南京市大气颗粒物春季污染的特征

采用大流量采样器,于2002年春季(3月)对南京市城区PM₁₀、PM_2.5(大气中粒径dp≤10或2.5mm的颗粒物)进行了研究测定,并对其水溶性组分及Ph值进行分析.结果表明,南京市大气颗粒物春季污染严重,PM₁₀超标率达83%.PM_2.5全部超标,超标倍数为1.8～4.9.PM_2.5的酸性明显强于PM₁₀. PM_2.5中水溶性组分占总量的24.4%,其中,阴离子约为8.0%,水溶性金属元素+NH₄⁺约为8.9%,TOC约为7.5%.这些水溶性组分对干、湿沉降的酸度影响较大,且主要以细颗粒的形态存在,其在大气中滞留时间较长,对人类的影响深远,应引起足够重视.     

大气颗粒物污染与心血管疾病死亡的病例交叉研究

为评价大气颗粒物污染对人群心血管疾病死亡的急性效应,应用时间分层的病例交叉设计,分析了杭州市2002～2004年间大气可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)日平均浓度短期增加与人群每日心血管疾病死亡的关系,同时分析了其他气态污染物(NO₂和SO₂)的急性健康效应.结果表明,调整气象因素后单污染物模型显示,滞后期为2d,PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂日平均浓度每增加10μg/m₃与人群心血管疾病死亡的比值比(OR)分别为1.006[95%可信区间(CI):1.003～1.009],1.017(95%CI:1.007～1.028)和1.0₂0(95%CI:1.009～1.032).多污染物模型中,PM₁₀受到SO₂影响,效应估计值略有下降,OR值为1.004(95%CI:1.000～1.009).其他污染物效应则无统计学意义.     

沈阳市空气污染特征

以沈阳市8个国控环境空气监测点位和一个清洁对照点位2004年全年小时浓度为基础数据,研究了沈阳市空气PM₁₀、SO₂和NO₂的季节变化、日变化、空间分布及综合污染指数(API)等空气污染特征,并用1995～2004年的监测数据,分析了沈阳市空气质量的总体变化趋势.结果表明,首要污染物为PM₁₀,其空气污染具有典型的煤烟型污染季节特征,环境空气质量在1995～2004年期间逐年好转.     

北京市大气细颗粒物的遗传和非遗传毒性研究

用胞质阻断微核试验与单细胞凝胶电泳法检测北京市大气PM_2.5无机提取物与有机提取物对Balb/c 3T3细胞微核形成与DNA链断裂的影响;通过划痕染料示踪技术(SL/DT)观察PM_2.5无机提取物与有机提取物对Balb/c3T3细胞间通讯的影响.发现PM_2.5有机提取物可引起双核微核细胞率显著增加(P<0.01)及导致慧星细胞率和DNA迁移长度显著增加(P<0.01);PM_2.5有机提取物引起细胞间通讯的抑制; PM_2.5无机提取物未见明显毒作用.结果表明,PM_2.5可引起染色体损伤和原发性DNA损伤,抑制细胞间通讯,其毒作用主要由其有机成分引起.     

内蒙古鄂尔多斯市大气气溶胶中的多环芳烃

采集了鄂尔多斯市5 个监测点大气气溶胶中的PM₁₀ 和PM_2.5 颗粒物样品,用色谱-质谱技术检测了多环芳烃化合物(PAHs).结果表明,萘、苊、二氢苊等低分子量PAHs 的浓度较低, 、苯并[a]芘、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、苯并[ghi]苝等高分子量PAHs 的浓度较高.东胜、棋盘锦、准格尔监测点的PAHs 主要存在于PM_2.5 中,杭锦旗、柒盖淖监测点PM_2.5 中PAHs 所占的比例不大.监测点污染程度依次为准格尔旗>棋盘锦>东胜区>杭锦旗>柒盖淖.运用比值法和多元统计技术对PAHs 的来源进行了解析,东胜区主要以机动车尾气为主,且汽油车影响较大;棋盘锦、准格尔以燃煤污染为主;这3 个监测点的PAHs 均为本地来源.杭锦旗和柒盖淖2 个监测点的PAHs 为迁移而来.     

天津大气污染物日变化特征的WRF-Chem 数值模拟

利用大气化学完全耦合模式WRF-Chem 对天津市环境空气中特征污染物CO、NO_x、O₃、PM2.5 的时间变化规律和空间分布特征进行了数值模拟研究,并与实际观测资料进行了对比.结果表明,天津市CO、NO_x、O₃、PM_2.5 具有明显的时空变化特征:O₃ 浓度在中午出现最高值,夜间浓度较低;NO_x、O₃、PM_2.5 在晚上和清晨出现高浓度,午后至傍晚浓度较低.O₃ 在空间分布上表现为中午市区比郊区浓度高,夜间郊区浓度高.其他污染物则均表现为市区浓度高于郊区.在当日东北风情况下,周边地区对天津市污染的影响较小,4 类污染物主要是受本地源的影响.     

儿童肺功能的多因子及交互影响分析

在儿童肺功能横断面数据基础上,运用多元线性回归,研究了影响儿童肺功能的多因子及其交互效应.结果表明,儿童肺功能指标主要受儿童基本体质情况、呼吸系统疾病和家庭室内暴露因子以及这些因子的交互影响.儿童肺功能与空气颗粒物(PM10-2.5和TSP)的负相关比较显著,未发现与SO₂和NO_x有显著相关性.作者还对空气颗粒物与年均取暖期燃煤取暖、母乳喂养、呼吸系统疾病等因子的交互效应进行了研究,发现细颗粒物对儿童肺功能的影响更为不利.     

北京市能源利用对空气质量的影响分析和预测

为评价能源消耗对未来北京市空气质量的影响,以2000年为基准年,2008年为目标年,建立了北京市城八区能源利用相关的一次PM₁₀、SO₂和Nox的排放清单,采用空气质量模型,模拟城八区内各污染物浓度的时空分布,分析其排放和浓度分布特征及行业分担率,并预测2008年的空气质量.结果表明,对于能源消耗排放的一次PM₁₀和SO₂,工业排放对其浓度的贡献率在40%以上;机动车排放对Nox浓度的贡献率在65%左右;按照现行的政策和发展趋势,2008年北京市城八区的空气质量将有所好转,与能源利用相关的一次PM₁₀、SO₂和NO₂在各监测点的年日均浓度分别约为25,50,51μg/m³.     

天津冬季大气中PM2.5 及其主要组分的污染特征

研究了天津冬季中心城区、工业区和滨海区大气中PM_2.5 及其水溶性无机离子和含碳组分的污染特征.结果表明,天津冬季PM_2.5 污染严重,平均质量浓度为223µg/m³,其中有机物、SO₄^2-和元素碳是含量较高的3 种组分,分别占PM_2.5 总质量的23.4%, 13.1%,12.8%.PM2.5浓度及其化学组成空间分布较为均匀,但工业区受局部排放源的影响,含碳物质污染突出;SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、C_l^-、NH₄⁺和K⁺约占离子总量的90%,阴、阳离子未达到平衡状态,酸性阴离子过剩;有机碳与元素碳的浓度比为1.4,低于国内其他城市;有机碳主要来自污染源的直接排放,二次有机碳的含量约为27%&#8764;37%;机动车尾气、燃煤是PM2.5 的主要排放源,海盐粒子的贡献甚微.     

济南城区空气污染对呼吸道疾病门诊量的影响

为探讨空气污染对人群呼吸道健康的影响,调查了2002~2005 年济南市历城区空气质量状况及医院每日呼吸道疾病门诊量,采用时间序列方法的非参数广义相加模型(GAM),在控制门诊量变化的长期趋势、“星期几效应”、气象因素等混杂因素的基础上,分析了空气污染对呼吸道疾病日门诊量影响的最佳滞后时间及暴露-反应关系.结果表明,空气污染对呼吸道疾病日门诊量有影响.单污染物模型中,PM₁₀ 和NO₂ 分别滞后0d 和3d 及SO₂ 滞后0~3d 的移动平均值对人群呼吸道健康的影响具有统计学意义.PM₁₀、SO₂ 和NO₂ 日均浓度增加10µg/m³,呼吸道疾病日门诊相对危险度分别为1.004, 1.015,1.008.女性比男性对空气污染更为敏感.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.