水处理活性炭吸附容量指标测定方法的优化及应用

苯酚值、碘值、亚甲蓝值、丹宁酸值被普遍用来表征水处理活性炭吸附性能的差异。但国内外对这4项指标检测方法的不统一,限制了活性炭吸附技术的应用,建立一套简易活性炭性能评价体系成了当务之急。在长期指标应用和选炭方法工作的基础上,综合中国及美国标准,提出了一套行之有效、环境友好的指标测定方法。优化了碘值和亚甲蓝值的测定方法,以Freundlich吸附等温方程回归拟合计算方法取代原本的查表法;确定了各指标测定时活性炭的最佳粒径为<200目;验证了所设碘值、苯酚值、丹宁酸值初始浓度的合理性。使用国家标准亚甲蓝值测定的初始质量浓度(1 500mg/L),可以在大幅度降低药剂耗量的同时更准确地区分各种活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附容量。     

颗粒活性炭吸附去除水中三氯乙烯的研究

通过吸附容量实验及微型快速穿透(MCRB)实验,考察了7种活性炭对水样中三氯乙烯(TCE)的去除效果.结果表明,表征活性炭对小分子化合物吸附容量的苯酚值可以预测各种活性炭对TCE的吸附容量;国内常用炭型对TCE的吸附性能与国际常用炭型相当.性价比更高;不同TCE初始浓度及低浓度甲醇对TCE吸附容量没有明显的影响,而自来水中天然有机物(NOM)的竞争吸附作用会降低活性炭对TCE的吸附容量;MCRB实验数据提供了较为准确的TCE平衡吸附容量.验证了各种活性炭对TCE的相对吸附容量,并显示使用2个串联活性炭炭床可以提高吸附容量利用率,节省处理费用,确保出水达标.     

去除饮用水中三卤甲烷和腐殖酸的活性炭选型方法

三卤甲烷(THMs)是水中天然有机物在氯化消毒过程中产生的对人体有致癌作用的挥发性有机物,腐殖酸是生成消毒副产物的主要前驱物.活性炭吸附是去除THMs和腐殖酸最常用的方法.不同炭型的活性炭对THMs和腐殖酸的吸附容量并不相同.以饮用水中最常见的THMs(即三氯甲烷)和腐殖酸为吸附对象,进行煤、椰壳和果壳3种不同材质活性炭的吸附容量实验.实验结果验证了苯酚值预测各类活性炭对小分子THMs吸附性能以及丹宁酸值预测各类活性炭对大分子腐殖酸吸附性能的有效性.具有丰富微孔和表面氧化程度较低的上海椰壳炭YK-2和上海果壳专用炭对三氯甲烷的吸附容量比上海原煤破碎高,大孔丰富的上海果壳专用炭和上海原煤破碎对腐殖酸的吸附性能高.将实验结果与美国环保局RREL(Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory)水污染物处理数据库中相关信息对比发现,相比国外常用活性炭,国产活性炭对三氯甲烷的吸附性能与之相当或略高,具有更好的性价比,应用前景广阔.     

颗粒活性炭去除水中甲基叔丁基醚的可行性研究

随着甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）作为汽油添加剂被持续大量使用,其已成为一种地下水中常见的有机污染物。本文通过纯净水、自来水和地下水中MTBE的平衡吸附容量和微型快速穿透实验（MCRB）,比较了5种不同种类活性炭对MTBE的吸附性能。结果显示,苯酚值可准确预测活性炭样品对MTBE的平衡吸附容量大小次序,而丹宁酸值则可大致估计活性炭在实际处理应用时的吸附速度和吸附容量利用率。水样中共存的有机成分降低了活性炭对纯净水中MTBE的吸附容量,在背景TOC较低的去离子水中,活性炭对于MTBE的吸附性能反而比在地下水中降低得更多。穿透实验数据显示双柱串联的处理方式是高效应用活性炭吸附水中MTBE的优选工艺。使用环境友好的竹质活性炭去除地下水中MTBE具有良好的可行性和较高的性价比。     

活性炭去除水中余氯的研究

通过对5种不同活性炭的去除余氯量实验、余氯穿透实验以及化学反应产物Cl-的质量平衡数据,探讨了活性炭去除余氯的性能和机制.活性炭去除余氯是吸附与化学反应共同作用的结果.活性炭与水中余氯接触后的初期,去除余氯以吸附作用为主;达到吸附平衡后,余氯浓度继续下降则是由于化学反应的作用.接触时间越长、余氯初始浓度越高、pH较低,活性炭去除余氯量越大.由Cl-的生成量可以确定化学反应去除余氯量是余氯总去除量的一部分;接触时间越长,活性炭剂量越大,化学反应去除余氯量占余氯总去除量的比例越高.使用粒径<180目活性炭进行余氯去除实验,吸附容量在1～2h即达到饱和.活性炭对余氯吸附量(2h的余氯去除量)的大小与其苯酚值排行相同.苯酚值及碘值较高的煤质炭与余氯有较强的化学反应,果壳炭其次,而椰壳炭的化学性相对稳定.     

污泥-烟煤基活性炭的制备及其对苯酚的吸附性能

以石化企业在污水处理过程中产生的干化剩余污泥为原料,大同烟煤作辅助添加料,采用化学活化法制备污泥-烟煤基活性炭,探讨了活化剂(ZnCl_2)用量、活化温度、活化时间等条件对所制备的活性炭性能的影响。以活性炭的碘吸附值为衡量指标,当污泥∶烟煤(质量比)=1∶1时获得制备污泥-烟煤活性炭的最佳工艺条件为:浸渍液为ZnCl_2∶原料(质量比)=2∶1,活化温度550℃,活化时间30 min,在该条件下制备的活性炭的碘吸附值为990 mg·g~(-1),比表面积为836m~2·g~(-1),产率为46.6%。同时,以苯酚为目标污染物,考察了所制备的污泥-烟煤基活性炭对苯酚的去除效果,结果表明:污泥-烟煤基活性炭投加量为2.0 g·L~(-1)时,4 h后达到吸附平衡,离子强度对吸附容量没有显著的影响,溶液pH在4~10范围内对苯酚有较好吸附,pH=6时苯酚吸附容量为138.9 mg·g~(-1)。与同类吸附剂相比,制备的污泥-烟煤基活性炭可高效吸附水溶液中的苯酚。     

稻壳基活性炭制备及其对重金属吸附研究

活性炭吸附法是重金属废水处理的重要方法.利用廉价的稻壳,选择氢氧化钠和磷酸作活化剂制备活性炭,测定了稻壳基活性炭的比表面积、亚甲基蓝吸附值、碘吸附值、苯酚吸附值和等电点.利用制备的稻壳基活性炭吸附溶液中的Cd、Cu、Zn,研究了不同稻壳基活性炭对Cd、Cu,Zn的吸附差异,并利用X射线衍射仪分析了稻壳基活性炭中微晶体结...     

简易水处理活性炭的选择和应用方法

首先介绍活性炭性能测试与水处理活性炭选炭、吸附技术选择、工艺应用的关系,其次报导两个活性炭选用方面的改进方法。通过重新定义、整合、完善现有活性炭性能指标,建立了以酚值、碘值、亚甲基蓝、丹宁酸值为吸附性能指标的选炭方法。这四种指标化合物的分子量与直径覆盖了大多数有机污染物的范围,用此法可减少活性炭应用测试的炭型。在活性炭精选和吸附工艺应用研究中,用微型炭柱进行穿透实验可弥补缩小式传统型、小型炭柱的不足。相对于国外现用微型柱的实验方法,文中介绍的微型柱快速穿透（MCRB）方法的设备要求较低,操作简单,可以在国内大多数实验室中进行;遇过对多种污染物质的实验结果,建立了MCRB方法的可信性和适用性。这两种新方法完善了活性炭水处理研究的实验体系,可降低其应用于水与污水处理的成本,有利于中国的环境保护。     

CO_2高温活化活性炭材料对苯酚的吸附行为研究

以CO2为活化气体,在高温条件下对国产椰壳活性炭进行活化。研究了活化前后的活性炭在不同温度和pH等条件下对水溶液中苯酚的吸附行为。结果表明,活性炭经活化后,微孔体积和中孔体积增加,吸附容量明显提高;苯酚在活性炭上的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温方程和准二级反应动力学方程;在一定范围内降低温度有利于吸附的进行;在pH为2～8时,吸附效果较好;在pH9时,吸附效率明显降低。     

腐殖酸、细颗粒泥沙对粉末活性炭吸附苯酚特性影响的研究

通过一系列实验,探讨了粉末活性炭吸附水中苯酚时,腐殖酸(HA)浓度和细颗粒泥沙用量对苯酚吸附量和去除率的影响.实验结果表明:在中性条件下,随着HA浓度的增加,粉末活性炭对苯酚的吸附量减少;在不同质量细颗粒泥沙的影响下,苯酚的去除率基本不变;在未加HA时,粉末活性炭对苯酚的吸附行为用Langmuir吸附等温式拟合效果最好,对苯酚的最大吸附量为150.60 mg/g,而在有HA存在时,粉末活性炭对苯酚的吸附行为用Freundlich吸附等温式拟合效果最好,对苯酚的最大吸附量为28.49 mg/g.     

Determination of the adsorptive capacity and adsorption isotherm of vapor-phase mercury chloride on powdered activated carbon using thermogravimetric analysis

This study investigated the use of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the adsorptive capacity and adsorption isotherm of vapor-phase mercury chloride on powdered activated carbon (PAC). The technique is commonly applied to remove mercury-containing air pollutants from gas streams emitted from municipal solid waste incinerators. An alternative form of powdered activated carbon derived from a pyrolyzed tire char was prepared for use herein. The capacity of waste tire-derived PAC to adsorb vapor-phase HgCl2 was successfully measured using a self-designed TGA adsorption system. Experimental results showed that the maximum adsorptive capacities of HgCl2 were 1.75, 0.688, and 0.230 mg of HgCl2 per gram of powdered activated carbon derived from carbon black at 30, 70, and 150 degrees C for 500 microg/m3 of HgCl2, respectively. Four adsorption isotherms obtained using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) models were used to simulate the adsorption of HgCl2. The comparison of experimental data associated with the four adsorption isotherms indicated that BET fit the experimental results better than did the other isotherms at 30 degrees C, whereas the Freundlich isotherm fit the experimental results better at 70 and 150 degrees C. Furthermore, the calculations of the parameters associated with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms revealed that the adsorption of HgCl2 by PAC-derived carbon black favored adsorption at various HgCl2, concentrations and temperatures.     

Determination of the Adsorption Isotherm of Vapor-Phase Mercury Chloride on Powdered Activated Carbon Using Thermogravimetric Analysis

Abstract

This study investigated the use of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the adsorptive capacity and adsorption isotherm of vapor-phase mercury chloride on powdered activated carbon (PAC). The technique is commonly applied to remove mercury-containing air pollutants from gas streams emitted from municipal solid waste incinerators. An alternative form of powdered activated carbon derived from a pyrolyzed tire char was prepared for use herein. The capacity of waste tire-derived PAC to adsorb vapor-phase HgCl₂ was successfully measured using a self-designed TGA adsorption system. Experimental results showed that the maximum adsorptive capacities of HgCl₂ were 1.75, 0.688, and 0.230 mg of HgCl₂ per gram of powdered activated carbon derived from carbon black at 30, 70, and 150 °C for 500 µg/m³ of HgCl₂, respectively. Four adsorption isotherms obtained using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) models were used to simulate the adsorption of HgCl₂. The comparison of experimental data associated with the four adsorption isotherms indicated that BET fit the experimental results better than did the other isotherms at 30 °C, whereas the Freundlich isotherm fit the experimental results better at 70 and 150 °C. Furthermore, the calculations of the parameters associated with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms revealed that the adsorption of HgCl₂ by PAC-derived carbon black favored adsorption at various HgCl₂ concentrations and temperatures.     

改性活性炭吸附净化黄磷尾气中的PH3

通过钢瓶配气模拟和气相色谱GC-14C测定的方法，研究了改性活性炭吸附净化黄磷尾气中PH₃的相关问题。得到了吸附反应的最佳吸附温度、氧含量、气体流量、改性液浓度、活性炭粒径和焙烧温度。再生方法可行，可通过再生液回收磷酸。热重差热分析和孔径分布初步证明吸附质为磷和磷氧化物。     

Removal of organic contaminants in bioretention medium amended with activated carbon from sewage sludge

Bioretention, also known as rain garden, allows stormwater to soak into the ground through a soil-based medium, leading to removal of particulate and dissolved pollutants and reduced peak flows. Although soil organic matter (SOM) is efficient at sorbing many pollutants, amending the bioretention medium with highly effective adsorbents has been proposed to optimize pollutant removal and extend bioretention lifetime. The aim of this research was to investigate whether soil amended with activated carbon produced from sewage sludge increases the efficiency to remove hydrophobic organic compounds frequently detected in stormwater, compared to non-amended soil. Three lab-scale columns (520 cm³) were packed with soil (bulk density 1.22 g/cm³); activated carbon (0.5% w/w) was added to two of the columns. During 28 days, synthetic stormwater—ultrapure water spiked with seven hydrophobic organic pollutants and dissolved organic matter in the form of humic acids—was passed through the column beds using upward flow (45 mm/h). Pollutant concentrations in effluent water (collected every 12 h) and polluted soils, as well as desorbed amounts of pollutants from soils were determined using GC-MS. Compared to SOM, the activated carbon exhibited a significantly higher adsorption capacity for tested pollutants. The amended soil was most efficient for removing moderately hydrophobic compounds (log K _ow 4.0–4.4): as little as 0.5% (w/w), carbon addition may extend bioretention medium lifetime by approximately 10–20 years before saturation of these pollutants occurs. The column tests also indicated that released SOM sorb onto activated carbon, which may lead to early saturation of sorption sites on the carbon surface. The desorption test revealed that the pollutants are generally strongly sorbed to the soil particles, indicating low bioavailability and limited biodegradation.

     

Effects of compositional heterogeneity and nanoporosity of raw and treated biomass-generated soot on adsorption and absorption of organic contaminants

A biomass-generated soot was sequentially treated by HCl-HF solution, organic solvent, and oxidative acid to remove ash, extractable native organic matter (EOM), and amorphous carbon. The compositional heterogeneity and nano-structure of the untreated and treated soot samples were characterized by elemental analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, BET-N₂ surface area, and electron microscopic analysis. Sorption properties of polar and nonpolar organic pollutants onto the soot samples were compared, and individual contributions of adsorption and absorption were quantified. The sorption isotherms for raw sample were practically linear, while were nonlinear for the pretreated-soot. The removal of EOM enhanced adsorption and reduced absorption, indicating that EOM served as a partitioning phase and simultaneously masked the adsorptive sites. By drastic-oxidation, the outer amorphous carbon and the inner disordered core of the soot particles were completely removed, and a fullerene-like nanoporous structure (aromatic shell) was created, which promoted additional π-π interaction between phenanthrene and the soot.     

改性活性炭吸附净化黄磷尾气中的PH_3

通过钢瓶配气模拟和气相色谱GC-14C测定的方法,研究了改性活性炭吸附净化黄磷尾气中PH3的相关问题。得到了吸附反应的最佳吸附温度、氧含量、气体流量、改性液浓度、活性炭粒径和焙烧温度。再生方法可行,可通过再生液回收磷酸。热重差热分析和孔径分布初步证明吸附质为磷和磷氧化物。     

玉米芯掺杂对污泥基活性炭性能的影响

针对以城市污水厂剩余污泥为原料制备的污泥基活性炭微孔性差、比表面积低的缺陷,将一定比例玉米芯掺杂到污泥中以期改善活性炭性质。通过对活性炭的比表面积、孔结构、碘值、表面官能团测定以及表面电镜分析,探讨了不同比例玉米芯掺杂对活性炭物理化学性质的影响,并以苯酚和硝基苯为目标物,对比考察所制活性炭对有机物的吸附性能。实验结果表明,随着玉米芯掺杂比例的提高,活性炭微孔体积及比表面积明显增大,但活性炭表面官能团种类及数量变化不明显。所制活性炭表面都以酸性基团为主。结果显示苯酚和硝基苯吸附值与活性炭表面酸性基团含量关系密切,因此,玉米芯的掺杂对苯酚和硝基苯的吸附没有明显的促进作用。     

土壤及其主要化学组分对五氯酚吸附特征研究

研究了土壤原样及其去锰氧化物、去铁氧化物、去有机质和去水溶性有机质(DOM)土壤样品对五氯酚(PCP)的吸附规律,分析了土壤及其主要化学组分对PCP的吸附机制.实验结果表明,Langmuir方程可较好地描述PCP在各土壤样品上的热力学吸附过程.PCP在土壤上的吸附行为与自身性质和土壤理化性质密切相关,有机质和铁氧化物对PCP的吸附起到促进作用,而锰氧化物和DOM则能在一定程度上抑制PCP的吸附.通过Langmuir方程得到的拟合结果,可判断PCP在各土壤样品上的最大吸附量为去锰氧化物土壤样品＞去铁氧化物土壤样品＞去DOM土壤样品＞土壤原样＞去有机质土壤样品.     

强化活性炭吸附技术深度处理焦化废水的可行性研究

采用混凝沉淀、活性炭吸附以及混凝沉淀 活性炭吸附工艺对焦化厂生化出水进行深度处理.单独混凝沉淀或活性炭吸附均可以将水样中COD降到100 mg/L以下,达到国家污水一级排放标准和冷却用水建议标准.活性炭根据不同的材质和进水而表现出不同的吸附性能,对于焦化厂生化出水,煤质炭Ⅰ和果壳炭均表现出良好的吸附效果,并使出水COD＜100 mg/L,但处理成本较高.混凝沉淀 活性炭吸附工艺充分发挥适合去除大分子污染物的混凝沉淀与适宜去除小分子污染物的活性炭吸附技术两者的协同增效作用,吸附单元采用廉价的煤质炭,使出水水质达到个别生产或生活用水回用标准,并且降低深度处理成本.研究结果表明,混凝沉淀 活性炭吸附作为焦化厂生化出水回用工艺是经济可行的.     

新型人工快速渗滤系统处理村镇污水工艺参数优化

在巢湖双桥河建立了中试规模的人工快速渗滤系统(CRI),系统经过一个月左右启动期后挂膜成功。通过考察不同湿干比条件下CODMn、TP、TN和NH3-N的去除效果,确定系统湿干比为1 d∶2 d,水力负荷周期为3 d。TP、TN和NH3-N在1.0 m/d的水力负荷条件下能够达到最佳的处理效果,特别是TN;而CODMn在1.3 m/d取得最佳的去除效果。综合考虑脱氮除磷和有机污染物的去除,选取水力负荷为1.0 m/d可得到最佳的出水水质。综合4种污染物的去除特点,特别考虑到对TN去除的需要,同时兼顾工程成本,填料厚度确定为1.2～1.5 m之间为最佳。选取生物陶粒、钢渣、活性炭和天然沸石为渗滤介质,研究结果表明,从去除有机污染物和TP角度考虑,选取活性炭和钢渣可达到较好的去除效果,其中钢渣对TP去除效果更佳;而活性炭具有其他4种填料不可替代的脱氮效果。以上工艺组合形式的确定将为巢湖流域CRI系统的推广提供科学依据和数据支持。