消化污泥作为垃圾填埋场覆盖材料的研究

为解决城市污染,实现污泥"减量化、无害化、稳定化、资源化"的目标,有必要寻求更多技术上可行、低成本的污泥综合利用新技术.测定了消化污泥本底的含水率、有机质含量以及经过预处理后不同含水率的消化污泥模拟降雨实验的渗透系数,浸出液的COD、氨氮、pH等.选择渗透系数低、污染负荷小的含水率为50%和60%的消化污泥,分别与石灰、炉渣以不同比例混合改性后,再测定模拟降雨实验浸出液的各个指标.实验结果表明,含水率为60%的消化污泥与炉渣以2∶1(质量比)混合时,渗透系数达到10-6数量级,已接近垃圾填埋场对防渗层的要求.因此,消化污泥改性后可作为垃圾填埋场覆盖材料.     

暂存库填埋调质污泥的压缩与固结特性

污泥暂存库区面临减量增容的严峻问题。由于暂存库中的污泥已经发生了较大程度的降解,其固结性质与新鲜污泥相比已发生了较大的变化,可直接影响到原位处理效果,故选用FeCl_3和芬顿试剂对上海某污泥暂存库区的长期填埋污泥进行了调质改性,并对调质后污泥的固结压缩特性进行了研究。结果表明:经药剂调质后污泥的排水固结时间大大缩短,在初始低固结应力水平时压缩量较大,在后期高固结应力水平下沉降量较小;在初始低固结应力水平下,调质污泥的固结系数在10~(-3) cm~2·s~(-1)数量级范围内变化;添加FeCl_3的实验组对应的C_(v,max)=2.91×10~3 cm~2·s~(-1),芬顿调质实验组对应的C_(v,max)=9.88×10~(-3) cm~2·s~(-1)。渗透系数受固结应力影响较大,当FeCl_3的掺量为40%时,初级固结应力下样品的渗透系数k=4.439×10~(-6) cm·s~(-1);在400 kPa固结应力作用下,渗透系数减小为3.796×10~(-8) cm·s~(-1);经芬顿试剂调质的污泥在初级固结应力下,渗透系数k=6.48×10~(-6) cm·s~(-1);在400 kPa下,渗透系数k=9.94×10~(-8) cm·s~(-1)。以上结果对现场污泥真空固结法处理有一定的指导意义。     

稳定剂协同水泥固化/稳定化重金属污染土壤的工程特性

采用稳定剂(SR)协同水泥(PC)固化/稳定化重金属污染土壤,以Pb、Zn浸出毒性和药剂吨处理成本为综合指标确定PC和SR的最优配比,并对固化土体进行无侧限抗压强度、不固结不排水三轴压缩实验和柔性壁渗透实验,探讨固化土体强度以及渗透特性。结果表明,最优配比为SR掺量2.5%,PC掺量8%;最优配比下固化土体中重金属铅锌的浸出浓度分别降低97.5%和74.5%,均低于固体危险废物浸出标准值。其养护28 d无侧限抗压强度达到1 080 kPa,比未固化土体对应值高9.6倍;随着PC掺量增加,固化体的有效黏聚力及有效内摩擦角均不断增大,其中最优配比固化土体有效黏聚力达到216.9 kPa,有效内摩擦角为34.8°。加入稳定剂SR使固化体渗透系数增大,但随着PC掺量增加,渗透系数急剧降低。其中最优配比固化土体渗透系数相对未固化复合污染土体降低一个数量级至10~(-6)cm·s~(-1),可有效增强土体的防渗阻隔能力,提高稳定化土壤的安全利用率。     

不同改性剂改善污泥土工性质的比较研究

选择了泥土、矿化垃圾、粉煤灰和建筑垃圾4种改性剂改性城市污水处理厂污泥(以下简称污泥)。结果表明:(1)随着4种改性剂与污泥的混合比增大,混合物含水率降低。(2)当混合比为0.7(质量比)时,各种混合物的抗压强度都达到50kPa的填埋要求;当混合比为0.3～1.0时,混合物的抗压强度随着混合比的增大呈指数形式增大;比较4种改性剂对抗压强度的增大能力,粉煤灰最强,建筑垃圾次之,泥土和矿化垃圾较弱。(3)在50kPa预压力下,混合物要达到不小于25kPa的抗剪强度,泥土与污泥最小混合比为1.0,矿化垃圾与污泥最小混合比为1.0,粉煤灰与污泥最小混合比为0.7,建筑垃圾与污泥最小混合比为0.7。(4)除加泥土的混合物外,混合物压缩系数随着混合比的增大呈总体下降趋势。(5)粉煤灰除臭效果最好,矿化垃圾次之,建筑垃圾较差,泥土最差。     

有机磷酸HEDP稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属的研究

研究了有机磷酸羟基亚乙基二膦酸(HEDP)对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的稳定方法.通过对不同HEDP投加量处理后的飞灰试样作危险废物浸出毒性鉴别试验,分析HEDP最佳使用剂量,并评价了稳定化飞灰的长期稳定性.结果表明,HEDP最适使用剂量为0.03 Ml/g(以商品级HEDP与飞灰的体积质量比计),处理后飞灰与原状飞灰相比,Pb、Zn和Hg的浸出浓度分别降低了98.3%、99.5%和85.0%.HEDP对飞灰中重金属稳定效果排序为:Pb＞Zn＞Hg＞Ni＞Cu＞Cd＞CrHAs.重金属pH相关浸出测试(pH-dependent leaching tests)表明:经0.03mL/g HEDP稳定处理的飞灰,在0.3 mol/L HNO3和0.3 mol/L NaOH的浸取条件下,其重金属浸出浓度均低于国家危险废物鉴别标准,显示具有良好的长期稳定性.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰物化性质及重金属污染特性

以上海市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰为案例,研究了其物化性质及重金属污染特性。结果表明:(1)飞灰孔隙率较高,经化学药剂稳定后飞灰形貌呈致密化,可大大减少重金属浸出;飞灰吸脱附曲线有明显滞回环,属于H2型滞回环,属于典型的多孔物质吸附类型。(2)飞灰重金属的浸出毒性表明,Pb、Cd超出了《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889—2008)中的限值,根据《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》(GB 5085.3—2007),飞灰属于危险废物。(3)在酸性条件下,重金属较易释放到环境中。     

还原剂作用下Cr(Ⅵ)污染土渗透淋滤特性及成分分析

以湖南某铬污染场地中典型污染土壤为对象,采用硫酸亚铁(FeSO₄)和多硫化钙(CaS_x)2种还原剂,开展土壤修复实验和渗透淋滤实验,探讨不同还原剂对铬污染土渗透淋滤特性的影响规律,利用BCR形态提取和X射线衍射分析方法,评估不同还原剂对铬污染土中Cr(VI)的还原效果。结果表明,FeSO₄修复试样的渗透系数随FeSO₄/Cr(Ⅵ)摩尔比的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,CaS_x修复试样的渗透系数变化呈现相反规律。相同条件下,FeSO₄修复试样的渗透系数较CaS_x修复试样的渗透系数更大,表明CaS_x修复试样的抗渗效果更好。随着还原剂掺量增加,修复试样渗出液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度随之降低,当FeSO₄/Cr(Ⅵ)摩尔比大于3时,渗出液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度低于Ⅲ类地下水标准Cr(Ⅵ)浓度基准值0.05mg·L^-1。类似地,当CaS_x/Cr(Ⅵ)摩尔比大于3时,淋滤实验后...     

秸秆-复合菌-污泥联合修复铬污染土壤技术

为探索修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤的新方法,以模拟某化工厂铬渣堆存场内Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤为研究对象,分别研究了秸秆-复合菌-污泥修复铬污染土壤单因素和3因素条件下对铬污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明:单独添加3%的秸秆时,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原率可以达到25.88%;单独添加3%复合菌时,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原率可以达到72.07%;单独添加50%的活性污泥时,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原率可以达85.65%。3个因素中复合菌对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原率的影响最大。综合考虑秸秆、污泥和复合菌3个因素对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原的影响,设计了秸秆、污泥和复合菌的3因素联合实验,最后从修复的经济成本和修复效率考虑,确定最优物料组合为1%秸秆+1%复合菌+30%污泥,对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原率可以达到96.6%。秸秆-复合菌-污泥对铬污染土壤的修复明显高于单独对铬污染土壤修复的效率。该技术在实现对铬污染土壤进行修复的同时,为秸秆和活性污泥的资源化利用开辟了新的途径,实现了"以废制废"。     

水泥窑协同处置危险废物的研究现状及其发展

水泥窑协同处置危险废物作为一种新兴的危险废物焚烧处置技术,具有焚烧温度高、停留时间长、处理效果好、改造成本低等多项优势,应用前景广泛。简述了中国危险废物的产生及处理处置现状,介绍了水泥窑协同处置技术,综合国内外最新的水泥窑协同处置危险废物的文献,从熟料性质、水泥质量以及烟气排放等角度综述了垃圾焚烧飞灰、污染土壤、农药废物以及污泥类危险废物这4种典型危险废物在水泥窑中的协同处置情况,分析了每种危险废物在水泥窑中协同处置的可行性,提出了实际应用过程中应该注意的问题,最后提出了未来水泥窑协同处置危险废物的研究思路。     

化工污泥基轻质填料的制备及其应用

将化工污泥焚烧灰渣掺入粘土、干燥化工污泥为原料,添加自制无机重金属稳定剂S01,经烘干、预热、焙烧等工艺过程,制备了粒径为10~20 mm的水处理填料。通过单因素实验考察了干污泥添加量、污泥焚烧灰渣添加量、S01添加量、预热时间、烧结温度等工艺条件对填料性能(堆积密度、吸水率)的影响,确定了填料的最佳制备条件:干污泥添加量20%,焚烧灰渣添加量40%,S01添加量5%,预热时间30 min,烧结温度1 150℃。此时,填料的堆积密度为569.11 kg/m3,吸水率为9.84%,重金属浸出浓度远远低于《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别(GB5085.3-2007)》的浓度限值。采用扫描电镜观察了填料表面和内部孔隙特征,发现最佳制备条件下制得的填料表面粗糙多孔,内部具有发达的孔道结构。开展了填料的生物挂膜研究,结果表明,在挂膜启动13 d后,化工污泥基填料滤池的COD和氨氮去除率均趋于稳定,分别达到95.6%和71.8%,该处理效果略优于市售填料。验证了化工污泥基填料应用于生物滤池的可行性。     

矿区炼金废渣的固化/稳定化处理

通过对金矿矿区炼金废渣的酸中和能力、净产酸量及浸出毒性实验,测定了废渣的产酸潜力及重金属砷、镉、铅、锌的总量和它们的浸出量。为了合理处置矿区炼金废渣,并为矿区重金属污染土壤的修复提供技术支持,采用石灰、粉煤灰、堆肥化污泥作为添加剂对废渣进行固化/稳定化处理;通过浸出毒性实验对固化/稳定化处理效果进行综合分析,试图寻求一种最佳的稳定剂。结果表明,无论是单独添加石灰、粉煤灰或者堆肥化污泥还是两两组合混合添加,样品浸出液的pH都有升高,As、Cd的浸出浓度都有明显下降,而且两两组合添加比单独添加的固化/稳定化处理效果更好。在两两组合添加中,粉煤灰混合堆肥化污泥的处理效果最好,浸出液的pH值达到7.82,As、Cd的浸出率分别下降72.0%和72.2%。说明粉煤灰混合堆肥化污泥处理炼金废渣效果最佳,同时具有以废治污的资源化生态效能。     

含重金属水处理污泥的固化和浸出毒性研究

工业危险固体废物在进行安全填埋前需要进行固化稳定处理。针对电镀厂和皮革厂含重金属的水处理污泥 ,用不同比例的水泥、粉煤灰进行固化稳定处理。考虑酸雨环境 ,浸出实验采用TCLP标准。电镀厂污泥单独固化时 ,其浸出液中铜离子浓度由 78 0mg/L下降到 1 5mg/L ;镍离子浓度由 2 2 4 5mg/L下降到 2 2 2mg/L ,高于危险废物允许进入填埋区 15mg/L的控制限值。电镀厂污泥与皮革厂污泥混合后固化 ,浸出液毒性明显降低。铜离子的浸出浓度降低到1 98mg/L ,镍离子降低到 4 10mg/L ,总铬降低到 0 4 0mg/L ,各项指标均低于国家危险废物允许进入填埋区的控制限值 ,可安全填埋。     

Immobilization and volume reduction of heavy metals in municipal solid waste fly ash using nano-size calcium and iron-dispersed reagent

This study was conducted to examine the synthesis and application of novel nano-size calcium/iron-based composite material as an immobilizing and separation treatment of the heavy metals in fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration. After grinding with nano-Fe/Ca/CaO and with nano-Fe/Ca/CaO/[PO₄], approximately 30 wt% and 25 wt% of magnetic fraction fly ash were separated. The highest amount of entrapped heavy metals was found in the lowest weight of the magnetically separated fly ash fraction (i.e., 91% in 25% of treated fly ash). Heavy metals in the magnetic or nonmagnetic fly ash fractions were about 98% and 100% immobilized, respectively. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) observations indicate that the main fraction of enclosed/bound materials on treated fly ash includes Ca/PO₄-associated crystalline complexes. After nano-Fe/Ca/CaO/[PO₄] treatment, the heavy metal concentrations in the fly ash leachate were much lower than the Japan standard regulatory limit for hazardous waste landfills. These results appear to be extremely promising. The addition of a nano-Fe/Ca/CaO/PO₄ mixture with simple grinding technique is potentially applicable for the remediation and volume reduction of fly ash contaminated by heavy metals.

Implications: After grinding with nano-Fe/Ca/CaO and nano-Fe/Ca/CaO/[PO₄], approximately 30 wt% and 25 wt% of magnetic fraction fly ash were separated. The highest amount of entrapped heavy metals was found in the lowest weight of the magnetically separated fly ash fraction (i.e., 91% in 25% of treated fly ash), whereas heavy metals either in the magnetic or nonmagnetic fly ash fractions were about 98% and 100% immobilized. These results appear to be very promising, and the addition of nano-Fe/Ca/CaO/PO₄ mixture with simple grinding technique may be considered potentially applicable for the remediation and volume reduction of contaminated fly ash by heavy metals.     

Conversion of chromium-containing solid wastes into value-added products through a plasma-assisted aluminothermic process

Chromium-containing solid wastes have been generated by chemical and leather/tanning industries, and the management and proper disposal of the same wastes have been challenging tasks. A significant fraction of these wastes contains chromium compounds with chromium present in the hexavalent (Cr⁺⁶) form, which is hazardous to human beings, animals, and ecosystems. Since these wastes are discarded largely without proper treatments, soil and groundwater get contaminated and they can cause several health issues to human beings. Conventional methods developed to convert hazardous Cr⁶⁺ to Cr³⁺/Cr metal either generate secondary toxic wastes and unwanted by-products and/or are time-consuming processes. In this work, a plasma-assisted aluminothermic process is developed to convert the toxic waste into non-toxic products. The waste was mixed with aluminium powder and subjected to transferred arc plasma treatment in a controlled air atmosphere. Chemical analysis and Cr leachability studies of the waste material prior to plasma treatment have shown that it is highly toxic. Analysis of the products obtained from the plasma treatment showed that Cr and Fe present in the waste could be recovered as a metallic mixture as well as oxide slag, which were found to be non-toxic. Easy separation of the metallic fraction and the slag from the treated product is one of the merits of this process. Besides converting chromium-containing toxic waste to non-toxic materials, the process is rapid and recovers the metals from the waste completely.

     

Utilization of Dry Calcium Based Flue Gas Desulfurization Waste as a Hazardous Waste Fixation Agent

Several designated hazardous wastes (metal plating waste, oil sludge, heavy metal processing sludge) were studied relative to potential detoxification using dry calcium based FGD sludges. The FGD waste was generated from a pilot scale system which utilized slurried lime, a spray drier, and a bag filter. Following detailed physical and chemical identification of the raw FGD and hazardous wastes, various mixtures were prepared and cured. In all cases, even with the organic sludge, a rigid structural material evolved due to the pozzolanic reactions occurring from the wetted dry FGD waste. Structural characteristics, physical character, and chemical leaching effects were evaluated. The solids were leached via both EPA-RCRA and ASTM proposed leaching procedures. In all cases, the hazardous constituents were retained and not leached. Finally, the feasibility of using dry FGD wastes as fixating materials is discussed.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰综合利用研究进展

焚烧处理是解决日益增长生活垃圾的有效方法。垃圾焚烧产生的飞灰因含有大量的重金属等污染物而属危险废物 ,目前常采用的处理方法是填埋。本文就垃圾飞灰的综合利用研究现状进行了论述。从环境和技术的角度看 ,垃圾飞灰的预处理、水泥固化和玻璃化是目前飞灰综合利用的主要研究方向     

Screening of heavy metal containing waste types for use as raw material in Arctic clay-based bricks

In the vulnerable Arctic environment, the impact of especially hazardous wastes can have severe consequences and the reduction and safe handling of these waste types are therefore an important issue. In this study, two groups of heavy metal containing particulate waste materials, municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly and bottom ashes and mine tailings (i.e., residues from the mineral resource industry) from Greenland were screened in order to determine their suitability as secondary resources in clay-based brick production. Small clay discs, containing 20 or 40% of the different particulate waste materials, were fired and material properties and heavy metal leaching tests were conducted before and after firing. Remediation techniques (washing in distilled water and electrodialytical treatment) applied to the fly ash reduced leaching before firing. The mine tailings and bottom ash brick discs obtained satisfactory densities (1669–2007 kg/m³) and open porosities (27.9–39.9%). In contrast, the fly ash brick discs had low densities (1313–1578 kg/m³) and high open porosities (42.1–51. %). However, leaching tests on crushed brick discs revealed that heavy metals generally became more available after firing for all the investigated materials and that further optimisation is therefore necessary prior to incorporation in bricks.     

Geotechnical engineering properties of incinerator ash mixes

The incineration of solid waste produces large quantities of bottom and fly ash. Landfilling has been the primary mode of disposal of these waste materials. Shortage in landfill space and the high cost of treatment have, however, prompted the search for alternative uses of these waste materials. This study presents an experimental program that was conducted to determine the engineering properties of incinerator ash mixes for use as construction materials. Incinerator ash mixes were tested as received and around optimum compacted conditions. Compaction curves, shear strength, and permeability values of fly ash, bottom ash, and their various blends were investigated. Bottom ash tends to achieve maximum dry density at much lower water content than does fly ash. The mixes displayed a change in their cohesion and friction angle values when one of the two mix components was altered or as a result of the addition of water. The permeability of bottom ash is quite comparable to that of sand. The permeability of fly ash lies in the range of those values obtained for silts and clays. A 100% bottom ash compacted at the optimum water content has a lower density value and yields a higher friction angle and cohesion values than most construction fills. This would encourage the use of bottom ash as a fill or embankment material because free drainage of water will prevent the buildup of pore water pressures.     

Spray Dryer Waste Management

EPRI has conducted a number of studies to provide utilities with cost information on waste management for conventional wet scrubbing. Studies have characterized waste products; developed engineering designs for effective waste handling, disposal, and/or utilization; and estimated waste management costs. A study, completed in late 1986 evaluated spray dryer wastes. On a dollar-per-ton-disposed basis, spray dryer waste management costs were found to be higher than those for either conventional fly ash or scrubber sludge alone. Cost estimates for new and retrofit spray dryer applications must be revised upward from those produced earlier by EPRI.     

Geotechnical Engineering Properties of Incinerator Ash Mixes

Abstract

The incineration of solid waste produces large quantities of bottom and fly ash. Landfilling has been the primary mode of disposal of these waste materials. Shortage in landfill space and the high cost of treatment have, however, prompted the search for alternative uses of these waste materials. This study presents an experimental program that was conducted to determine the engineering properties of incinerator ash mixes for use as construction materials. Incinerator ash mixes were tested as received and around optimum compacted conditions. Compaction curves, shear strength, and permeability values of fly ash, bottom ash, and their various blends were investigated. Bottom ash tends to achieve maximum dry density at much lower water content than does fly ash. The mixes displayed a change in their cohesion and friction angle values when one of the two mix components was altered or as a result of the addition of water. The permeability of bottom ash is quite comparable to that of sand. The permeability of fly ash lies in the range of those values obtained for silts and clays. A 100% bottom ash compacted at the optimum water content has a lower density value and yields a higher friction angle and cohesion values than most construction fills. This would encourage the use of bottom ash as a fill or embankment material because free drainage of water will prevent the buildup of pore water pressures.