Effects of elevated pO3 on carbon cycle between above and belowground organs of trees

Translocation of carbohydrate from leaves to roots via phloem and reallocation from roots to leaves via xylem regulate the allocation of carbon （C） between above and belowground organs of trees. To quantitatively analyze effects of elevated ozone concentrations pO3 on the internal cycle of C, juvenile beech and spruce were grown in phytotrons and exposed to ambient and elevated pO3 （i.e. twice-ambient O3 levels, restricted to 〈 150 ppb） for two growing seasons. The translocation of C in the phloem and xylem was quantitatively studied by investigating the phloem/xylem-loading of sugars, the differentiation of stem conductive tissue and the hourly water flow through the stem. Results in the present study shown, elevated pO3 significantly decreased C translocation from shoot to roots in beech by reducing both sugar concentration in the phloem and conductive phloem area. Elevated pO3 also significantly decreased C reallocation from the roots to the shoot in beech by reducing both of sugar concentration in the xylem and transpiration rate. The adverse effects of elevated pO3 on C translocation in the phloem and xylem, however, were small in spruce. Contrasting to beech, spruce is less sensitive to elevated pO3, regarding to phloem differentiation and sugar concentrations in the phloem and xylem.     

Expression of sulfur uptake assimilation-related genes in response to cadmium, bensulfuron-methyl and their co-contamination in rice roots

The responses of sulfur （S） uptake assimilation-related genes＇ expression in roots of two rice cultivars to cadmium （Cd）, bensulfuron-methyl （BSM） and their co-contamination （Cd＋BSM） were investigated by gene-chip microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR （QRT-PCR） technology. Treatments of Cd and Cd＋BSM induced expression of sulfate transporter and permease genes, and promoted sulfate uptake in rice roots. Cd＋BSM could alleviate Cd toxicity to cv. Fengmeizhan seedlings, probably due to Cd＋BSM promoting greater S absorption by seedlings. Cd and Cd＋BSM induced expression of sulfate assimilation-related genes, and thus activated the sulfur assimilation pathway. Cd and Cd＋BSM induced expression of phytochelatin synthase and metallothionein genes, and induced expression of glutathione S-transferases （GSTs）, glutathione synthase （GS） and S- containing antioxidation enzyme genes, which detoxified Cd2＋. It is suggested that （to cope with the toxicity of Cd, BSM and their co-contamination） the S uptake and assimilation pathway was activated in rice roots by increased expression of related genes, thus enhancing the supply of organic S for synthesis of Cd or BSM resistance-related substances.     

Uptake and accumulation of copper by roots and shoots of maize (Zea mays L.)

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｏｆＣｕｉｎｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｉｓｕｓｕａｌｌｙ20ｔｏ30ｐｐｍｉｎｎｏｎｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｅｄｓｏｉｌ(Ｎｒｉａｇｕ,1979;Ｓａｌｏｍｏｎｓ,1984),ｂｕｔｉｓｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎ2000ｐｐｍｉｎｍｉｎｉｎｇａｒｅａｓａｎｄｉｎｔｈｅｖｉｃｉｎｉｔｙｏｆｓｍｅｌｔｅｒｓ(Ｆｒｅｅｄｍａｎ,1980;Ｈｕｍｐｈｒｅｙｓ,1984).ＩｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｄｔｈａｔｃｏｐｐｅｒｓｏｌｕｂｉｌｉｔｙｄｅｐｅｎｄｓｏｎｐＨｉｎｓｏｉｌｓ,ａｎｄｉｔｉｓｏｂ…     

Uptake and accumulation of copper by roots and shoots of maize(Zea may L.)

The effects of different concentrations of copper sulfate on rootand shoot growth of maize(Zea mays L.) and the uptake and accumulation of Cu2+ by its roots and shoots were investigated in the present study. The concentrations of opper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O) used were in the range of 10-5-10-3mol/L. Root growth decreased progressively with increasing concentration of Cu2+ in solution. The seedlings exposed to 10-3 mol/L Cu exhibited substantial growth reduction, yielding only 68% of the root length of the control. The shoot growth of the seedlings grown at 10-5-10-4 mol/L Cu2+ were more or less than the same as the control seedlings. The leaves treated with 10-3 mol/L Cu2+ were obviously inhibited in shoot growth. The fresh and dry weights both in roots and shots decreased progressively with increasing Cu2+ concentration.This fits well with the above mentioned effects of copper sulfate on root growth. Zea mays has considerable ability to remove Cu from solutions and accumulate it. The Cu content in roots of Z. Mays increased with increasing solution concentration of Cu2+. The amount of Cu in roots of plants treated with 10-3, 10-4 and 10-5 mol/L Cu2+ were 10, 8 and 1.5 fold, respectively, greater than that of roots of control plant. However, the plants transported and concentrated only a small amount of Cu in their shoots.     

镉、铅在玉米幼苗中的积累和迁移--X射线显微分析

用扫描电镜-X射线能谱仪及原子吸收分光光度计,测定经不同浓度镉、铅处理的玉米根、叶中镉、铅的积累。结果表明,铅的积累为皮层>中柱;木质部薄壁组织>导管。镉则相反。铅主要以非共质体途径在根内横向迁移,镉主要以共质体途径在根内横向迁移。原于吸收分光光度计测定表明,镉、铅主要在玉米根内沉积,镉铅复合作用促进了玉米根叶对镉、铅的吸收,镉比铅更易为玉米吸收且更易从根向叶迁移。     

Mineral nutrient imbalance, DNA lesion and DNA-protein crosslink involved in growth retardation of Vicia faba L. seedlings exposed to lanthanum ions

Effects of mineral nutrient imbalance, DNA lesion and DNA-protein crosslink on growth of Vicia faba L. seedlings hydroponically cultivated in concentrations of extraneous lanthanum (La) for 20 days were investigated in the present experiment. The results showed that contents of La, Cu or K elements in roots generally changed synchronously with those in leaves, while Ca, Fe, Zn, Mg, Mn or P in the roots altered inversely to those in the leaves. Thus, the extraneous La led to redistribution and imbalance of mineral nutrient elements in the roots and leaves. DNA lesion and DNA-protein crosslink were investigated by single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate/potassium (SDS/K⁺) precipitation methods, respectively. The results demonstrated that the increasing La induced DNA break and DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) in the seedlings. These results suggested that mineral nutrient imbalance, DNA lesion and DNA-protein crosslink were involved in the growth retardation and growth alteration of the seedlings, which may help to understand the mechanisms of rare earth elements (REEs) on plant growth.     

水溶性有机物对绿麦隆胁迫下小麦幼苗生物利用性和毒性的影响

研究了在2种来源的DOM（水溶性有机物）和绿麦隆作用下,小麦幼苗在不同培养时间（4和10 d）组织累积量和抗氧化系统的响应,探讨了小麦幼苗在DOM作用下对绿麦隆胁迫的毒性响应影响及机制. 结果表明:在不同的培养期内,绿麦隆均抑制了小麦幼苗的生长,而2种不同来源的DOM均缓解了绿麦隆对植株的毒性. DOM的施加使绿麦隆胁迫下小麦叶和根中的丙二醛（MDA）含量降低,同时绿麦隆诱导的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活力也有所降低,然而过氧化物酶（POD）和谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶（GST）的活性却有一定程度的增高. 使用RT-PCR半定量分析方法对SOD和GST的酶活性变化进行了分析,以确证DOM缓解绿麦隆对小麦幼苗的毒性调节机制.      

水葫芦各部位富集能力的研究

通过对水葫芦根、茎、叶三部位脂肪、蛋白质、糖、钙、镁及重金属元素 (Fe、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr)含量的测定 ,发现水葫芦茎、叶、根中脂肪、蛋白质、糖的含量无明显差异。整株植株营养价值与大白菜接近。金属元素在根部富集较多 ,而且其中大部分是吸附在根的表面。     

Effects of used lubricating oil on two mangroves Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina

An outdoor experiment was set up to investigate the effects of used lubricating oil(5 L/m~2)on Aegiceras corniculatum Blanco. and Avicennia marina(Forsk)Vierh.,two salt-excreting mangroves.A.marina was more sensitive to used lubricating oil than A. corniculatum and canopy-oiling resulted in more direct physical damage and stronger lethal effects than base-oiling.When treated with canopy-oiling,half of A.corniculatum plants survived for the whole treatment time(90 d);but,for A.marina,high mortality (83%)resulted from canopy-oiling within 3 weeks and no plants survived for 80 d.Base-oiling had no lethal effects on A.corniculatum plants even at the termination of this experiment,but 83% of A.marina plants died 80 d after treatment.Forty days after canopy- oiling,93% ofA.corniculatum leaves fell and no live leaves remained on A.marina plants.By the end of the experiment,base-oiling treatment resulted in about 45% ofA.corniculatum leaves falling,while all A.marina leaves and buds were burned to die.Lubricating oil resulted in physiological damage to A.corniculatum leaves,including decreases in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents,nitrate reductase,peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities,and increases in malonaldehyde contents.For both species,oil pollution significantly reduced leaf,root,and total biomass,but did not significantly affect stem biomass.Oil pollution resulted in damage to the xylem vessels of fine roots but not to those of mediate roots.     

Deep-time patterns of tissue consumption by terrestrial arthropod herbivores

A survey of the fossil record of land-plant tissues and their damage by arthropods reveals several results that shed light on trophic trends in host-plant resource use by arthropods. All 14 major plant tissues were present by the end of the Devonian, representing the earliest 20 % of the terrestrial biota. During this interval, two types of time lags separate the point between when tissues first originated from their earliest consumption by herbivorous arthropods. For epidermis, parenchyma, collenchyma and xylem, live tissue consumption was rapid, occurring on average 10 m.y. after the earliest tissue records. By contrast, structural tissues (periderm, sclerenchyma), tissues with actively dividing cells (apical, lateral, intercalary meristems), and reproductive tissues (spores, megagametophytes, integuments) experienced approximately a 9-fold (92 m.y.) delay in arthropod herbivory, extending well into the Carboniferous Period. Phloem similarly presents a delay of 85 m.y., but this incongruously long lag-time may be attributed to the lack of preservation of this tissue in early vascular plants. Nevertheless, the presence of phloem can be indicated from planar spaces adjacent well-preserved xylem, or inferred from a known anatomy of the same plant taxon in better preserved material, especially permineralisations. The trophic partitioning of epidermis, parenchyma, phloem and xylem increases considerably to the present, probably a consequence of dietary specialization or consumption of whole leaves by several herbivore functional feeding groups. Structural tissues, meristematic tissues and reproductive tissues minimally have been consumed throughout the fossil record, consistent with their long lags to herbivory during the earlier Paleozoic. Neither angiosperm dominance in floras nor global environmental perturbations had any discernible effect on herbivore trophic partitioning of plant tissues.     

硫酸盐对两种硒形态处理下小麦硒吸收和转运的影响

为了揭示硫酸盐处理下小麦对亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐的吸收与转运规律,通过溶液培养,研究了不同浓度硫硒交互下小麦各部位的硒含量变化.结果表明,与无硫处理相比,0.1 mmol·L-1硫使小麦对硒酸盐的吸收潜力(Vmax值)和亲和力(1/Km值)分别降低了25.7%和90.8%,硫酸盐主要是通过降低小麦根系对硒酸盐的亲和力来缩小其与亚硒酸盐的吸收差异.小麦硒转移系数(TF值)随亚硒酸盐浓度的升高显著下降,降幅最高达35.3%,硫酸盐对其无显著影响;TF值随溶液中硒酸盐浓度的升高显著上升,最高增幅达53.8%,硫酸盐对其有显著促进作用.经亚硒酸盐处理后,无论施硫与否,小麦根部累积的硒均会随培养时间的延长显著向地上部运输;而经硒酸盐处理后,小麦根部累积的硒只在硫酸盐存在下才会随培养时间的延长显著运往地上部.富硒地区施用硫肥既可防止土壤硒的过度消耗,又可促进硒向可食部位的转移.     

石墨炉AAS法分析冬青科苦丁茶树系统中镉及其分布

采集海南大学苦丁茶种质资源库中6种冬青科(Ilex)苦丁茶树的根、茎、叶及对应土壤样品,通过试验研究,建立了高压密封消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定样品中镉的方法。对植物样和土壤样分别采用硝酸-双氧水和硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸混酸体系进行消解。以磷酸二氢铵作为基体改进剂,并开启氘灯校正背景,在优化的工作条件下测定样品中镉。该方法的检出限为0.300ng/mL,用于实验样品中镉的测定,其相对标准偏差RSD5%,加标回收率介于94%～108%之间。用该方法对茶叶(GBW10016)和土壤(GBW-07407)标准参考物中镉进行了测定,测定结果与标准值相符合,相对误差小于7%。冬青科苦丁茶树及其土壤中镉的分布具有特征性,主要表现为:土壤茶树,根际土壤非根际土壤,吸收根主根或茎,嫩叶老叶枯叶。     

镉在3种乔木中的积累及其亚细胞分布和化学形态研究

研究不同镉（Cd）浓度（0、25、50、100、200 mg·kg^-1）处理下,栾树（Koelreuteria paniculata）、臭椿（Ailanthus altissima）、银杏（Ginkgo biloba）3种乔木叶、枝、根中Cd的含量与积累特征,并分析Cd对其叶片超微结构的影响,探讨Cd在3种乔木叶片与根系中的亚细胞分布和化学形态特征.结果表明,3种乔木体内的Cd含量随着土壤Cd处理浓度的增加而增加,且主要积累在根部.栾树和臭椿各器官中的Cd含量显著高于银杏,表明栾树和臭椿对Cd的积累能力强于银杏.高浓度Cd处理下,栾树和臭椿叶片细胞结构损伤明显,细胞内出现大量黑色絮状物,且附着在细胞壁及细胞器的表面.而银杏叶片细胞无明显损伤特征,说明银杏对Cd的耐受性强于栾树和臭椿.3种乔木叶片中的Cd多存在于细胞壁或可溶性组分中,根系中的Cd多存在于细胞壁中,Cd在各组织的叶绿体、线粒体和细胞核等细胞器中分布较少.3种乔木叶片和根系中分别以移动性和毒性相对较低的HAc、NaCl提取态Cd分配比例最大.3种乔木各器官对Cd的积累能力与其叶片细胞中叶绿体与线粒体组分Cd占比有显著负相关关系,与叶片中HAc提取态Cd分配比例呈显著正相关性.     

水培条件下秋华柳对重金属Cd的富集特性及光合响应

采用水培试验的方法,研究了不同Cd胁迫浓度〔ρ(Cd2+)分别为0、1、5、10和20 mg/L〕下秋华柳的生长、光合耐性及其对Cd的富集特性和转移能力.结果表明:①随着Cd胁迫浓度的升高,秋华柳生长所受到的抑制程度有所增加.除20 mg/L处理组外,其余各处理组的耐性指数(TI)均大于70,表现出较高的耐性.②低Cd胁迫浓度(1 mg/L)下秋华柳具有较好的光合耐性,当Cd胁迫浓度达到20 mg/L时,秋华柳的光合系统才受到明显影响.③秋华柳对外源Cd的富集能力较强,随着Cd胁迫浓度的升高,秋华柳所积累的Cd显著增加且主要积累于根部,表现为叶<茎<根.当Cd胁迫浓度小于5 mg/L时,秋华柳根部吸收的Cd向地上部分转移的效果较好.试验显示,秋华柳对于较低Cd胁迫浓度(≤10 mg/L)具有较好的耐受性和富集能力,可用于三峡库区消落带表层土壤Cd污染严重区域进行植物修复.      

纳米TiO2在拟南芥中的富集、转运及对其生长和生理的影响

为了探讨纳米材料对植物的生理效应,以拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)作为受试生物,研究了纳米TiO_2在拟南芥中的富集、转运及对其生长和生理的影响.本研究将拟南芥分别暴露于浓度为0、0.05、0.1、0.5、1.0、1.5 mg·L-1的纳米TiO_2中,通过ICP-MS测定纳米TiO_2在根和叶中的生物积累量,并采用TEM技术观察纳米TiO_2转运至叶片后对叶绿体结构的影响.在处理0、7和14 d后,测定拟南芥生物量、根系活力、叶片相对电导率和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、活性氧自由基(ROS)等生长生理指标的变化.结果显示:拟南芥能吸收纳米TiO_2并向地上部转运,但转运系数较低;TEM切片观察到纳米TiO_2能进入拟南芥体内并造成叶绿体内囊体中质体小球数目增多、体积变大.与对照组相比,幼苗地上部生物量、叶片相对电导率、叶肉原生质体活力呈下降的趋势,地下部生物量及根系活力呈上升趋势;纳米TiO_2还可引起叶片及根部活性氧(ROS)含量的变化,进而导致MDA、SOD、GSH等抗氧化体系酶活性的应激变化,同时与根部相比,叶片引起的毒性效应更强.说明纳米TiO_2在拟南芥中富集并转运至地上部后,对拟南芥叶片的生长具有显著的抑制作用,诱导其产生氧化应激.同时,一定浓度的纳米TiO_2胁迫下,拟南芥根部与叶片对纳米TiO_2的响应不同,敏感度存在差异,叶生长受到抑制的同时却对根有促进作用.     

植物中锌同位素的研究进展

锌同位素是示踪植物中锌地球化学的重要手段,详细了解植物中锌同位素的分馏过程是探究其生物地球化学的关键。本文对目前研究程度较高的超富集植物、普通植物的锌同位素分馏成果进行了系统的总结,发现二者锌同位素分馏趋势基本一致,即相比于培养液或土壤的同位素组成,植物根部相对富集锌的重同位素,而植物地上部(如茎、叶等组织器官)相对富集锌的轻同位素。对于能够引起植物发生锌同位素分馏的因素归纳如下:(1)植物根部相对富集锌的重同位素,是土壤中锌的形态、根部对锌的吸收方式、细胞表面吸附共同作用的结果;(2)植物木质部对锌的向上运输,会随着传输距离的增加而使地上部组织器官相对富集锌的轻同位素;(3)大气沉降也可能导致叶片富集锌的轻同位素。     

土壤及果树中HCH和DDT残留及分布规律研究

采用索氏提取、弗罗里土固相微萃取小柱净化结合GC-ECD测定了苹果园土壤和果树样品中4种六六六(HCH)和4种滴滴涕(DDT)的残留量,并对果树的根、枝、叶中HCH和DDT的分布规律进行了研究。实验结果表明,土壤和果树样品中均有HCH和DDT检出。土壤样品中两类农药的含量分别在0.51～3.97ng/g和1.46～15.55ng/g之间,其中β-HCH是六六六残留的主体,滴滴涕类的含量以p,p'-DDT为最高,并且(DDE+DDD)/DDT<1表明近期果园中有新的DDT输入。果树样品中,HCH和DDT的残留量分别在0.22～2.01ng/g和0.38～6.08ng/g之间,都要低于相应土壤中有机氯农药的浓度。果树中总OCPs的含量在4.88～17.94ng/g之间,是土壤和大气中OCPs污染共同作用的结果。根部的OCPs的含量明显高于枝和叶,其分布规律为根>叶>枝,这主要取决于根、枝、叶各组织的结构以及农药的理化性质。     

土壤镉暴露对玉米和大豆的生态毒性评估

以中国东北黑土为培养基,通过室内急性毒性实验,采用Trimmed Spearman-Karber方法计算EC50值(半抑制浓度),并分析作物的生物累积系数(BAF),定量化评估了土壤中镉对玉米和大豆的生态毒性及生物有效性.测量终点为种子发芽率、根长和幼茎长.结果表明,土壤镉暴露给农作物带来一定的负生长效应.种子发芽率不是评估土壤镉生态毒性的敏感因子,根生长是敏感的毒性测量终点.镉在植株体内的累积及迁移与作物种类和土壤镉浓度有关.玉米植株体内累积了较大量的镉,而大豆植株体内镉由根向幼茎的迁移较为显著.     

A proteomic analysis of rice seedlings responding to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene stress

The proteomic analysis of rice （Oryza sativa L.） roots and leaves responding tol,2,4-trichlorobenzene （TCB） stress was carded out by two dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometric （MS）, and protein database analysis. The results showed that 5 mg/L TCB stress had a significant effect on global proteome in rice roots and leaves. The analysis of the category and function of TCB stress inducible proteins showed that different kinds of responses were produced in rice roots and leaves, when rice seedlings were exposed to 5 mg/L TCB stress. Most responses are essential for rice defending the damage of TCB stress. These responses include detoxication of toxic substances, expression of pathogenesis-related proteins, synthesis of cell wall substances and secondary compounds, regulation of protein and amino acid metabolism, activation of methionine salvage pathway, and also include osmotic regulation and phytohormone metabolism. Comparing the TCB stress inducible proteins between the two cultivars, the β-glucosidase and pathogenesis-related protein family 10 proteins were particularly induced by TCB stress in the roots of rice cultivar （Oryza sativa L.） Aizaizhan, and the glutathione S-transferase and aci-reductone dioxygenase 4 were induced in the roots of rice cultivar Shanyou 63. This may be one of the important mechanisms for Shanyou 63 having higher tolerance to TCB stress than Aizaizhan.     

产多胺细菌提高小麦Cd抗性和消减Cd吸收机制

为了探究重金属固定植物促生细菌强化作物消减对重金属的吸收及其机制,以产多胺细菌Enterobacter bugandensis YX6和小麦为研究对象,通过水培试验研究Cd胁迫下菌株YX6对小麦生长和Cd吸收以及Cd在小麦根系中亚细胞分布的影响,同时借助非标记蛋白质组学技术研究菌株YX6对小麦根系蛋白质表达的影响.结果表明,与单独3 mg·L^-1Cd处理相比,Cd胁迫下接种菌株YX6显著提高了小麦根（42.71%）和叶片（82.83%）的干重,显著降低了小麦根（48.56%）和叶（61.41%）中Cd的含量.同时,菌株YX6的接种显著提高了小麦根和叶中多胺的含量,进而增强了小麦对Cd的抗性.此外,YX6+Cd处理组中小麦根细胞器和可溶性部分中Cd的比例显著低于单独Cd处理中的比例,而细胞壁中Cd的比例则要高于单独Cd处理中的比例.非标记蛋白质组学显示,Cd胁迫下菌株YX6提高了小麦根系中与DNA修复（蛋白质-DNA复合物和DNA包装复合物）和激素（脱落酸和茉莉酸）合成相关蛋白质的表达,从而提高了小麦对Cd的抗性和消减Cd吸收.结果可为阐明产多胺细菌消减小麦Cd吸收的分子机制和保障小麦安全生产提供科学依据和技术途径.