大气颗粒物污染源的遗传算法解析模型

遗传算法是一种处理模型参数优化估计的通用方法。在构造了以大气颗粒物污染源的源系数作为参数的优化准则目标函数情况下，应用遗传算法优化模型参数，得到各污染源对于大气颗粒物的贡献率。将遗传算法用于重庆市春、夏、冬三季大气颗粒物的源解析结构与用化学质量平衡法的源解析结果进行了比较，两种源解析法获得的４种主要尘源在３个对大气颗粒物的贡献率大小排序基本一致。该方法用于大气颗粒物源解析简单、快速、方便、实用。     

湖泊沉积物－水界面的HCO_3~－地球化学研究

为了解沉积物－水界面作为水体ＨＣＯ_３~－的源还是汇，选择云南洱海和泸沽湖两个湖泊，通过界面精细剖面和平衡计算，揭示了ＨＣＯ_３~－在界面的地球化学行为。结果表明，界面作为ＨＣＯ_３~－的源，并非汇，通过沉积物和水相互作用可以影响上覆水体的酸碱平衡关系。     

燃烧源中可吸入颗粒物排放特征及测量方法的研究进展

介绍了大气中可吸入颗粒物的来源分析，并对工业燃烧源和小型燃烧源的排放因子、排放测量方面的研究进行了总结。最后进一步探讨了燃烧源中可吸入颗粒物的未来研究重点和研究方向。     

船舶大气污染排放的研究进展

船舶是大气污染的重要来源,其排放的NOx占化石燃料源的15%左右,SO2占人为源的4%~9%。国内外从3个方向开展对船舶大气污染的研究:(1)对大气气候影响;(2)源清单计算;(3)排放因子测量。船舶排放的多种污染物可改变空气质量;对大气辐射收支产生直接和间接影响;对海洋大气的成云效应产生影响。船舶源清单主要有2种计算方法:基于燃料消耗的方法,适用于长时间大尺度计算;基于船舶活动情况的方法,适用于高空间分辨率计算。排放因子测量有台架试验和空中烟羽测量2种方法:前者测量结果准确,条件设定自由;后者可行性高,并能提供颗粒物增长转化信息。国内研究尚处于起步阶段,需要建立完整的船舶排放清单,开展排放因子的测试和修正工作。     

开放源类物料中微粒子排放估算模型的建立

利用实验室微粒子控制模拟试验装置,采用开放源类粉体物料自由下落溢出随机粉尘的实验研究方法,研究了济南市开放源类粉体物料自由下落过程中微粒子排放规律;在一定动力因素条件下,探讨了物料种类、粒度组成,物料含水率,环境空气湿度,自由下落中质量流量等因素对物料排放率的影响;通过数学归纳和模型化处理,建立了开放源类粉体物料自由下落过程中大气微粒子排放估算的数学模型;通过对实验数据进行回归分析后认为,粒径、含水率是对排放率影响最大的因素,质量流量是对排放率影响最小的因素。经试验验证,计算值与试验值基本一致。所获结论,对开放源类物料在转运、装卸、堆放等操作过程中大气微粒子的排放估算和综合防治具有重要的参考价值。     

环境空气中大气颗粒物源解析的研究进展

介绍了国内外用于大气颗粒物源解析研究的受体模型的进展情况，对受体模型的研究体系，测量分析技术、研究方法作了详细阐述，并对源解析近期的研究热点及发展趋势作了评述。     

在线加湿条件下开放源类微粒子排放数学模型的建立

利用实验室微粒子控制模拟试验装置,采用粉体物料自由下落溢出随机粉尘的试验方法,研究了在线加湿条件下开放源类粉体物料自由下落过程中微粒子排放特性;在一定动力因素条件下,探讨了微粒子含量、质量流量、含水率、样品种类、空气相对湿度、加湿流量和加湿压力等因素对开放源物料中微粒子排放率的影响;通过数学归纳和模型化处理,建立了在线加湿条件下开放源类粉体物料自由下落过程中大气微粒子排放率的数学模型;并对所建立的数学模型进行了优化. 结果表明,模型计算值与试验值基本一致.      

大气颗粒物混合尘溯源解析新方法

针对采用化学质量平衡模型(CMB)进行大气颗粒物源解析时,混合尘源由于与单一尘源存在严重共线性而不能代入模型的问题,首先对混合尘进行源解析,根据解析结果将混合尘分拆为对应的单一尘源,然后与原有的单一尘源共同代入CMB进行源解析,提出了大气颗粒物混合尘溯源解析新方法.将混合尘溯源解析新方法应用于某市的大气颗粒物尘源解析,得到扬尘的贡献率为28.75%,较二重源解析技术的46.3%和二重源解析技术改进方法的38.38%都要低,表明新方法更好地解决了共线源代入CMB出现的问题.受体元素计算值与测量值的比值较二重源解析技术改进方法有更多元素接近1,表明新方法建立的模型更加合理.     

中国挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放源成分谱研究进展

我国VOCs排放来源多、排放成分复杂.排放源成分谱是识别VOCs排放源特征的基本信息,对开展我国大气复合污染研究及制定污染控制策略具有重要意义.本文在介绍排放源成分谱的测量方法和总结我国排放源成分谱测量结果的基础上,阐述了典型排放源VOCs成分谱组分特征.不完全燃烧产物(烯烃和醛酮类)是机动车尾气的重要组分,烯烃在我国油品挥发成分谱中的比例较高,含氧VOCs在溶剂使用源和燃烧排放源中不容忽视,化学组分复杂是工业排放的重要特征.文章还指出了源谱研究的不足之处,主要包括源谱采集与测试方法不规范、测量结果质量难以保证及评价、含氧VOCs组分关注不够、工业排放源成分谱缺失等.从源谱的测量方法、测量组分和数据后处理等方面进行规范化,继续加强机动车排放研究,开展石油化工等工业源谱测量,构建我国本地化VOCs源谱数据库将是今后重要研究工作.     

面源模式的通用算法探讨

提出了矩形面源扩散模拟计算的数值积分法和中心虚点源法,以及二者结合的综合法,并用算例进行了计算精度、计算速度和结果连续性的对比.结果表明:与传统的后置虚点源法及其改进算法——谷清经验法相比,该算法与理论真值的相对误差可从20%以上降低到3%以下,并且可以准确地反映风向和面源的形状,但在计算量上要增大十几倍到上百倍.对于任意不规则面源,提出了正方形分割算法,并对分割正方形的取舍采用简便的重心判断法,以准确方便地模拟其形状.综合运用笔者提出的适于机算的通用面源算法,对不同的计算任务权衡速度和精度采用合适的算法,可以处理各种气象条件下任意形状面源的扩散计算,并可取得理想的计算精度.      

云南蒙自县新建小区室内空气污染调查及防治措施探讨

对蒙自县新建小区11户33个点室内环境空气中的游离甲醛、氨、苯进行了监测，游离甲醛和苯均超过标准。对有害物质的来源、危害及防治进行了讨论。     

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen(NO_3-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated.During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO_3-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m~2·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24(mg/L)1/2/min,respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845,5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m~2 at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm~3 at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.     

Transport and deposition of indoor radon decay products—I. Model development and validation

Commonly used mathematical models of indoor radon decay product behavior are based on macroscopic mass-balances, often referred to as ‘uniformly-mixed models’. The uniformly-mixed model's applicability is limited by its inability to track the movement of pollutants from their sources to other areas within the enclosure, to permit spatial- or time-dependent sources, or to take proper account of interactions with macroscopic surfaces. Although the uniformly-mixed model parameterizes the deposition process as a constant volumetric removal rate, in reality the deposition process is actually a surface phenomenon and is strongly affected by environmental conditions.This paper describes the development of RADTRAN, a two-dimensional radon progeny transport model that begins with the differential conservation equations describing the motion of air and the transport of reactive pollutants, introduces appropriate boundary conditions to represent surface deposition, and then calculates the concentration distribution of radon progeny throughout the entire region of interest. Knowing the concentration gradient near the surface, a local mass-transfer coefficient (the deposition velocity) can be determined as a function of environmental conditions. RADTRAN simulations have been based on several flow conditions: buoyancy-driven recirculating enclosure flows, free and forced-convection boundary layer flows, and one-dimensional diffusion. Free progeny diffusivity, D^f, and attachment rate, X, were varied over representative ranges. For these conditions, RADTRAN calculated free deposition velocities of u^f = 0.014–0.079 cm s⁻¹, for ²¹⁸Po. RADTRAN predictions are compared to a range of experimental measurements. It was found that the predicted range of deposition velocities is in rough agreement with findings from experiments conducted in flow conditions similar to the simplified flows used in RADTRAN.     

道路沥青中长寿命自由基特征及二次生成

本研究运用电子顺磁共振波谱方法（EPR）发现道路沥青中含有大量的环境持久性自由基（EPFRs）,说明道路沥青可能是道路源大气颗粒物中EPFRs的重要来源途径.因此,进一步通过溶剂萃取从沥青中分离出不同极性组分,研究不同沥青组分中EPFRs的含量和种类分布特征,并且在这基础上探究道路沥青在光化学作用下二次生成EPFRs的潜能和特征.结果表明：沥青中含有的EPFRs类型是以碳原子为中心的自由基和以氧原子为中心的自由基混合存在（g=2.0032~2.0038）,主要可能是芳烃类自由基和半醌自由基.沥青中EPFRs主要存在于不可萃取组分和二氯甲烷可萃取组分中,推测沥青大多数的EPFRs可能源于沥青中的大分子芳香化合物和酚类组分.沥青在模拟太阳光照射后,可生成10%~20%的二次EPFRs,并且发现新生成的主要是以g因子较大的氧原子为中心的EPFRs.     

Dry deposition of atmospheric aerosols by dual tracer method — I. Area source

Aerosol deposition velocities can be estimated from measurements of the ratio of the concentration of a depositing species, such as Pb, to a non-depositing (conserved) species, such as CO, when both originate from the same source (dual tracer method). This method has been applied to size-segregated aerosol samples collected in Los Angeles, CA during the Southern California Air Quality Study, summer 1987. Lead size distributions were measured in ambient and tunnel samples using an eight-stage low pressure impactor. A new parameter, the fraction of aerosol remaining airborne, was directly determined. This fraction is of great importance receptor modelling. Dry deposition velocities calculated using a stirred atmosphere (box) model, varied over three orders of magnitude depending on particle size. The calculated deposition velocity for unit density particles > 0.5 μm, was approximately proportional to D_p² as expected for deposition by an interception mechanism (d_p = particle aerodynamic diameter).     

山东半岛南部近海表层沉积物中脂类生物标志物的组成及形态分析

分析了山东半岛南部近海表层沉积物中游离态和碱不稳定结合态脂类物质的组成,结果显示:脂肪酸呈现以16∶0为主峰的单峰形分布趋势,具明显偶碳优势,海源为其主要来源,脂肪酸主要以结合态形式存在,不同类别的脂肪酸形态分布略有差异,脂肪酸的结构和来源是影响脂肪酸形态分布的重要因素;同样以海源为主的甾醇则主要以游离态形式存在,但陆源甾醇的结合态比重相对较高;烷烃呈现以C29烷烃为主峰的单峰形分布趋势,陆源输入是其主要来源;烷烃主要以游离态形式存在,且UCM(不可分辨成分)峰仅出现在游离态烷烃的气相色谱图中。     

炼油厂碱渣的治理与综合利用

从武汉石化厂碱渣来源分析碱渣污染物特征和游离碱浓度，概述并浅析目前国内碱渣处理工艺，重点介绍我厂减渣治理中源头控制，分质处理，二次利用的环保效益和经济效益并重的工作思路及碱渣治理的实践。     

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated. During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO₃-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m²·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24 (mg/L)^1/2/min, respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845, 5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m² at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm³ at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.     

A balancing act: Optimizing free chlorine contact time to minimize iodo-DBPs, NDMA, and regulated DBPs in chloraminated drinking water

Many drinking water treatment plants in the U.S. have switched from chlorination to chloramination to lower levels of regulated trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water and meet the current regulations. However, chloramination can also produce other highly toxic/carcinogenic, unregulated DBPs: iodo-acids, iodo-THMs, and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). In practice, chloramines are generated by the addition of chlorine with ammonia, and plants use varying amounts of free chlorine contact time prior to ammonia addition to effectively kill pathogens and meet DBP regulations. However, iodo-DBPs and nitrosamines are generally not considered in this balancing of free chlorine contact time. The goal of our work was to determine whether an optimal free chlorine contact time could be established in which iodo-DBPs and NDMA could be minimized, while keeping regulated THMs and HAAs below their regulatory limits. The effect of free chlorine contact time was evaluated for the formation of six iodo-trihalomethanes (iodo-THMs), six iodo-acids, and NDMA during the chloramination of drinking water. Ten different free chlorine contact times were examined for two source waters with different dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and bromide/iodide. For the low DOC water at pH 7 and 8, an optimized free chlorine contact time of up to 1 h could control regulated THMs and HAAs, as well as iodo-DBPs and NDMA. For the high DOC water, a free chlorine contact time of 5 min could control iodo-DBPs and NDMA at both pHs, but the regulated DBPs could exceed the regulations at pH 7.     

大气中硫污染物的干沉降模式

建立了计算ＳＯ２和硫酸盐气溶胶干沉降速度的数值模拟,模式中考虑了气象条件,下垫面特征等因素对不同污染物干沉降速度的影响。并利用该模式计算了垫面上ＳＯ２和ＳＯ４＾２－的干沉降速度,其变化范围分别为０．２－１．０ｃｍ／ｓ和０．１－０．８ｃｍ／ｓ,与文献给出的结果对比表明,该模式散于计算硫污染物的干沉速度是可行的,最后给出了包括我国大部分地区白天和夜晚的硫污染物干沉降速度的区域分布。