一株嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌的分离及沥滤效果研究

从山西某煤矿的酸性矿井水中分离得到菌株ATF-1,对其形态、生理生化特性、16SrDNA基因序列、生长特性及其对城市污泥的摇瓶沥滤效果进行了研究。结果表明:(1)该菌为革兰氏阴性菌,短杆状,经16SrDNA鉴定为嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidthiobacillus ferrooxidans)。菌株ATF-1培养的最佳条件为初始pH 2.0、温度30℃、接种量10%(体积分数)、Fe2+投加量9.00g/L。(2)以菌株ATF-1作为沥滤菌处理城市污泥,经过15d的生物沥滤,污泥中Zn、Pb、Ni、Cu、Cd和Cr去除率的最大值分别为93.56%、46.54%、85.48%、97.68%、90.64%和45.15%,处理后污泥中的重金属含量符合《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》(GB4284—84)中规定的在酸性土壤上的最高容许含量。     

一株氧化亚铁硫杆菌的分离及其浸出废旧线路板中铜的效果

从广东某硫铁矿山酸性废水中分离到一株嗜酸性细菌,经形态观察、生理学和近全长16S rRNA基因分析鉴定为氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称A.ferrooxidans),命名为Z1。该菌与GenBank中菌株A.ferrooxidansCMS等处在系统发育树的同一分支,16S rRNA基因序列相似度均为99%。菌株Z1生长的最适pH值和温度分别为2.25和30℃,对数生长期处于第18～30小时,Fe2+平均氧化速率达到0.2307 g/(L.h),经驯化后能耐受15 g/L的废旧线路板金属富集体。浸出实验结果表明,在起始pH值为2.25、起始Fe2+浓度为9 g/L、接种量为10%、金属富集体投加量为15 g/L的条件下,菌株Z1能在62 h内浸出废旧线路板中99.3%的铜。与生物浸出效果类似,过滤除菌的滤菌液处理能在86 h内浸出96.0%的铜。而不接种上述细菌的9K培养基无菌浸出对照134 h铜的浸出率仅为61.3%。因此,菌株Z1可作为浸出废旧线路板中有价金属的潜在有效菌株。     

玉米浸泡液制备苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂的影响因素研究

以玉米淀粉生产过程中的浸泡液为培养基,摇瓶发酵培养苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂,通过一系列单因子试验,考察了不同培养条件(种子液的种龄、接种量、浸泡液的含固率、初始pH值、摇床转速、发酵温度及发酵时间)对苏云金杆菌在玉米浸泡液中的生长(菌数增长与芽孢形成)以及发酵液的生物毒效的影响.研究表明,在最佳摇瓶培养条件(种子液种龄10 h,接种量2%,浸泡液含固量3%,初始pH值7.0～7.5,摇床转速200 r/min,发酵温度30℃)下发酵48 h,活菌数和活芽孢数分别可达到7.9×108 CFU/mL和5.5×108 CFU/mL,毒力效价为698.0 IU/μL.本试验可为生物农药的工业化生产提供实用参数.     

微波预处理和微生物联合煤炭脱硫技术初探

将微波技术应用于微生物法煤炭脱硫,研究了煤粉粒径、煤浆浓度、初始pH值、嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)接种量、微波辐照时间、脱硫周期等因素对微波预处理和微生物联合脱硫效果的影响,同时以单纯Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans煤炭脱硫作对照.在煤样粒径为200目(＜0.074 mm)、煤浆浓度为10%、初始pH为2.5、菌体接种量为10%、微波辐照时间3 min、脱硫周期4 d、温度30℃、摇床转速为160 r/min条件下,微波预处理和微生物联合作用对煤炭中全硫的脱除率可达51.3%.该结果表明,微波预处理和微生物联合煤炭脱硫技术可以大大缩短微生物脱硫周期.该研究结果可为开发新脱硫工艺提供参考.     

高PHAs合成性能菌株的筛选及其条件优化

通过尼罗蓝荧光筛选,从活性污泥体系中筛得Ace-6、But-1和But-17。经DNA分子鉴定,Ace-6缺陷短波单胞菌(Brevundimonas diminuta),But-1约氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter Johnsonii),But-17蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。采用摇瓶平行发酵实验,确定了各自的最佳碳源和氮源,并通过多因素正交实验对其进行合成条件优化。结果表明,Ace-6菌株合成条件为温度30℃、乙酸钠30 g·L~(-1)、酵母粉0.35 g·L~(-1)、pH 7.0、接种量5%,PHAs的总量可达412.02 mg·L~(-1);But-1菌株的合成条件为温度35℃、乙酸钠20 g·L~(-1)、硫酸铵0.35 g·L~(-1)、pH 7.5、接种量8%,PHAs的合成量可达392.39 mg·L~(-1);But-17菌株合成条件为温度35℃、淀粉20 g·L~(-1)、氯化铵0.35 g·L~(-1)、pH 7.5、接种量5%,PHAs可达304.70 mg·L~(-1)。     

高效阿特拉津降解菌株DNS10降解条件优化

从长期施用阿特拉津的寒地黑土耕层(0～10 cm)土壤中筛选到一株能以除草剂阿特拉津为氮源生长的降解菌株,结合16S rRNA序列分析结果,将该菌株命名为Arthrobacter sp.DNS10。在接种量为108CFU/mL的条件下,菌株DNS10在24 h内对100 mg/L阿特拉津的降解率为99.41%。单因子实验结果表明,菌株DNS10适宜生长和降解的条件范围是:温度25～35℃,pH值5.0～8.0,培养液盐度0.1%～2%,对阿特拉津最大耐受浓度可达1 200 mg/L。正交实验法进一步表明,该菌株保持较好生长及降解能力的最优方案是温度30℃,pH值7.5,培养液盐度0.5%。影响其降解能力的环境因素的主次顺序依次是:温度>盐度>pH值。     

微波辅助白腐真菌煤炭脱硫试验研究

将微波技术与生物技术相结合用于煤炭脱硫,采用微波功率1 000 W、辐照时间80 s对煤样进行辐照处理后,考察了初始pH值、煤粉粒径和煤浆浓度对微波辅助白腐真菌脱硫效果的影响,以及脱硫过程中硫化物的转化规律。研究结果表明,微波辐照作用能够缩短脱硫周期,提高有机硫的脱除率。在初始pH值为4.5,煤粉粒径为80～120目,煤浆浓度为10%,浸出时间为3 d的条件下,煤中的全硫、无机硫和有机硫脱除率分别达到52.06%、51.61%和54.22%。     

一株反硝化菌的脱氮性能

从广州市某污水处理厂缺氧段活性污泥中分离筛选出一株反硝化菌,以该菌株为研究对象,鉴定后对该菌株进行脱氮条件最优化实验在此基础上,分析其厌氧氨氧化能力。结果表明:在柠檬酸钠浓度为9 g·L~(-1),KNO_3浓度为1 g·L~(-1),溫度为35℃,pH为6.8的条件下,同时控制接种量为2.5%,即控制初始菌株浓度为10~7 mL~(-1)时,2 d后8号菌能达到87%的最佳NO_3~--N去除率;在厌氧氨氧化能力检测实验中,培养液中生化反应以反硝化作用为主,在第3·5天发现厌氧氨氧化反应,因此推测这株菌具有厌氧氨氧化反应能力。经初步鉴定,该菌株为苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)。     

高效阿特拉津降解菌株DNSIO降解条件优化

从长期施用阿特拉津的寒地黑土耕层（0～10cm）土壤中筛选到一株能以除草剂阿特拉津为氮源生长的降解菌株,结合16SrRNA序列分析结果,将该菌株命名为Arthrobacter sp．DNSl0。在接种量为10。CFU／mL的条件下,菌株DNSl0在24h内对100mg／L阿特拉津的降解率为99．41％。单因子实验结果表明,菌株DNSl0适宜生长和降解的条件范围是：温度25～35＇12,pH值5．0～8．0,培养液盐度0．1％～2％,对阿特拉津最大耐受浓度可达1200mg／L。正交实验法进一步表明,该菌株保持较好生长及降解能力的最优方案是温度30℃,pH值7．5,培养液盐度0．5％。影响其降解能力的环境因素的主次顺序依次是：温度〉盐度〉pH值。     

He-Ne激光诱变选育高效石油烃降解菌的研究

采用He-Ne激光器对绿针假单胞菌(Pseudomonas chlororaphis)进行激光诱变育种。在激光照射功率10 mW,时间10 min条件下,筛选到一株遗传性状稳定的高效石油烃降解菌PS 2。摇瓶实验发现当培养液中初始柴油含量为0.2%～0.5%(V/V)、温度为30℃左右、pH值为7～8的条件下,突变菌PS 2对石油烃的降解效果最好。在最适生长条件下,突变菌PS 2在120 h内将培养液中的石油烃完全降解且不存在延滞期,比出发菌株少用24 h。结果表明,He-Ne激光诱变育种技术是获得高效石油烃降解菌的有效途径之一。     

改性酚醛基炭泡沫的表面结构及脱硫脱硝

采用前驱体改性的方法,以CuCl2、FeCl2和MgCl2为改性剂,制备出改性酚醛泡沫,经炭化/活化得到改性酚醛基炭泡沫。研究了不同金属对酚醛基炭泡沫表面物理与化学特性的影响,并进行同时脱硫脱硝实验研究。通过研究发现,添加CuCl2的样品比添加FeCl2、MgCl2的样品的中孔孔容大接近10倍;比表面积和孔容是CFCu>CF0>CFFe>CFMg;金属改性剂主要以金属和金属氧化物的形式存在于酚醛基炭泡沫中,而表面其他官能团大体结构不变。经CuCl2、FeCl2和MgCl2改性后,脱硫效率分别提高了39%、11%和13%,脱硝效率分别提高了19%、10%和4%,其中以CuCl2改性的酚醛基炭泡沫的效率最高。     

Removal of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge by isolated indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria

The removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb) from anaerobically digested sludge from the Yuen Long wastewater treatment plant, Hong Kong, has been studied in a batch system using isolated indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria. The inoculation of indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria and the addition of FeSO4 accelerated the solubilization of Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb from the sludge. pH of the sludge decreased with an increase in Fe2+ concentrations and reached a low pH of 2-2.5 for treatments receiving both bacterial inoculation and FeSO4. After 16 days of bioleaching, the following heavy metal removal efficiencies were obtained: Cr 55.3%, Cu 91.5%, Zn 83.3%, Ni 54.4%, and Pb 16.2%. In contrast, only 2.6% of Cr, 42.9% of Cu, 72.1% of Zn, 22.8% of Ni and 0.56% of Pb were extracted from the control without the bacterial inoculation and addition of FeSO4. The residual heavy metal content in the leached sludge was acceptable for unrestricted use for agriculture. The experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of using the isolated iron-oxidizing bacteria for the removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge.     

Co-metabolic degradation of naphthalene and pyrene by acclimated strain and competitive inhibition kinetics

A dominant strain named Ochrobactrum sp. was isolated from soils contaminated with coal tar. The batch experiments were carried out to study the co-metabolic degradation of pyrene by Ochrobactrum MB-2 with naphthalene as the main substrate and the effects of several significant parameters such as naphthalene concentration, pH and temperature on removal efficiency were explored. The results showed that Ochrobactrum MB-2 effectively degraded naphthalene and that the addition of naphthalene favored the degradation of pyrene. The maximum elimination efficiency of naphthalene (10?mg?L^?1) and pyrene (1?mg?L^?1) was achieved at pH 7 and 25?°C, and the corresponding values were 99 and 41%, respectively. A competitive inhibition model based on the Michaelis–Menten equation was used to characterize the inhibitory effect of pyrene on naphthalene degradation. The values of the half-saturation coefficient for naphthalene (K_S) and dissociation constant of enzyme-inhibitor complex (K_C) were determined to be 4.93 and 1.38?mg?L^?1, respectively.     

A comparative study of removal of fluoride from contaminated water using shale collected from different coal mines in India

Low-cost water defluoridation technique is one of the most important issues throughout the world. In the present study, shale, a coal mine waste, is employed as novel and low-cost adsorbent to abate fluoride from simulated solution. Shale samples were collected from Mahabir colliery (MBS) and Sonepur Bazari colliery (SBS) of Raniganj coalfield in West Bengal, India, and used to remove fluoride. To increase the adsorption efficiency, shale samples were heat activated at a higher temperature and samples obtained at 550 °C are denoted as heat-activated Mahabir colliery shale (HAMBS₅₅₀) and heat-activated Sonepur Bazari colliery shale (HASBS₅₅₀), respectively. To prove the fluoride adsorption onto different shale samples and ascertain its mechanism, natural shale samples, heat-activated shale samples, and their fluoride-loaded forms were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction study, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effect of different parameters such as pH, adsorbent dose, size of particles, and initial concentration of fluoride was investigated during fluoride removal in a batch contactor. Lower pH shows better adsorption in batch study, but it is acidic in nature and not suitable for direct consumption. However, increase of pH of the solution from 3.2 to 6.8 and 7.2 during fluoride removal process with HAMBS₅₅₀ and HASBS₅₅₀, respectively, confirms the applicability of the treated water for domestic purposes. HAMBS₅₅₀ and HASBS₅₅₀ show maximum removal of 88.3 and 88.5 %, respectively, at initial fluoride concentration of 10 mg/L, pH 3, and adsorbent dose of 70 g/L.     

氧化镁烟气脱硫反应特性研究

利用实验室规模的鼓泡式反应装置,对比了碳酸钙、氧化镁和氧化镁/硫酸镁脱硫剂的反应活性,证实脱硫液中高浓度硫酸镁的存在是保证镁法脱硫效率高于钙法的重要因素,并考察了硫酸镁浓度、脱硫剂(氧化镁)浓度、烟气量、SO2浓度和吸收液温度等因素对脱硫效率的影响。结果表明,脱硫反应可以根据pH分为2个不同阶段;反应过程中脱硫效率随着硫酸镁浓度的增加而显著升高;烟气量增加将会导致脱硫效率有所下降;入口SO2浓度升高,脱硫效率下降;氧化镁浓度、温度对脱硫效率影响不显著。结合实验现象进行推断,氧化镁脱硫的反应过程受SO2在气液两相界面的传质扩散和其水解产物在液相的扩散控制。     

Natural desulfurization in coal-fired units using Greek lignite

This paper analyzes the natural desulfurization process taking place in coal-fired units using Greek lignite. The dry scrubbing capability of Greek lignite appears to be extremely high under special conditions, which can make it possible for the units to operate within the legislative limits of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. According to this study on several lignite-fired power stations in northern Greece, it was found that sulfur oxide emissions depend on coal rank, sulfur content, and calorific value. On the other hand, SO2 emission is inversely proportional to the parameter gammaCO2(max), which is equal to the maximum carbon dioxide (CO2) content by volume of dry flue gas under stoichiometric combustion. The desulfurization efficiency is positively correlated to the molar ratio of decomposed calcium carbonate to sulfur and negatively correlated to the free calcium oxide content of fly ash.     

几种混凝剂处理煤气洗涤废水的比较

用４种常用的混凝剂Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３,ＰＡＣ,ＰＦＳ及ＦｅＳＯ４分别对煤气洗涤废水进行了混凝实验研究,结果表明,使用上述４种药剂对废水ＣＯＤｃｒ最高去除率分别为６３．９％,６７．４％,６１．３％和５７．４％;乳化油去除率分别为７１．６％,７５．６％,７４．８％和７０．５％,浊度去除率分别为９３．４％,９４．１％〈９５．６５和９９．１％,而从经济效益上看,４种药剂去除每ｋｇ废水中ＣＯＤｃｒ所需药剂费     

Removal of hydrogen sulfide gas and landfill leachate treatment using coal bottom ash.

Coal bottom ashes produced from three thermal power plants were used in column and batch experiments to investigate the adsorption capacity of the coal ash. Hydrogen sulfide and leachates collected from three sanitary landfill sites were used as adsorbate gas and solutions, respectively. Experimental results showed that coal bottom ash could remove H2S from waste gas or reduce the concentrations of various pollutants in the leachate. Each gram of bottom ash could remove up to 10.5 mg of H2S. In treating the landfill leachate, increasing ash dosage increased the removal efficiency but decreased the adsorption amount per unit mass of ash. For these tested ashes, the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH3-N, total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN), P, Fe3+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ were 36.4-50, 24.2-39.4, 27.0-31.1, 82.2-92.9, 93.8-96.5, 93.7-95.4, and 80.5-82.2%, respectively; the highest adsorption capacities for those parameters were 3.5-5.6, 0.22-0.63, 0.36-0.45, 0.027-0.034, 0.050-0.053, 0.029-0.032, and 0.006 mg/g of bottom ash, respectively. The adsorption of pollutants in the leachate conformed to Freundlich's adsorption model.     

Discoloration of methylene blue and wastewater from a plant by a Fe/Cu bimetallic system

Using a Fe/Cu bimetallic system (Fe/Cu system), the discoloration of both methylene blue in aqueous solution and the colored wastewater from a plant was investigated under the anaerobic condition in batch or continuous reactors. Results show that the Fe/Cu system effectively removed the color with over 88% of color removal efficiency for both methylene blue solution and the wastewater from the plant in batch test. Color removal efficiencies increased rapidly with Fe/Cu dosage and reaction time, respectively, at initial time and slowly to stable values. Optimum pH was neutral range. In addition, in continuous test it also removed the color of the wastewater from the plant with 63% of discoloring efficiency under the condition of 2 h of hydraulic retention time and neutral range of pH (7.0-8.3). High discoloring efficiencies with low chemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies were found in all experiments. The reduction of chromophores in pollutants was the main mechanism of the discoloration in the Fe/Cu system.