treated size fraction was decreased by 30% for the coarse sand fraction and by over 75% for silt sand fraction in comparison to 44.5% for the bulk sample. Cu2+ sorption capacities of the H2O2-treated fractions were decreased by only 2.0% for the coarse sand fraction and by 15% for the fine sand fraction in comparison to by 3.4% for bulk soil. However, Cu2+ desorption rates were increased much in H2O2-treated samples by over 80% except the clay-sized fraction (only 9.5%) for Soil H. While removal of SOM with H2O2 tendend to increase desorption rate, DCB- and H2O2-treatments caused decrease in Cu2+ retention capacity of size fractions. Particularly, there hardly remained Cu2+ retention capacity by size fractions from Soil H after H2O2 treatment except for clay-sized fraction. These findings supported again the dominance of the coarse sand fraction in sorption of metals and the preference of absorbed metals bound to SOM in differently stabilized status among the size fractions. Thus, enrichment and turnover of SOM in paddy soils may have great effects on metal retention and chemical mobility in paddy soils.