国家地震紧急救援训练基地可控地震废墟设计(Ⅰ)--结构地震破坏模式

我国是一个地震多发的国家，地震灾害给我国造成了巨大的经济损失和严重的生命伤亡。专业化的震后紧急搜索救援能够最大限度地减少人民生命财产的损失，是防震减灾体系不可或缺的组成部分。通过大量的地震灾害实例，并借鉴地震灾害评估方法和建筑物抗震设计，对危害人类生命财产的建筑物震害的特征按照结构类型进行了详细说明，通过对这些地震中常见震害的了解和认识，为国家地震紧急救援训练基地的规划设计和相应搜索救援训练科目的设置提供依据。     

地震灾害经济损失评估方法及应用

地震灾害经济损失的科学评估对减少突发地震灾害损失和实现震后快速救灾具有重要意义。基于易损性分类清单法提出考虑主体结构损失、建筑物装修损失及室内财产损失的地震灾害直接经济损失评估模型,并确定其主要参数取值;根据国内生产总值、各评估区震害程度及各生产部门直接经济损失占比,计算各生产部门停减产损失,进而采用投入产出法建立考虑停减产损失和产业关联损失的地震灾害间接经济损失评估模型。最后将所提出的直接经济损失评估模型以1556年华县地震为例在西安市灞桥区进行应用示范,将所建立的间接经济损失评估模型以2008年汶川地震为例在四川省进行应用计算。结果表明,灞桥区在华县地震下的直接经济损失为176.51亿元,与中国地震局评估结果相差约6.54%;四川省在汶川地震下的间接经济损失为11 209.29亿元,与实际震害数据相差约8.83%,上述对比结果验证了模型的科学性和合理性。     

准确快速科学评估地震灾害及其损失的方法

以江苏省常熟－太仓５．１级地震现场震害评估和经济损失分析工作为基础，结合江苏省地震重点监视防御区震灾快速预测，讨论准确快速科学评估地震灾害及其损失的途径和方法。     

国家地震紧急救援训练基地可控地震废墟设计(I)——结构地震破坏模式

我国是一个地震多发的国家,地震灾害给我国造成了巨大的经济损失和严重的生命伤亡。专业化的震后紧急搜索救援能够最大限度地减少人民生命财产的损失,是防震减灾体系不可或缺的组成部分。通过大量的地震灾害实例,并借鉴地震灾害评估方法和建筑物抗震设计,对危害人类生命财产的建筑物震害的特征按照结构类型进行了详细说明,通过对这些地震中常见震害的了解和认识,为国家地震紧急救援训练基地的规划设计和相应搜索救援训练科目的设置提供依据。     

地震灾害损失经济统计学评估方法初步研究

准确评估地震的直接经济损失是一个比较困难的问题.主要介绍了用以有形资产为基础统计指标的经济统计学方法来评估地震灾害直接经济损失,包括两种评估模型,即灾区法人单位比重法和综合震害系数法.这些方法在汶川地震损失评估中得到了验证,是目前比较科学合理的经济学方法,提高了灾害损失评估的时效性和准确性.     

四川汶川8．0级地震间接经济损失评估方法

国内生产总值(GDP)是衡量该地区经济总量和经济发展水平的重要指标.灾区内各评估子区震害程度、企业服务业恢复生产营业时间以及地震对企业服务业生产营业影响时间与地震间接经济损失有直接的关系.在研究了国内外有关地震间接经济损失评估研究成果的基础上,根据现场灾害调查结果,结合灾区实际,提出利用灾区各市(县)国内生产总值GDP(第二、三产业)数据、各评估子区震害系数、企业服务业生产营业恢复时间以及地震对企业服务业生产营业影响时间,进行地震灾害间接经济损失评估方法.     

基于GIS技术的快速震害评估方法

地震灾害损失评估是防震减灾领域一项十分重要的工作，本文分析了当前震害评估工作的现状和存在的问题，并就GIS技术应用于震害评估的可行性进行了讨论，提出了基于GIS技术的快速震害评估方法的基本原理和技术思路。     

震害经济损失动态预测模型研究

提出了一种考虑时间因素的地震灾害经济损失预测的数学模型。在建立区域震害动态预测数据库的基础上，利用本模型可预测未来不同年份发生地震时所造成的经济损失，为政府部门制定抗震防灾规划提供科学依据     

2013年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评

列出了2013年中国大陆5.0级以上地震的目录,总结了这些地震事件的相关资料和震害信息。结合2013年地震发生省(自治区、直辖市)地震局所上报的地震灾害损失评估报告的相关结论,列举了全年各次地震灾害事件的经济损失结果和灾害特点,总结了2013年地震灾害的主要数据和特性。最后列举了自20世纪90年代以来,历年地震灾害的人员伤亡和损失数据,并作了简单的比较。     

道路震害快速评估与辅助决策系统

道路是地面交通生命线的重要组成部分,是抗震救灾人员和物资的主要地面运输通道。重大地震灾害发生以后,快速、准确地提取灾区的道路震害信息对于应急救援工作具有重要的意义。随着遥感影像数据源的逐渐丰富,对有效的道路震害快速评估与辅助应急决策专业软件的需求愈加迫切。介绍了一种道路震害快速评估与辅助决策系统,详细分析了该系统的模块与信息流程,深入研究了道路震害信息提取、道路震害快速评估与运输辅助决策等关键技术。实验结果表明,该系统性能能够满足地震灾害应急评估的要求。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.