草地灾害对草地畜牧业发展的影响分析--以西藏那曲地区为例

介绍了雪灾、风害、干旱、鼠虫草害、草地退化、沙化和水土流失等六类主要的草地灾害类型,并分析了其对草地畜牧业发展造成的影响.结果表明：草地灾害给草地畜牧业发展带来极大的负面效应,具体表现在对草地生态与环境的破坏;加剧草地承载压力;制约草地畜牧业的可持续发展等三个方面.     

中国温带草地灾害类型及致灾原因与防治对策

目前,我国草地生产力水平极其落后,草地畜牧业发展缓慢,其主要原因是草地灾害的长期存在并日趋严重。本文通过对草地灾害的类型和致灾因素的分析,提出了相应的提高草地生产能力、改善草地生态环境和防止草地灾害发生、发展的对策。     

社区灾害风险管理现状与展望

加强社区灾害风险管理是当前国际减灾的主要趋势之一。经验表明,社区灾害风险管理是治理和减少风险并确保可持续发展的有效手段。在分析国内外社区灾害风险管理成效基础上,指出我国社区灾害风险管理还存在总体发展不平衡、社会化参与程度不高、综合减灾协调机制不完善、防灾规划和应急预案针对性不强、防灾减灾宣传教育力度和减灾资源整合力度不够等问题。在全球化背景下,与日俱增的各种灾害风险对社区减灾提出了更高的要求,建议从以下几方面加强我国社区灾害管理工作:促进社区灾害管理立法,建立社会参与的长效激励机制,健全参与式社区减灾机制,加强社区防灾减灾综合能力建设,加强灾害资源化利用,并注重多方共同参与的社区灾害风险管理模式的研究。     

灾害与锡林郭勒草地退化,沙漠化

锡林郭勒盟是我国北方重要的畜牧业基地，它以拥有约０．１９７亿ｈｍ２天然草地而著称于世。然而，由于自然灾害和人为不正确的利用而发生了严重退化．到目前，全盟退化草地已占４８．６３％，它不仅为畜牧业生产带来了困难，同时也使一些重要的草地生态因子发生了变化，直接危及了人们的生产和生活。对于退化、沙漠化和草地整治已刻不容缓，应该引起国家有关部门和各级领导的足够重视．     

中国主要农业气象灾害区域分布与减灾对策

阐述了我国主要气象灾害的地域分布规律及其对农业生产的重要影响,概括总结了农业气象灾害减灾调控体系及其基本原理和这方面的研究成果。     

基于未确知测度模型的秦岭华阳古镇景区暴雨防灾减灾能力评价

旅游景区灾害的防治关系着景区收入和游客的生命财产安全。如何建立评价指标体系,有效评估景区的防灾备灾、应急处置和救援救助等灾害综合管理能力,是目前我国灾害管理中迫切需要解决的问题。以秦岭华阳古镇景区为研究对象,以暴雨灾害为切入点,以防灾减灾能力科学评价为研究内容,构建了景区暴雨灾害防灾减灾评价三级指标体系;采用相似权法,确定了各级指标权重;通过建立未确知测度模型,定量化评价了景区暴雨灾害防灾减灾能力。得到如下结论:华阳古镇景区2011,2013,2014年的防灾减灾能力分别为较低、中等、较高,其暴雨防灾减灾能力逐年增强,计算结果与实际基本吻合,说明该评价指标体系能较客观地反映景区暴雨灾害防灾减灾能力,具有一定的可行性;监测预警能力对景区防灾减灾能力的影响程度最大,景区在未来的防灾减灾管理中,应以监测预警作为重点工作。     

宝鸡市城市综合减灾的感悟

综述了城市灾害的一般属性,着重分析了宝鸡市几种主要城市灾害的时空分布特征和防灾减灾对策;同时结合宝鸡"全国发展与综合减灾示范区"建设的理论与实践,指出了加强城市灾害风险管理、提高综合减灾能力的重要性.     

创建中国的农业减灾科技体系

中国是世界上农业灾害严重和频繁的国家,中国社会经济发展、经济全球化和全球气候变暖给农业灾害的发生带来了许多新的特点,创建中国的农业减灾科技体系势在必行。分析了农业灾害与一般灾害的不同特点,提出农业减灾科技体系应由农业灾害学与农业减灾系统工程两大部分组成;分别论述了农业灾害学的理论与内容框架,和农业减灾系统工程的基本内涵。最后,对如何创建中国的农业减灾科技体系提出了若干建议。     

制定国家综合减灾战略提高巨灾风险防范能力

阐述了国际减灾战略的三个转变,即：从单纯减灾转变为将减灾与可持续发展结合起来,从减轻灾害转变为减轻灾害风险,从国家减灾转变为全球减灾。回顾和评述了近五年我国加强减灾工作的重大行动,即：初步构建了国家和地方各主要部门与大、中型企业应急管理体系,系统制定了国家“十一五”综合减灾规划,正确引导开办农业保险和实施中央企业全面风险管理,及时提出了防范和应对全球变暖引发极端天气气候事件工作方案,全面论证了加强综合减灾能力建设的减灾战略方针。初步论述了国家综合减灾战略框架,即完成四个转变：由部门减灾转变为综合减灾,由减轻灾害转变为减轻灾害风险,由国家减灾转变为区域减灾,由加强应急响应能力建设转变为综合减灾能力建设;实施四项行动：实施国家“十一五”综合减灾规划,实施“十一五”期间国家突发公共事件应急体系建设规划,实施涉及减灾的各个行业减灾专项规划,实施大型企业综合风险（全面风险）管理工程;建设四个体系：国家综合巨灾风险防范体系,国家高灾害风险地区综合减灾范式体系,国家综合灾害风险防范信息共享体系,国家综合灾害风险防范技术服务平台体系;创新四项制度：完善条块结合、以块为主的综合减灾管理体制,以防为主,防、抗、救相结合的综合减灾运行机制,整合灾前备灾、灾中应急管理和灾后恢复与重建为一体的综合减灾协调机制,规范政府、企业、社区和公民各负其责的综合减灾系统法制。初步阐述了加强国家减灾能力的基本内容,即：制定国家综合减灾战略,加强综合减灾知识普及能力,加强综合减灾科技与学科支撑能力,加强综合减灾制度与组织保障能力,加强减灾物资储备与工程建设能力,加强综合减灾应急响应与信息保障能力,加强综合减灾恢复与重建能力,建立综合减灾范式,提高综合减灾能力。     

探索发展与减灾协调之路——从2006年达沃斯国际减灾会议看中国发展与减灾协调对策

介绍了于2006年8月28日至9月1日在瑞士达沃斯举行的国际减灾会议的主要内容。在阅读本次会议有关论文扩展摘要集内容。以及会议上散发的大量文件、研究报告的基础上,综述了当前国际减灾研究与实践工作中,学术界、政界与企业界等在探索协调发展与减灾进程中的主要进展和发展趋向。国际减灾界当前关注的主要领域为：建立灾害与风险科学,善待与重建生态系统,关注全球环境变化与灾害的密切关系,重视利用金融、保险和再保险手段转移风险,关注女性在灾害风险管理中的作用,关注恐怖主义对社会风险的强化作用,发展灾害风险管理的信息支撑平台,重视建设高风险地区综合减灾范式。在此基础上,针对中国可持续发展战略实施过程中存在的主要问题,提出中国协调发展与减灾对策为：建立国家协调发展与减轻灾害风险的管理体制与运行机制,加强控制综合灾害风险水平的生态系统等减灾基础设施建设,发挥女性在农村地区综合灾害风险管理中的作用,建立区域综合灾害风险管理与减灾范式和加强区域综合灾害风险防范关键技术的开发,促进灾害与风险学科体系的形成。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.     

30年来我国农业气象灾害变化趋势和分布特征

利用1979-2008年的统计数据分析了我国近30年来农业气象灾害的时间变化趋势和空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)1979-2008期间,我国农业气象灾害的灾情日趋严重,农业气象灾害总成灾面积和成灾比率都呈增加趋势;各类灾害中,旱灾和霜冻成灾面积和成灾比率呈增加趋势,风雹成灾面积和成灾比率变化不大呈略微下降趋势,而1989-1998年段水灾严重。(2)旱灾成灾面积在总成灾面积中所占比例最大(约占总成灾面积的1/2),其次是水灾(约占总成灾面积的1/4),再次是风雹,而霜冻成灾面积最小。(3)在区域分布方面,旱灾灾情华北地区最为严重,其次是东北,再次是西北;水灾和旱灾的轻重程度往往是一个此消彼长的关系,华中的水灾最严重,其次为华东、华南和西南;风雹灾情的轻重程度在我国的分布也有较强的区域性,华北、西北和东北是风雹的重灾区;霜冻分布各区域差异较小,西北和华中的灾情相对较重。     

Does money work? Cash transfers to ex-combatants in disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration processes

This paper analyses the relevance and potential of cash transfers as part of the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) assistance packages provided to ex-combatants in transitions from war to peace. To this end, a theoretical framework is established that permits the identification of the advantages and disadvantages of using cash in DDR. Subsequently, an empirical analysis is carried out to compare selected theoretical assumptions on the use of cash with the reality of lessons learned from recent experience in Sierra Leone and other African countries. The study shows that some theoretical drawbacks commonly associated with the use of cash in DDR processes may indeed bear out in practice. At the same time, though, the paper argues that the utility of cash transfers in DDR is affected by a variety of factors that go far beyond the simple choice of employing cash, most notably decisions on payment location, eligibility criteria and targeting.