复合纳米微粒修饰碳糊电极方波伏安法检测水中甲基对硫磷

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成纳米ZrO2,将其混合在石墨粉和碳纳米管（CNTs）中,利用硅油做粘合剂,制得一次性有机磷农药（OPs）检测碳糊电极（CNTs/ZrO2│CPE）,并对水中甲基对硫磷（MP）进行了检测.采用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线荧光光谱（XRFS）表征电极的制备过程,采用循环伏安（CV）法和方波伏安（SWV）法...     

模拟酸雨对龙眼叶绿体的伤害效应

龙眼叶绿体超氧化的歧化酶（SOD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（AsA-POD)活性，谷胱甘肽（GSH）和抗坏血酸含量（AsA)含量随酸雨的pH值下降而降低，膜脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）的含量则随酸雨的pH下降而增加。pH3.0的酸雨胁迫2h，SOD和AsA-POD活性，GSH和AsA含量有所增加，并随胁迫时间的延长而下降。pH3．5的酸雨处理使类整体膜崩解，叶绿体基粒片层结构混乱；pH3.0的酸雨处理的叶绿体片层结构伤害更为严重。图5图版2参21     

纳米TiO2混合晶体的制备及其光催化降解活性

以乙酸为水解抑制剂，采用sol-gel法制备纳米TiO2混合晶体催化剂，考察了抑制剂用量、煅烧温度、粒径等对催化性能的影响．结果表明，乙酸的用量影响催化剂的活性，当CH3COOH：Ti(OBu)4=0．8—1．0：1时效果较好；煅烧温度直接影响混合晶体的组成，580℃时锐钛矿／金红石=20．62，650℃时锐钛型／金红石=2．46，混合晶体具有较高的催化性能，粒径大小对TiO2的催化性能影响很大，粒子尺寸愈小，则比表面积愈大，电子．空穴愈难复合，有利于对活性艳红X-3B的降解．     

利用钢厂废物制备复合型无机高分子絮凝剂PAFC的研究

利用钢厂废物高炉瓦斯灰制备复合型无机高分子絮凝剂聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)，考察了最佳溶出条件和水解聚合条件．通过控制水解聚合温度、加碱量和水解聚合反应时间，探索出了较好的水解聚合条件，即反应温度100℃左右，反应时间3h，灰酸比1：3．制备的复合型无机高分子絮凝剂PAFC稳定性好．对高岭土废水的浊度去除率为99．36％．     

城市污水污泥与稻草、粉煤灰混合堆肥及其利用评价

利用城市污水污泥与稻草、粉煤灰混合进行堆肥，分析评价不同物料配比堆肥的物理化学性质变化及其农用价值，探讨了污肥绿化利用的土壤环境容量。结果表明：采用广州市大坦沙污水处理厂脱水污泥与稻草、粉煤灰按照4：1：0．6～1．2的比例（质量比）混合堆肥，60d后，堆肥的植物可利用的有效态养分提高，重金属含量比原污泥有较大幅度降低，粉煤灰对污肥中的重金属有一定的钝化作用，堆肥后的物质疏松，臭味消失；由最小限制因子重金属Cd决定的污肥年最大施用量（连续20a）为82．0t／hm^2（污肥B）和72．1t／hm^2（污肥C），由N决定的污肥年最大施用量分别为31．33t／hm^2（污肥B）和32．49t／hm^2（污肥C）。     

化学氧化法制备高铁酸钾循环生产可能性的试验

本文研究了回收利用湿法制备Ｋ２ＦｅＯ４晶体后的残留母液,制取次氯酸盐混合溶液,氧化Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）－→Ｆｅ（Ⅵ）的方法,探讨了混合次氯酸盐浓度、铁盐添加量、反应体系碱浓度等对高铁转化率的影响。     

太湖围湖利用及网围养殖的遥感调查与分析

利用多期Landsat TM、Landsat ETM^ 和航片从时间、空间和利用类型3个方面分析了太湖围湖利用、网围养殖的时空变化。结果表明：1984-2003年间太湖围湖利用面积为4．45km^2，与20世纪50年代至70年代中期相比，围湖利用规模较小、速度较慢，围湖利用的主要类型是鱼塘养殖，主要分布在苏州市；太湖网围养殖增长迅速，尤其是1995年以后，1990年太湖网围养殖面积13．17km^2，1995年为25．95km^2，2003年为107．72km^2，1995—2003年间网围养殖年增长速率是1990-1995年间年增长速率的4倍，太湖网围养殖主要分布在东太湖。     

Al（Ⅲ）与Fe（Ⅲ）溶液洪聚合研究

以ＡｌＣｌ３．６Ｈ２Ｏ和ＦｅＣｌ３．６Ｈ２Ｏ混合溶液通过滴加ＮａＯＨ溶液的方法制备了不同Ａｌ／Ｆｅ摩尔比，下同）和不同「ＯＨ」／「Ａｌ＋Ｆｅ」值的共聚物，测定了聚合过程和熟化过程中的ＰＨ值变化。并对不同碱化放熟化时间下的聚合物进行了混凝效能实验。     

技术转让：奠定可持续发展的基础

有很多有希望的技术可用于可持续发展，但技术转让需要谨慎计划．需要考虑的部分包括技术适用性；个人联系；足够的人员配备；参与；承诺时限与财力．许多观察家已经在谈论工业国家与发展中国家的发展方案之间日益增大的差距．对有效技术转让手段的需要比紧缩援助预算、扩大需要和调整国家重点的时间安排更加紧急．     

NKY功能化树脂静态吸附混合染料的研究

探讨了NKY功能化树脂对混合染料(活性艳蓝：KN-R和活性艳橙K-GN)的静态吸附行为．结果表明：NKY树脂吸附单组分染料的能力大于其对混合染料的吸附，而且对混合体系中的染料有一定的选择性，吸附KN-R的速率较大．从动力学研究来看，NKY对混合染料的吸附速率其决定步骤是液膜扩散．等温曲线的结果显示，NKY对混合染料中每种组分的吸附行为同吸附单组分体系的类似，同时，随温度的升高，吸附速率常数增大，标准自由能变的绝对值增大。     

型煤燃烧特性初探

本文使用热重分析仪对型煤的燃烧特性进行了初步探讨。煤灯样品在升温过程中,发生两次快速失重,对应的温度分别为Ｔ１和Ｔ２。由于制备型煤时,添加了无机粘结剂和无机固硫剂等无机物,导致制备型煤用的混合料的Ｔ１比原煤降低,而刷烈燃烧温度Ｔ２却比原煤升高。     

Marine bacterial fouling: A scanning electron microscope study

A range of substrates has been examined in order to determine the types of attachment mechanism employed by marine bacteria. Use of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) has also allowed an investigation of the initimate relationship between an antifouling paint matrix and its attached bacterial community. Plastic (Thermanox) and glass coverslips, together with Cu₂O-based and TPTF-based antifouling paints and their respective empty-matrix analogues have been used in this study. Observations over periods of up to 4 wk have shown that extensive bacterial communities can develop. A variety of bacteria have been found: cocci; various rods; stalked forms; and prosthecate types. These bacteria also exhibit a range of attachment mechanisms. Initial attachment is by simple stickiness of cell walls, flagella, pili (fimbriae) or stalks. This stickiness can be attributed to an actual adhesive, electrostatic forces, electrical double-layer phenomena or to London/van der Waals forces. Often, attachment is subsequently improved by the secretion of insoluble, high molecular weight, polysaccharidic material. This material is found in the form of strands, pads, sheets or capsules and acts to bridge the space between the cell wall and substrate or adjacent cells. Thus, stalked forms are found attached by basal pads of mucilage whilst cocci and rods are often found enmeshed in mucilage strands and sheets, but less often attached by pads and capsules. Initially, single bacterial cells attach and give rise to colonies by cell division. Continuing growth of adjacent colonies leads to the development of confluent films over the substrate surface. Further growth results in thickening until eventually the entire surface is coated with a dense community of mixed bacteria together with their adhesive mucilage. In the case of antifouling paints, the porous nature of the matrix allows invasion by bacteria and the possibility of pore blockage by adhesive polysaccharides. This problem is discussed with reference to the paint's loss of antifouling efficiency.     

Relationship between duration of cyprid attachment and drag forces associated with detachment ofBalanus amphitrite cyprids

Relationships between the duration of antennular attachment of cyprids ofBalanus amphitrite and forces associated with detachment were assessed in a small flume. For six of twelve sets of measurements obtained on separate dates between 27 January and 2 June 1989, drag forces associated with detachment were significantly and positively correlated with duration of attachment within the range 10⁰ to 10³ s. In general, the instantaneous drag force exerted on cyprids at detachment was more strongly correlated with duration of attachment than was either the maximum or mean force exerted prior to detachment. Our indirect method of estimating drag forces from shear velocities measured 0.5 cm from cyprids (i.e., 10 body lengths) probably underestimated the true association between detachment force and attachment time since the spatial coherence of shear velocities characterizing turbulent flows in the flume was not strong at these scales. The relationship between attachment time and drag force at detachment suggests that spatial and temporal variability in fluid forces in situ may contribute to stochastic variations in intensities of settlement ofB. amphitrite. Stresses sustained by the antennular adhesive of cyprids ofB. amphitrite were calculated to standardize forces to the area of antennular contact and permit comparisons with similar measurements made onSemibalanus balanoides by other investigators. Stresses sustained by the adhesive ofB. amphitrite were an order of magnitude lower than those reported for the adhesive of the larger cyprids ofS. balanoides. This difference may reflect differences in the stress sustainable by the adhesive secreted onto antennular pads when loaded purely in tension (measured previously) rather than in a combination of shear and tension (calculated here). Alternatively, there may be interspecific differences in the adhesive used for reversible attachment or in behavioral responses of exploring cyprids to strong flow.     

Attachment of the larva of the ascidian Diplosoma listerianum

Histological and ultrastructural studies of free-swimming and attached larvae of Diplosoma listerianum Milne Edwards indicate that initial attachment is by means of papillae, which secrete an adhesive substance. The source of the adhesive is the central mass cells of the papilla. These cells secrete large electron-dense granules, and also a mass of reticular material. The granules give rise to the adhesive seen in sections and scanning electron micrographs of attached larvae, although the reticular material may also contribute to the adhesive. Histochemical tests show that protein is present in the granules, together with a small amount of carbohydrate. The reticular material contains sulphated acid mucopolysaccharide.     

农药混配制剂环境风险评估现状与展望

本文综述了欧洲和美国农药混配制剂的环境风险评估方法。详细介绍了欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)评估体系中的2种方法,即,基础的"整体测试法"和近年来提倡的"基于组分的方法"。"基于组分的方法"的特点是以浓度加和模型(CA模型)作为默认假设进行初级评估,以独立作用模型(IA模型)等作为高级评估手段的农药混配制剂环境风险评估方法。此外,本文还介绍了模型偏差率(MDR)、毒性相似度及毒力单元(TU)等概念以及混配制剂风险评估流程。本文的目的旨在为建立我国农药混配制剂的环境风险评估方法体系提供参考。     

大气混杂污染物诱导8—羟基脱氧鸟苷的形成及机理

以DNA加合物8－羟基脱氧鸟苷（8－OHdG)作为DNA氧化损伤的生物学标志物，用高压液相色谱－电化学检测（HPLC－EC）法对大气混杂污染物染毒后的DNA中8－OHdG进行定量检测，通过气质联用法（GC－MS）进行有机成分分析和原子吸收法（AAS）对其进行无机元素分析，并从大混杂污染物化学组成成分的角度推理并证实了其造成DNA损伤的分子机理。     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

A framework for adapting survey design through time for wildlife population assessment

Sampling strategies for monitoring the status and trends in wildlife populations are often determined before the first survey is undertaken. However, there may be little information about the distribution of the population and so the sample design may be inefficient. Through time, as data are collected, more information about the distribution of animals in the survey region is obtained but it can be difficult to incorporate this information in the survey design. This paper introduces a framework for monitoring motile wildlife populations within which the design of future surveys can be adapted using data from past surveys whilst ensuring consistency in design-based estimates of status and trends through time. In each survey, part of the sample is selected from the previous survey sample using simple random sampling. The rest is selected with inclusion probability proportional to predicted abundance. Abundance is predicted using a model constructed from previous survey data and covariates for the whole survey region. Unbiased design-based estimators of status and trends and their variances are derived from two-phase sampling theory. Simulations over the short and long-term indicate that in general more precise estimates of status and trends are obtained using this mixed strategy than a strategy in which all of the sample is retained or all selected with probability proportional to predicted abundance. Furthermore the mixed strategy is robust to poor predictions of abundance. Estimates of status are more precise than those obtained from a rotating panel design.     

The Residence Time of Settling Particles in the Surface Mixed Layer

The transport from the upper mixed layer into the pycnocline of particles with negative buoyancy is considered. Assuming the hydrodynamic parameters to be time- independent, an adjoint model is resorted to that provides a general expression of the residence time in the mixed layer of the constituent under study. It is seen that the residence time decreases as the settling velocity increases or the diffusivity decreases. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the residence time must be larger than z/w and smaller than h/w, where z, h and w denote the distance to the pycnocline, the thickness of the mixed layer and the sinking velocity. In the vicinity of the pycnocline, the residence time is not necessarily zero; its behaviour critically depends on the eddy diffusivity profile in this region. Closed-form solutions are obtained for constant and quadratic diffusivity profiles, which allows for an analysis of the sensitivity of the residence time to the Peclet number. Finally, an approximate value is suggested of the depth-averaged value of the residence time.     

A fast antibiotic detection method for simplified pretreatment through spectra-based machine learning

• A spectral machine learning approach is proposed for predicting mixed antibiotic. • Pretreatment is far simpler than traditional detection methods. • Performance of the model is compared in different influencing factors. • Spectral machine learning is promising in the detection of complex substances. Antibiotics are widely used in medicine and animal husbandry. However, due to the resistance of antibiotics to degradation, large amounts of antibiotics enter the environment, posing a potential risk to the ecosystem and public health. Therefore, the detection of antibiotics in the environment is necessary. Nevertheless, conventional detection methods usually involve complex pretreatment techniques and expensive instrumentation, which impose considerable time and economic costs. In this paper, we proposed a method for the fast detection of mixed antibiotics based on simplified pretreatment using spectral machine learning. With the help of a modified spectrometer, a large number of characteristic images were generated to map antibiotic information. The relationship between characteristic images and antibiotic concentrations was established by machine learning model. The coefficient of determination and root mean squared error were used to evaluate the prediction performance of the machine learning model. The results show that a well-trained machine learning model can accurately predict multiple antibiotic concentrations simultaneously with almost no pretreatment. The results from this study have some referential value for promoting the development of environmental detection technologies and digital environmental management strategies.