北京市大兴县留民营村的庭院经济系统

采用典型定点法调查农户庭院经济系统，并对其进行能流和经济效益分析。结果表明，菜－鸡－猪－沼气结构的庭院经济系统能获得较好的效益。     

北京市大兴县留民营村的庭院经济系统

采用典型定点法调查农户庭院经济系统，并对其进行能流和经济效益分析，结果表明，菜－鸡－猪－沼气结构的庭院系统能获得较好的效益。     

土壤有机质对宁夏农业综合开发活动的响应

为深入分析宁夏农业综合开发活动对土壤有机质的影响,认识其对气候变化的适应意义,分别于北部平原灌区、中部干旱带和南部黄土丘陵区的3个农发项目典型示范点,选取典型用地、玉米地、未利用地3种土地利用类型,分析表层10～20 cm土壤有机质的变化规律。研究发现,生态区和土地利用类型是影响土壤有机质的重要因素,并存在极显著的交互作用。研究区土壤有机质在4.53～14.70 g·kg-1范围内变化,典型用地有显著改善,平均质量分数达10.40 g·kg-1。限定生态区条件下,北部平原灌区无论水稻还是玉米利用方式下,土壤有机质含量相对未利用地都出现显著提升,但是南部黄土丘陵区3种土地利用类型间并无显著差异,中部干旱带只有甘草地土壤有机质含量显著提升,幅度高达145%。限定土地利用类型条件下,3个生态区间典型用地土壤有机质出现显著差异,但是北部平原灌区和南部黄土丘陵区间未利用地以及玉米地表层土壤有机质差异并不显著。研究区农业综合开发活动对土壤有机质储存的作用以正效应为主,但是不同农业土地利用类型在不同生态区对土壤有机质的作用不尽相同。宁夏农业综合开发活动需要综合考虑生态区水土资源特征,选取适宜的农业土地利用类型,有效提升土壤有机质含量,积极应对气候变化。     

东江源头区"猪-沼-果-鱼"生态农业模式关键技术与面源污染控制分析

以江西省定南县龙塘镇杏林农庄"猪-沼-果-鱼"生态农业模式为例,系统研究了该模式的关键技术与农业面源污染控制效果.杏林农庄内实施山顶种植水土涵养林,山腰开梯田种脐橙,园间栽培生草,山脚保留防护植被带,山脚建造养猪场和沼气池,沼气池下游建有多级鱼塘,已形成较典型的"养猪一沼气一果树一养鱼"四位一体的物质循环和能量梯级利用的综合生态农业模式.分析认为该模式的推广应用有助于有效控制农业面源污染,防止东江源头区水质恶化,具有良好的经济、社会和生态效益.     

沼气发酵在复合农业生态系统中的作用

沼气发酵系统是复合农业生态系统中物质循环和能量转化的枢纽。它以农业有机废弃物为原料，经厌氧消化，生产出高效、洁净、多用途的燃料、饲料和肥料。本文论说了开展沼气发酵对保护农村生态环境。促进生态农业发展所具有的重要意义，提出了目前我国沼气发展过程中存在的一些问题和今后应采取的措施。     

沼气发酵在复合农业生态系统中的作用

沼气发酵系统是复合农业生态系统中物质循环和能量转化的枢纽。它以农业有机废弃物为原料，经厌氧消化，生产出高效、洁净、多用途的燃料、饲料和肥料。本文论说了开展沼气发酵对保护农村生态环境、促进生态农业发展所具有的重要意义，提出了上前我国沼气发展过程中存在的一些问题和今后应采取的措施。     

生态认知、外部环境对稻虾共作模式农户农资投入减量化行为的影响：基于江苏省589个农户的调研数据

作为当前我国稻作地区农户广泛采纳的生态农业模式之一,水稻-小龙虾(稻虾)共作模式中农户农资投入减量化行为及其影响因素的研究对农田资源高效利用和农业可持续发展具有重要意义。以江苏省3市589个采用稻虾共作模式的农户为样本,基于农户行为选择理论和结构方程模型,分析稻虾共作模式中农户农资(化肥、农药和饲料)投入减量化行为及其关键影响因素。结果表明,在稻虾共作模式中,大部分农户倾向于减少化肥、农药和饲料的投入;农户对稻虾共作模式的认知和外部环境对农户农资投入减量化行为有显著正向影响,且对稻虾共作模式认知的影响程度大于外部环境;农户对稻虾共作模式能否减少农资投入的认知、对过量农资投入会污染环境的认知、农技部门指导、农业保险、农业补贴及邻里效应等因素对农户农资投入减量化行为均有显著影响。最后提出应提高农户的综合资本禀赋、加强农技部门指导和培训、完善扶持政策和奖惩机制、做大做强稻虾公用品牌等政策建议。     

现代农业快速发展背景下的农业生产废弃物管理对策探析——政府与农户的动态博弈

随着农业集约化、规模化发展,农业生产废弃物的管理问题凸显。循环农业、低碳农业的发展,在一定程度上激励了农户对农业生产废弃物资源化管理,取得了一定的成绩,但是也存在一定的问题,严重制约了农业生产废弃物资源化管理。文章通过构建政府与农户的动态博弈模型,分析补贴政策对农户提高农业生产废弃物资源化管理效率的作用,并基于政府与农户的动态博弈分析提出了促进农业生产废弃物管理效率提升及其可持续发展的建议,即：（1）根据不同的资源化管理方式的差异制定并实施差别补贴政策;（2）实行区域差别补贴标准;（3）延长补贴期限,实行分年度对农户进行不同数量的补贴;（4）培养农户管理意识,加强农户技能培训。     

发展农村沼气建设生态家园

以沼气建设为核心的“猪沼果”等生态家园技术模式的推广，在实施农业可持续发展战略中发挥了越来越重要的作用。这种模式，在促进农业结构调整、增加农民收入的同时，能保护和改善生态环境、高效利用资源、提高农产品的质量安全和改善农村环境卫生，从而实现家居温暖清洁化、庭院经济高效化和农业生产无害化的生态家园富民目标。     

我国东南丘陵区化肥和农药污染状况分析

过分省和典型地区化肥和农药使用情况对比,结合实地调查采样分析的研究方法,从不同尺度上分析了我国东南丘陵区化肥、农药扩散污染的状况及其发展趋势。结果表明,浙江、广东和福建３省化肥和农药施用量较高,引起的扩散污染也较为严重;广西、湖南、海南和江西４省化肥和农药的施用量还不高,但近期有迅猛上升的势头。     

陕西省淳化县农户生活垃圾处理方案的比选与分析

通过问卷调查和现场勘查对陕西省淳化县农村生活垃圾污染及处理现状进行分析,采用层次分析法对户用沼气池、户用堆肥池和小型焚烧炉3种主要处理方案进行经济效益、能源效益和资源环境效益的综合评价,结果表明户用沼气池的综合效益最高.选用成本效益分析、财务现金流分析和敏感度分析方法着重对户用沼气池推广的优势因素和限制因素进一步分析,结果表明,当农户有足够的资金、土地资本和垃圾产量时,应采用沼气池,同时应重视对沼气建设技术人员和维护管理沼气池农户的技术培训,以求保证建池质量;当农户资金、土地资本和垃圾产量有限时,也可以采用户用堆肥池,同时要注意堆肥池规格的设计,以求达到最高的综合效益.     

福州市郊泉头村沼气生态工程建设及其效益分析

应用生态学和系统论的原理，把可利用的生物物质通过沼气厌氧发酵形成良性生态循环系统。这样既解决了农村能源，保护了森林资源和植被，又解决了环境保护等问题。同时，把种植业和养殖业有机地结合起来，取得了综合效益。福州市郊泉头村生态工程建设从１９８６年起经过８年的试点，采用了沼气多级发酵工艺，成功地建造了沼气生态系统工程，促进了生产的发展，１９９３年产值达６８００万元，人均产值９３４００元，成为福州市重点商品猪基地之一和菜篮子工程项目。     

常熟地区农户庭院植物多样性与配置模式

选择常熟地区代表性乡村,对农户庭院植物多样性和配置模式进行研究,分析其植物物种组成和多样性,并利用TW INSPAN分类方法,研究了庭院植物配置类型与模式。结果表明:在对281个户级庭院调查中,170户庭院中栽种植物,111户庭院中无任何绿化,共栽种植物151种(含变种、栽培品种),隶属58科116属;庭院植物配置可划分为4种庭院类型和10种配置模式;植物的层次结构对于多样性指数影响较大,植物配置模式的结构越丰富、复杂,其物种多样性指数越高。认为观赏性植物成为庭院的主体植物,观赏功能成为庭院植物的主要功能;庭院内有效绿化面积不足,单位面积植物生态效益较低;乡土植物景观建设与物种多样性保护有待于进一步加强。     

Urban ecological security assessment and forecasting,based on a cellular automata model: A case study of Guangzhou,China

Forecasting changes in urban ecological security could be important for the maintenance or improvement of the urban ecological environment. However, there are few references in this field and no landmark research work has been reported, particularly quantitative research. A forecasting model for ecological security based on cellular automata (CA) was developed using preliminary spatial data from an ecological security assessment of Guangzhou conducted previously (1990–2005). The model was constrained using transformation rules based upon proposed planning for 2010–2020. A simulation accuracy of 72.09% was acquired. Using a one-bit assessment grid for 2005 as the starting state for the simulation, the model was used to forecast ecological security for 2020. This revealed that although the ecological security status would be improved relative to current trends, there would still be an overall decline in ecological security over the next 15 years. Even if new urban plans were implemented, landscape pattern analysis suggested a more scattered and homogenous distribution in the urban landscape of Guangzhou and significant variation in landscape characteristics among districts. This suggests that further measures must be adopted to reverse the current trends in Guangzhou's ecological security. The model highlights the need to make ecological protection an integral part of urban planning. This study demonstrates the potential of CA models for forecasting ecological security. Such models could make an important contribution to decision-making for regional governors and to the development of urban planning incorporating assessment and prediction of ecological security.     

基于CVM方法分析牧民对禁牧政策的受偿意愿——以锡林郭勒草原为例

确定居民对生态措施实施的受偿意愿,对目前迫切需要的生态补偿政策制定以及生态恢复和保护的有效性具有重要的现实意义。选用锡林郭勒草原为案例区域,通过入户调查及在那达慕大会集中调查相结合的方式,调查锡林郭勒草原地区牧民对禁牧措施的态度和受偿意愿。分析结果显示:53%的牧民愿意参加禁牧,而不愿意参加禁牧主要是由于补偿标准不合理引起的。计量经济学模型分析表明,牧民对禁牧的支持态度与牧民的收入和草地面积呈正相关,与养羊数量呈负相关。牧民的受偿意愿由牧民养羊数量、受教育年限、草地现状以及对禁牧政策的支持程度决定。根据意愿调查法初步估算锡林郭勒草原地区禁牧措施实施后牧民的补偿意愿,牧民家庭对禁牧政策的平均受偿意愿为每年每户2.7717万元,人均受偿意愿为8399元,平均每1hm2草地受偿意愿为85.95元。     

Influence of H2S and NH3 on biogas dry reforming using Ni catalyst: a study on single and synergetic effect

● NH₃ in biogas had a slight inhibitory effect on dry reforming. ● Coexistence of H₂S and NH₃ led to faster decline of biogas conversion. ● Regeneration was effective for catalysts deactivated under synergetic effect. Biogas is a renewable biomass energy source mainly composed of CH₄ and CO₂. Dry reforming is a promising technology for the high-value utilization of biogas. Some impurity gases in biogas can not be completely removed after pretreatment, which may affect the performance of dry reforming. In this study, the influence of typical impurities H₂S and NH₃ on dry reforming was studied using Ni/MgO catalyst. The results showed that low concentration of H₂S in biogas could cause serious deactivation of catalyst. Characterization results including EDS, XPS and TOF-SIMS confirmed the adsorption of sulfur on the catalyst surface, which was the cause of catalyst poisoning. We used air calcination method to regenerate the sulfur-poisoned catalysts and found that the regeneration temperature higher than 500 °C could help catalyst recover the original activity. NH₃ in the concentration range of 50–10000 ppm showed a slight inhibitory effect on biogas dry reforming. The decline rate of biogas conversion efficiency increased with the increase of NH₃ concentration. This was related to the reduction of oxygen activity on catalyst surface caused by NH₃. The synergetic effect of H₂S and NH₃ in biogas was investigated. The results showed that biogas conversion decreased faster under the coexistence of H₂S and NH₃ than under the effect of H₂S alone, so as the surface oxygen activity of catalyst. Air calcination regeneration could also recover the activity of the deactivated catalyst under the synergetic effect of H₂S and NH₃.     

五里塘生态农场有机废弃物的资源化生态工艺

上海市松江县五里塘生态农场以沼气工程、氧化沟和鱼塘围网养鸭为主的生态工程,有效地利用了农场产生的大量禽畜粪便并解决了沼液,沼渣的二次污染问题;在沼气池上建玻璃温室保温,使沼气池能正常越冬从而得以周年运转.生态工程的建立,取得了良好的经济、生态和环境效益.     

Analysis of household energy consumption and related CO2 emissions in the disregarded villages of Lijiang City,China

Energy is one of the most important elements required for poverty alleviation and socioeconomic development, and it has a particularly strong impact on households in rural areas. An extensive survey on household energy consumption patterns that interrelates socioeconomic and demographic factors was conducted in the disregarded villages of Lijiang City by using the stratified random sampling technique for 120 households. This study focuses on household energy consumption and the related carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in the study area. Firewood, biogas, and electricity were identified as the main energy sources of the rural households. This study demonstrates that 100% of the households use firewood, 52% use biogas, and 95% use electricity as fuel types. On average, each household consumed 1752 kg of firewood, 280 m³ of biogas, and 392 kWh of electricity annually. All households generated an annual average amount of CO₂ emissions of 3851 kg, of which 85.08% come from firewood, 7.66% from biogas, and 7.26% from electricity. Family size, income, and educational level were found to be the major factors that influence CO₂ emissions. The results of this study may be useful in explaining the energy consumption characteristics in the rural areas of Lijiang City and are expected to be useful in policy formulation for energy consumption and environmental protection.     

典型化学污染物在环境中的变化及生态效应——国家自然科学基金“八·五”重大项目介绍

国家自然科学基金“八·五”重大项目——“典型化学污染物在环境中的变化及生态效应”已被批准立项,并将于1992—1995年内付诸实施。本项目研究内容涉及典型化学污染物在环境中迁移、转化及降解的化学过程;在多介质环境中的循环过程及模型;生态毒理学效应;对生态系统结构与功能的影响和预测;以及生态调控对策等五个课题。它是一项涉及环境化学、环境生态学和环境预防医学的多学科交叉的综合性研究项目。此项目科学意义重大,不仅是因为它与我国国民经济、生态环境和人体健康有着密切的关系,而且还因为它的研究将促进我国有关环境科学领域的基础和应用基础理论研究提高到一个新的水平。此外,它将为污染物的环境化学行为及生态效应的多学科,综合性研究积累方法学经验,从而为我国环保工作做出贡献。