稻田土壤呼吸及酶活性对不同秸秆还田方式的响应

为了解秸秆还田通过改变土壤酶活性影响稻田土壤二氧化碳排放的过程,通过大田试验分析小麦和油菜秸秆翻埋还田(W1,R1)、覆盖还田(W2,R2)以及不还田(CK)处理下土壤呼吸和酶活性的变化及其对不同秸秆还田方式的响应.结果表明:(1)不同秸秆还田方式下土壤呼吸均表现为双峰值,峰值分别出现在6月(208.3±6.1 mL/kg)和9月(106.2±13.5 mL/kg).除油菜秸秆翻埋还田外,其他秸秆还田方式均增加了土壤呼吸作用.(2)土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶对不同秸秆还田方式响应各异.不同秸秆还田方式下土壤脲酶活性变化较小,没有表现出显著差异性.由此表明,不同秸秆还田对氮相关酶活性及氮素转化影响较小.而蔗糖酶在不同秸秆还田方式下差异较大.(3)蔗糖酶与土壤呼吸存在显著正相关关系(P0.05).上述结果表明蔗糖酶对秸秆还田较为敏感,可较好地表征秸秆还田过程中土壤呼吸变化状况,可为稻田营养循环利用提供有效依据.     

秸秆还田少免耕对冲积土微生物多样性及微生物碳氮的影响

土壤微生物是耕地质量的重要指标,为阐明秸秆还田少免耕对土壤质量的影响及其机理,在成都平原(温江)冲积水稻土区,开展了水稻–小麦/油菜轮作秸秆还田培肥定位试验(2003～2008年),在小麦生长季节,系统研究了土壤耕层微生物数量和微生物生物量的变化特征.结果表明,秸秆还田翻耕与秸秆还田免耕的土壤耕层微生物总量分别增加了51.7%、12.8%,土壤微生物数量增加主要来自土壤细菌数量的增加;从小麦全生育期看,在小麦分蘖期的增加幅度高于小麦播种期和小麦收获后,有利于促进小麦养分吸收与生长发育.秸秆还田少免耕显著增加了微生物生物量,秸秆还田翻耕和秸秆还田免耕处理土壤微生物碳总量分别比对照提高74.1%、25.8%,土壤微生物氮分别提高60.2%和12.1%.秸秆还田循环利用显著增加了土壤微生物数量和生物量,有利于土壤养分循环与转化,有利于提高土壤有机质含量并改善有机质质量,是耕地质量建设的重要途径.     

秸秆还田条件下农田系统碳循环研究进展

秸秆还田是农田生态系统的固碳减排的一种措施,现已成为国内外学者研究的热点。本文在分析农田系统碳循环流通的基础上,将系统划分为土壤、植物和大气3个子系统,对秸秆还田条件下各个子系统中碳的流动变化情况进行讨论。在土壤子系统中,秸秆还田对土壤有机碳（SOC）、土壤矿化碳、土壤微生物碳（MBC）的变化都有作用。秸秆还田的初期可能会降低微生物利用碳源的能力,影响群落物种分布的均匀度,致使作物对碳、氮利用率下降;然而,长期的效应仍会增加土壤微生物的多样性和活性。研究亦认为秸秆还田特别是与有机肥配合使用,能够提高土壤有机碳的含量;对土壤有机碳矿化具有明显促进作用,但是对土壤原有的有机碳矿化影响尚不清楚。秸秆还田在植物子系统中的影响主要集中在植物光合碳变化。已有的研究表明秸秆还田对作物光合作用的影响表现为正效应;然而根际碳流通的变化尚不清楚。在大气子系统中,秸秆还田能够增强旱地耕作土壤的呼吸作用,促进CO2的排放;而淹水条件下,秸秆还田使土壤有机碳矿化受到了明显抑制,对CO2没有明显影响。与此类似,淹水条件促进CH4排放,排水良好可以减少CH4的释放。事实上对CH4的排放而言,水份的影响可能比秸秆还田所产生的影响更大。笔者认为秸秆还田后土壤有机碳流通变化机理,及根际碳的流通变化影响仍有待进一步解析。其次,农业机械使用所产生的 CO2气体在研究秸秆还田模式时也应被考虑在内。除此之外,秸秆还田这种减排措施（CO2）的减排潜力、适宜应用的区域、可能的协同作用和一些限制及不利因素还没有得到确切的评估,实施过程中应考虑社会和经济层面上的因素。     

绿色化生产技术采纳:家庭经济水平能唤醒农户生态自觉性吗?

绿色化生产作为农业可持续发展的主要方式,不但为政府所提倡,更是农业发展的未来导向,农户是否自觉采用绿色化生产技术关乎未来农业可持续发展的进展情况。利用山东、湖北两省的农户调查数据和全国合作社调查数据,分析了家庭经济水平对农户自觉采用绿色化生产技术的影响。结果表明:家庭经济水平是制约农户自觉采用绿色化生产技术的重要因素,提高农户的家庭经济水平有利于增强农户实施秸秆还田和减少普通农药施用的生态自觉性。然而,农户减少普通化肥施用的生态自觉性普遍较低,改变农户的传统观念,提高其生态自觉性,促使农户合理施用化肥尤为重要。同时,务农年限、绿色认知、种植面积、家庭总人口、技术指导和地域差异也会影响农户绿色化生产技术采纳的生态自觉性。对此,政府应着力于农户收入多元化发展,努力提高其家庭经济水平,在此基础上积极培育新型职业农民,因地制宜加大新型实用农机研发力度,以此促进农户生态自觉性的养成与提高。     

秸秆还田和免耕对水稻土微形态特征的影响

在四川盆地的平原区和丘陵区,通过4年8作的田间定位试验,研究了秸秆还田免耕和翻耕两种方式对土壤的微形态特征的影响,这对了解秸秆还田对土壤特性演化及生态环境的影响有重要意义.分别采制各处理的0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层的原状土样,制取土壤薄片,进行土壤微形态学比较研究.结果表明:两个试验区秸秆还田翻耕与免耕处理后,在土壤基本组成成分、形成物、土壤粗粒质和细粒质、土壤垒结及微结构等微形态特征方面均有一定的特点和明显变化.从这些土壤微形态特征得知,秸秆还田形成了良好的微结构趋势,促进了有机质腐殖化,能显著改善土壤的理化特性.     

秸秆还田下改良剂对水稻生长和Cd吸收积累的影响

土壤中的镉（Cd）易在水稻中积累而威胁人体健康,秸秆还田下不同化学改良剂对水稻Cd 吸收累积特性的影响效应值得关注.选取成都平原德阳市旌阳区Cd 污染稻田为研究对象,开展小区试验,研究秸秆（油菜、小麦）直接还田下添加石灰、钙镁磷肥、海泡石3 种改良剂对水稻生长和Cd 吸收累积的影响.结果表明：与对照相比,油菜秸秆＋钙镁磷肥和小麦秸秆＋海泡石处理均能增加水稻株高、分蘖数和产量,其中产量提高了6.34%和12.64%,达显著水平（P〈0.05）.秸秆还田下,配施改良剂（石灰、钙镁磷肥、海泡石）均能显著降低（P〈0.05）水稻糙米Cd 含量,较对照降幅分别为21.65%-36.75%（油菜秸秆还田）和21.11%-33.87%（小麦秸秆还田）.油菜秸秆＋改良剂（石灰、钙镁磷肥、海泡石）促进了土壤Cd 向茎叶的累积,较对照增加1.31-2.41 倍,这对水稻秸秆（茎叶）还田利用有不利影响.小麦秸秆＋石灰或海泡石处理均显著降低了茎秆、谷壳Cd 积累,较对照降幅为6.28%-19.63%和70.16%-78.68%.综合水稻产量及其对土壤Cd 吸收累积效应,油菜秸秆配合改良剂（海泡石、石灰和钙镁磷肥）、小麦秸秆＋海泡石是较为理想的秸秆还田与改良剂配合处理技术.     

小麦秸秆不同还田方式下土壤微生物碳代谢多样性特征

秸秆还田是影响稻田土壤固碳潜力的重要措施,研究秸秆不同还田方式下土壤微生物碳源代谢特征对提高农作物秸秆利用和增加土壤碳固定具有重要意义,为此采用自动微生物鉴定系统(Biolog-ECO)研究在短期耕作条件下小麦秸秆不同还田方式对稻田耕层土壤微生物群落结构和多样性的影响。以江苏省六合区黄棕壤为研究对象,对等氮量秸秆发酵床垫料化还田(SP)、秸秆炭化(补施化肥)还田(BR)、秸秆+猪粪发酵还田(OF)、传统施用化肥(CF)和不施肥(CK)对照处理土壤进行分层采样,采用Biolog-ECO方法揭示微生物群落结构的多样性,并采用主成分分析法(PCA)探讨土壤微生物群落结构的变化特征。结果表明,不同秸秆还田方式能显著影响土壤微生物碳代谢特征,OF处理土壤微生物碳代谢能力、微生物多样性各项指数及糖类、氨基酸、胺类和多聚物利用率明显高于其他处理;而SP处理土壤微生物的影响明显小于OF、BR处理;不同秸秆还田方式能显著影响土壤表层(0~5 cm)和耕作亚表层(5~10 cm)微生物碳利用,而对耕作底层(10~20 cm)的影响较小;不同秸秆还田方式影响土壤微生物多样性,与CF和BR处理相比,OF和SP处理增加了土壤微生物多样性。认为OF和BR处理可在短期内显著提高土壤微生物碳代谢多样性和对碳源的利用。     

不同秸秆还田量对华北小麦—玉米体系土壤中小型节肢动物的影响

为了解华北潮土区不同量秸秆长期还田对土壤中小型节肢动物的影响,在农业农村部环境保护科研监测所武清农业生态试验站调查了冬小麦和夏玉米秸秆不还田(对照,S0)、秸秆25%还田(S25)、秸秆50%还田(S50)、秸秆75%还田(S75)和秸秆100%还田(S100)等处理定位试验的土壤中小型节肢动物群落变化.共鉴定出玉米田中小型土壤动物2 394个,隶属于7纲6目47科.等节跳科(Isotomidae)、棘跳科(Onychiuridae)为优势类群.常见类群为18个,稀有类群27个,分别占采集总数的64.83%和5.97%.与对照相比,秸秆还田降低了土壤动物类群,且类群数随还田量的增加呈下降趋势.但秸秆还田对土壤动物数量无显著性影响(P 0.05).秸秆还田能增加土壤0-10 cm土层动物多样性指数H、均匀性指数J和丰富度指数D.上述结果表明,土壤中小型节肢动物群落组成与秸秆还田相关,秸秆连续还田对表层(0-10 cm)土壤动物有促进作用,有利于其群落稳定.     

长期施肥对双季稻田根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

微生物群落功能多样性是表征土壤质量变化的敏感指标,施肥措施可对土壤微生物群落功能多样性产生明显的影响。以位于双季稻主产区湖南省宁乡县国家级稻田肥力长期定位试验田为研究对象,应用Biolog技术分析了不同施肥处理(化肥、秸秆还田+化肥、30%有机肥、60%有机肥、无肥对照)对双季稻田根际土壤微生物功能多样性的影响,从根际土壤微生物功能多样性的角度评价施肥对土壤质量的影响。研究结果表明,有机肥与化肥配施以及单施化肥处理水稻根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用程度均显著高于其他处理,而秸秆还田处理水稻根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用程度低于无肥处理。在早稻和晚稻成熟期,Mc Intosh指数均以60%有机肥和30%有机肥处理为最高,其次为施用化肥和无肥处理,秸秆还田处理最低;Richness和Shannon指数大小顺序均表现为60%有机肥30%有机肥秸秆还田无肥化肥。土壤微生物碳源利用的主成分分析表明,各施肥处理水稻根际土壤微生物群落利用的主要碳源为氨基酸类和糖类,但不同施肥处理间碳源利用类型存在较大差异。总的来说,不同的施肥处理对水稻根际土壤微生物功能多样性产生了不同影响,长期有机肥配施化肥有利于维持稻田根际土壤微生物群落多样性。     

华北潮土线虫群落对玉米秸秆长期还田的响应

为研究华北潮土区玉米秸秆长期还田对土壤线虫群落的影响,2010年开始在农业部环境保护科研监测所武清试验站进行秸秆长期还田定位试验,设置C0(玉米秸秆不还田)、C1(玉米秸秆25%还田)、C2(玉米秸秆50%还田)、C3(玉米秸秆75%还田)及C4(玉米秸秆100%还田)共5个处理,分别于2015年7月、8月和9月采集土壤样品,采用浅盆法分离土壤线虫,分析土壤线虫群落对长期秸秆还田的响应。结果表明:5个处理土壤线虫密度范围为223~1 470ind·100g~-1,表现为C3C2C1C4C0,且C3处理的相对密度显著提高了51.44%。所获得的土壤线虫隶属于32个属,其中C0、C1、C2、C3和C4处理分别鉴定得到21个属、30个属、25个属、24个属和22个属。秸秆还田提高了土壤线虫总数量、食细菌性线虫数量和杂食-捕食性线虫数量,但不随秸秆还田量增加而增加,差异不显著;同时秸秆还田提高了线虫的H指数、J指数、NCR指数和WI指数,降低了PPI指数。总体上,与对照相比,秸秆还田增加了线虫数量,提高了线虫属丰度及各营养类群生态指数(PPI除外)。另外,该研究发现不同秸秆还田量之间线虫数量、组成、群落结构均无显著性差异。可见,秸秆还田在一定程度上能够增加线虫数量及提高种类多样性,并通过增强线虫食物网的稳定性以降低受干扰程度,但秸秆还田量对土壤线虫群落结构无显著性影响。     

Assessing the potential of crop residue recycling in China and technology options based on a bottom-up model

Crop residues are an important biomass, and are significant in the sustainable development of China. This paper uses the Grey-Markov modeling approach, the cost-benefit analysis method, and the constraint optimiza- tion method to establish the potential of crop residue recycling in China （CRRC） using a bottom-up analysis. Taking 2010 as the baseline year, the CRRC model is used to determine the quantity trends of crop residue resources, simulating the recycling potential and selecting key crop residue recycling technologies for operation between 2010 and 2030. The results illustrate that the total residue output from different crops will gradually increase to 1062 million tons in 2030. The proportion of crop residue for field burning is expected to decrease as a result of guidance and support from the government. Market mechanisms are also improving the development of the crop residue recycling industry. The economic benefit of crop residue recycling is expected to be worth 132 billion CNY in 2030 according to technology structure options. Key crop residue recycling technologies preferred such as liquefaction, amination, silo, co-firing straw power and composting will account for more than 85% of the total benefits.     

Livestock carrying capacity evaluation in an integrated farming system: A case study from the mid-hills of Nepal

The crop livestock integrated farming system practiced in hilly regions of developing countries largely depends on the ecosystem as a whole. More especifically, the livestock component of the farming system relies heavily on natural resources such as forest, grazing and agricultural land for the supply of feed and fodder. The importance of animals as agents of nutrient recycling, sources of rural energy in terms of draft power and fuel, as well as being major contributors to the farm economy, has resulted in an increased population of ruminants in these regions, creating a threat to the sustainability and productivity of these land resources. This paper is an attempt to evaluate the livestock carrying capacity of land resources and to formulate the optimum herd size compatible with the differently resourced farm categories within the sub-watershed region of the mid-hills in Nepal. Our analysis reveals that the livestock carrying capacity of the land resources at the watershed level is 11696 Livestock Units (LU), whereas current stocking is 12985 LU, suggesting an overstocking of 1289 LU at the watershed level. Total feed supply from different sources is 12668 mt/yr whereas current Total Digestive Nutrient (TDN) demand is 14060 mt/yr, a negative balance of 1393 mt/yr. The excess livestock at the sub-watershed level directly implies excess livestock holding, producing a poor nutritional status for the farm household. Linear programming analysis reveals that the farmers of large, medium and small category farms can optimize their livestock holding by a combination of 3 LU buffaloes and 4 LU goats, 2 LU buffaloes and 4 LU goats and 1 LU buffaloes and 4.4 LU goats, thus giving maximum return to the farm family without exerting pressure on fragile natural resources.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区农业生态系统碳循环模拟研究

利用甘肃农业大学定西旱农综合试验站的2001—2008年长期定位试验数据对DNDC模型进行了验证,结果表明：模型可以用于安定区县域尺度农田土壤有机碳储量及其变化的模拟。模拟不同处理间碳的循环结果显示,秸秆还田或覆盖可提高作物秸秆与根系残留的外源碳携入量,也能提高土壤异氧呼吸对内源碳的消耗。利用DNDC模型以及区域气象、土壤和作物资料,对该区域表层（0～20 cm）农田土壤碳循环进行模拟研究的结果表明,2008年农田土壤（面积为1.2×109 m2）表层（0～20 cm）有机碳总储量为2.8×109 kg,平均土壤有机碳密度为2.33 kg.m-2。通过对该区域农田土壤模拟不同碳投入的情景,分析预测2008年至2037年土壤有机碳储量,得出增加有机肥能够显著增加土壤有机碳的积累,其次为免耕同时增加秸秆还田率50%,而单独实施这两种措施,土壤有机碳的积累速度较慢。     

中国农田固碳减排发展现状及其战略对策

自20世纪80年代以来,农田固碳减排的动态变化日益成为全球的研究热点,它对于正确评价农业产业对全球气候变化的影响具有重要的理论意义。采取农业分区的方法,将我国划分为4个不同的农业区,并从区域植被覆盖、地理气候、品种、土壤性质、种植制度和施肥情况等方面,综合分析了各区域农田固碳减排的基本现状。通过对我国农田固碳减排的各个影响因素进行系统阐述,探明了耕作措施、水田种植面积、秸秆还田、施肥情况、轮作制度、土地利用方式和农田生态系统等是影响我国农田固碳减排的主要关键因素。同时,针对目前我国农田固碳减排的基本状况,提出了适合我国农田固碳减排的主要对策。文章认为,应从加强农田碳循环和土壤碳汇效应、合理调整农田土地利用结构、加强农田管理技术体系创新、加强农田生物固碳减排技术研究和注重降低农业生产温室气体的排放等方面开展系统研究,从而进一步增强农田的土壤固碳能力和减少温室气体的排放,达到我国农田固碳减排的最终目的。     

Impact of storm Xynthia in 2010 on coastal agricultural areas: the Saint Laurent de la Prée research farm’s experience

Storm Xynthia crossed France’s western coast between 28th February and 1st March 2010. It hit the Vendée and Charente-Maritime departments hardest, as storm surge flooded up to 23,000 ha of coastal agricultural areas (i.e. polders), causing severe damage to farming operations. However, farm-level damage in the aftermath of seawater flooding is an issue that has rarely been explored in the literature. Here we investigated the effects of storm Xynthia on agriculture at the farm scale. We focused on the case study of Saint Laurent de la Prée research farm, a mixed crop–livestock system that was severely hit. All damages were described and economic losses were quantified for the years 2010 and 2011. The results show numerous consequences of the storm in terms of crop and fodder production losses, but also farm infrastructure repairs, crop restoration and animal health problems. Economic damage costs were high, reaching €71,720 in 2010 (€500/ha flooded) and €56,195 (€390/ha) in 2011 for the case study farm. The discussion highlights the farm-level impacts of seawater flooding and the crucial factors that can explain the damage caused to agriculture by storm events in coastal areas. The results are also discussed in the wider context of global warming which is expected to cause sea level rise and more frequent storm events in the future. The vulnerability of coastal agricultural areas to storms thus exposes broader issues of coastal flooding risk management and specifically the allied protection–remediation–adaptation measures. The conclusions underline the need for future research to address prospective scenarios and subsequent adaptive strategies.     

Net primary production of Chinese croplands from 1950 to 1999.

Considerable efforts have been made to assess the contribution of forest and grassland ecosystems to the global carbon budget, while less attention has been paid to agriculture. Net primary production (NPP) of Chinese croplands and driving factors are seldom taken into account in the regional carbon budget. We studied crop NPP by analyzing the documented crop yields from 1950 to 1999 on a provincial scale. Total NPP, including estimates of the aboveground and belowground components, was calculated from harvested yield data by (1) conversion from economic yield of the crop to aboveground mass using the ratio of aboveground residue production to the economic yield, (2) estimation of belowground mass as a function of aboveground mass, and (3) conversion from total dry mass to carbon mass. This approach was applied to 13 crops, representing 86.8% of the total harvested acreage of crops in China. Our results indicated that NPP in Chinese croplands increased markedly during this period. Averaging for each decade, the amount of NPP was 146 +/- 32, 159 +/- 34, 260 +/- 55, 394 +/- 85, and 513 +/- 111 Tg C/yr (mean +/- SD) in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, respectively. This increase may be attributed to synthetic fertilizer application. A further investigation indicated that the climate parameters of temperature and precipitation determined the spatial variability in NPP. Spatiotemporal variability in NPP can be well described by the consumption of synthetic fertilizer and by climate parameters. In addition, the total amount of residue C and root C retained by the soils was estimated to be 618 Tg, with a range from 300 to 1040 Tg over the 50 years.     

Practices,attitudes and motives for domestic waste recycling

SUMMARY

Solid household waste management in Malaysia has reached a critical stage. Increasing population, urbanization and changing patterns of lifestyle have instigated the phenomenon. The 15 000 tonnes of garbage produced daily are thrown into 230 landfills nationwide, where 80% of them have only two years of life span left. Although recycling programmes were launched as early as 1990, only 5% of the wastes are recycled. The purpose of the present research was to ascertain the current management of household solid waste, attitude and motivational factors towards recycling. Data were collected using interview survey on 150 households in an urban residential area. The findings demonstrated that the respondents had very low awareness and knowledge regarding local domestic waste management. Separation of organic and non-organic wastes was rarely practised by 76% of the respondents. Most waste was thrown away, except for newspaper and aluminium cans which were regularly recycled, while furniture, and electrical items were reused by giving away or trading-in. The attitude of the respondents towards recycling was modest. Of the five motivational factors, intrinsic satisfaction and individual commitment were more important reasons for recycling than convenience, economic motivation and societal commitment. The results of the study indicated that, in order to overcome the solid waste crisis, the conscience of the individual needs to be raised through environmental awareness and concern, inculcation of sustainable consumption practices and education on waste management.     

Recycling behaviour and attitude: the case of the Hong Kong people and commercial and household wastes

The increasing environmental awareness caused by the green movement has led to changes in attitude towards our traditionally wasteful society. Recent surveys in Hong Kong have shown that waste recycling has gained increasing verbal support among its citizens. This paper reports on recent findings which reveals that some discrepancies exist between people's attitude and behaviour towards waste recycling. The implication of this phenomenon on how and when a waste recycling policy should be carried out is considerable. Two major types of barriers to waste recycling and reduction were evident. Technical barriers to recycling included lack of appropriate information, lack of conveniently located bins and of temporary storage space, whilst the most critical barrier to paper waste recycling was the presence of non-recyclable materials in some paper items. Psychological barriers included the attitude of being troubled, and that too little waste was involved to be worth the effort. Technical barriers were found to dominate in commercial paper waste recycling, and can usually be overcome while psychological barriers were more significant in household waste recycling and are more difficult to solve. Thus, it might be concluded that, if a large scale household waste recycling programme were in place in Hong Kong, more effort should be devoted towards educating the public, to eliminate as many psychological barriers as possible. Findings from attitude surveys on recycling can provide valuable information for policy makers. However, a review of the literature indicates that findings from attitudinal and self-reported behavioural surveys may exaggerate the proportion of those who have a favourable attitude towards the surveyed subject matter. Thus, it is prudent for policy makers to consider the response rate of the surveys also.     

Emission factors of gaseous carbonaceous species from residential combustion of coal and crop residue briquettes

Experiments were performed to measure the emission factors (EFs) of gaseous carbonaceous species, such as CO₂, CO, CH₄, and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), from the combustion of five types of coal of varying organic maturity and two types of biomass briquettes under residential burning conditions. Samples were collected in stainless steel canisters and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridges and were analyzed by GC-FID/MS and HPLC, respectively. The EFs from crop residue briquette burning were generally higher than those from coals, with the exception of CO₂. The dominant NMVOC species identified in coal smoke were carbonyls (41.7%), followed by C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons (29.1%) and aromatics (12.1%), while C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons were the dominant species (68.9%) emitted from the combustion of crop residue briquettes, followed by aromatics (14.4%). A comparison of burning normal crop residues in stoves and the open field indicated that briquettes emitted a larger proportion of ethene and acetylene. Both combustion efficiency and coal organic maturity had a significant impact on NMVOC EFs from burning coal: NMVOC emissions increased with increasing coal organic maturity but decreased as the combustion efficiency improved. Emissions from the combustion of crop residue briquettes from stoves occurred mainly during the smoldering process, with low combustion efficiency. Therefore, an improved stove design to allow higher combustion efficiency would be beneficial for reducing emissions of carbonaceous air pollutants.     

广东沼气农业模式的典型调查与思考

回顾了广东沼气发展历程,介绍了广东典型沼气农业模式,包括广东西南部丘陵区典型农户沼气模式,广东东部丘陵区典型农户沼气模式,广东东北部丘陵山区典型农户沼气模式,广东低洼地和积水区农户沼气模式,以及广东规模化养殖场沼气模式,并在此基础上分析了沼气农业模式的空间分布规律、沼气模式和经济发展的关系以及沼气发展的系统工程。