大跨度斜拉桥主梁颤振动力可靠性分析

针对大跨度斜拉桥主梁易发生颤振失稳的问题，基于现有的桥梁颤振分析及结构可靠性理论，将主梁颤振临界风速视为结构抗力变量，以主梁处随机风速为荷载变量建立了桥梁颤振动力可靠性分析的极限状态方程，并采用JC法对天津某桥主梁颤振可靠性进行了分析，得到了颤振失效概率，并得出了竖向刚度是影响颤振可靠度的一个关键指标的结论。     

大跨悬索桥尖顶型主缆施工对猫道静风稳定性的影响

在大跨径悬索桥施工期间,主缆与猫道间存在气动干扰效应,施工期主缆易发生驰振失稳,猫道易发生静风失稳。为了同时保证施工期主缆和猫道的稳定性,以某大跨径悬索桥施工期尖顶型主缆和猫道为背景,采用能够保证施工期主缆驰振稳定性的猫道参数设置方法,利用流体力学软件Fluent和有限元软件ANSYS数值研究了考虑施工期尖顶型主缆影响的猫道三分力系数和静风稳定性。结果表明:主缆施工期不同工况对猫道三分力系数影响较大;猫道静风失稳临界风速随着尖顶型主缆的施工先变小后增大,在成桥阶段又变小;主缆的不同施工顺序既影响主缆施工期的驰振性能又影响猫道静风稳定性,施工时要统筹考虑。     

马普托桥颤振稳定性的风洞试验研究

以莫桑比克马普托桥为工程背景,根据现场气象统计资料,采用Gumbel极值Ⅰ型分布曲线拟合的方法确定基本风速,并利用节段模型及全桥气弹模型,对其颤振稳定性进行详细研究。基于主梁节段模型和全桥气弹模型试验获得的颤振临界风速存在明显的差异,对其原因做了较为全面的分析。由于全桥气弹模型能够更好的模拟实桥的动力特性,能够反映实际三维空间效应、多模态耦合效应以及气动力相关性效应等,因此全桥气弹模型试验结果较准确,相比之下,节段模型试验结果偏于保守。     

台风期间润扬悬索桥模态参数环境相关性研究

为给大跨桥梁结构损伤识别和安全性评价提供可靠的模态参数,利用润扬悬索桥结构健康监测系统(SHMS)记录的主梁加速度响应,基于希尔伯特黄变换(HHT)方法开展了该桥的模态参数识别分析,并进一步研究了"麦莎"台风期间该桥模态参数与所测环境的风速、温度因素间的偶联关系。研究结果表明:基于HHT识别的低频段阻尼比值普遍要大于高频段,阻尼比总体随着频率的增大而减小;识别结果与成桥试验所得现场实测参考值以及有限元值几乎吻合,验证了该方法的可靠性;台风期间各阶模态的频率相对稳定,受风速、温度影响程度小;模态阻尼比的波动性则较为明显,受风速、温度影响较大。研究结果可为更好地掌握台风期间大跨度悬索桥的动力特性及其全过程变化规律提供参考。     

装配式摩擦‑软钢耗能支座设计与性能试验∗

结合滑动摩擦耗能及塑性变形耗能机制,设计了一种装配式摩擦?软钢耗能支座。该支座可看作包含摩擦板的滑动摩擦组件与软钢棒的组合,属于一种功能分离式支座。滑动摩擦组件提供了支座的竖向和水平承载力,以及大部分耗能;而软钢棒增强了支座的屈服后水平刚度,有效减小支座滑动位移,破坏后便于更换。利用压剪试验机实测了摩擦?软钢耗能支座的摩擦系数及耗能性能,后者包括滞回曲线、刚度退化曲线、单位滞回耗能及等效阻尼比等指标。最后提出了一种考虑承载能力系数的改进等效阻尼比。试验结果表明：不同竖向荷载下支座的摩擦系数较为稳定,软钢棒与摩擦板共同提供了支座的水平刚度和耗能能力,支座的整体耗能性能良好。     

钻石型桥塔五分力系数的数值模拟

以洞庭湖大桥桥塔(主塔)为研究对象,基于Fluent软件平台,采用Realizable和SST两种湍流模型对桥塔表面风压分布特性进行了数值模拟,将模拟结果与现场实测值进行了比较,以此验证了所提数值模拟方法的可行性;预测和探讨了桥塔在不同风速及不同风向下对其五分力系数的影响,并对五分力系数的影响变化规律进行了总结,从而为钻石型建筑结构的抗风设计提供一定的参考。     

外置耗能壳板的钢框架桥墩抗震性能数值研究

将结构震后功能可恢复和耗能构件可更换引入钢框架桥墩:在墩柱塑性铰区外置低屈服耗能壳板来保护墩柱主体结构,且外置耗能壳板易于震后修复或更换。采用数值模拟方法比较研究了钢框架桥墩与外置耗能壳板的钢框架桥墩的滞回曲线、耗能能力、等效黏滞阻尼比、刚度和强度等抗震性能,探讨了外置耗能壳板参数(如材料屈服应力、安装高度和厚度等)对钢框架桥墩抗震性能的影响及其规律。结果表明:外置耗能壳板的钢框架桥墩抗震性能优于钢框架桥墩,且外置耗能壳板先于墩柱屈服,可有效保护墩柱主体免遭地震损伤;外置耗能壳板安装高度和厚度明显影响钢框架桥墩的抗震性能,而外置耗能壳板屈服应力对钢框架桥墩抗震性能的影响可忽略。     

防撞栏对大跨轨道交通桥梁气动性及行车性的影响研究

为考察防撞护栏对桥梁涡振等风致灾害、车桥气动力和车辆走行性的影响,以大跨度轨道交通桥梁为工程背景,基于计算流体力学的方法,研究了防撞护栏对主梁的涡激振动性能、桥面风场分布以及车桥组合气动力特性的影响。采用自主研发的桥梁科研分析软件BANSYS,分析了防撞护栏对风—车—桥耦合振动性能的影响。研究表明:防撞护栏会明显改变桥梁与车辆气动力系数,降低桥面上方的等效风速,增大桥梁跨中位移响应。但防撞护栏对主梁涡振性能及车辆响应的影响较小。     

预紧力对输电塔节点承载能力特性研究∗

为探讨风荷载作用下输电塔破坏机理,本文以实际输电塔体系为例,通过建立不同螺栓预紧力作用下输电塔节点精细化模型,用来进行输电塔的螺栓在实际工程中拧紧程度的模拟;提出了螺栓与输电塔各构件之间的非线性接触力模型,研究了风荷载作用下输电塔构件之间接触效应的精确模拟.结果 表明:随着预紧力的增大,斜材螺孔应力、节点板上相对位于斜材处螺孔应力和斜材螺栓应力逐渐增大,并基本呈线性变化;而主材螺孔应力、节点板上相对位于主材处螺孔应力和主材螺栓应力基本不变.可见随着外荷载加载比例逐渐增大,螺栓预紧力对节点承载力性能的影响逐渐减小.     

双火源隧道火灾的临界风速变化规律研究

使用FDS数值模拟的方法研究了双火源隧道火灾的临界风速变化规律,重点研究了纵向风下游火源功率及火源间距对临界风速的影响,并从烟气的能量转化过程分析了临界风速的变化原因。结果表明:在上游火源功率及火源间距确定的条件下,临界风速随下游火源功率增加的变化趋势近似呈线性增长;当火源间距为0时,临界风速均等同于与两个火源总功率相同的单火源情形;对于功率确定的上游火源及下游火源,临界风速随火源间距增加的变化趋势近似于二次方递减;对于功率确定的上游火源,每种功率的下游火源都存在一个对临界风速产生影响的"极限距离",且此距离随下游火源功率增加的变化趋势近似呈线性增长。多火源隧道火灾的临界风速相比单火源存在较大区别,因此在隧道的通风设计中,应充分考虑多火源的分布情况,临界风速的计算也更加合理,制定的火灾扑救及人员疏散方案也更加科学。     

垃圾摆错了位置的财富

垃圾,这个一向为人们所不屑一顾的东西,如今却愈来愈迫使人类认真地正视它,对待它。不堪负荷的天文数字垃圾无处不在,无时不有,时刻混迹于人们的生活之中,那破布、碎瓶、     

The significance of a small, level-3 'semi evacuation' hospital in a terrorist attack in a nearby town

Terrorist attacks can occur in remote areas causing mass-casualty incidents MCIs far away from level-1 trauma centres. This study draws lessons from an MCI pertaining to the management of primary and secondary evacuation and the operational mode practiced. Data was collected from formal debriefings during and after the event, and the medical response, interactions and main outcomes analysed using Disastrous Incidents Systematic Analysis through Components, Interactions and Results (DISAST-CIR) methodology. A total of 112 people were evacuated from the scene-66 to the nearby level 3 Laniado hospital, including the eight critically and severely injured patients. Laniado hospital was instructed to act as an evacuation hospital but the flow of patients ended rapidly and it was decided to admit moderately injured victims. We introduce a novel concept of a 'semi-evacuation hospital'. This mode of operation should be selected for small-scale events in which the evacuation hospital has hospitalization capacity and is not geographically isolated. We suggest that level-3 hospitals in remote areas should be prepared and drilled to work in semi-evacuation mode during MCIs.     

Community cohesion after a natural disaster: insights from a Carlisle flood

This project analysed changes in community cohesion following a natural disaster. Data were collected from a flood‐affected community using a questionnaire survey. Analyses revealed that community cohesion was not predicted by the length of residence, or any other demographic characteristic of residents, but rather by a sense of community, community cognition and the degree of community participation. Cohesion alteration was not uniform, but varied along levels of hazard severity (degree of flood invasion). Cohesion increased in line with hazard severity at the initial flood stage, as residents recognised the importance of community unity and came together to cope with their losses. When the severity increased, residents transferred their focus to individual interests, which resulted in decreased cohesion. This project distinguishes itself in examining community cohesion in the wake of a natural disaster in the real world. Implications regarding community reconstruction and suggestions for hazard researchers are discussed accordingly.     

一起大型换流变压器潜伏性故障发现与处理

通过对一起利用油中溶解气体分析、调整运行方式、电气试验等手段综合诊断分析换流变压器(以下简称“换流变”)潜伏性过热故障过程分析,并经解体检查确认了故障原因,验证了本次通过油中溶解气体分析和调整运行方式诊断换流变压器潜伏性过热性故障的有效性和可行性,为后续换流变压器的类似潜伏性故障运维检修提供可借鉴的经验。     

Disaster risk from a macroeconomic perspective: a metric for fiscal vulnerability evaluation

The Disaster Deficit Index (DDI) measures macroeconomic and financial risk in a country according to possible catastrophic scenario events. Extreme disasters can generate financial deficit due to sudden and elevated need of resources to restore affected inventories. The DDI captures the relationship between the economic loss that a country could experience when a catastrophic event occurs and the availability of funds to address the situation. The proposed model utilises the procedures of the insurance industry in establishing probable losses, based on critical impacts during a given period of exposure; for economic resilience, the model allows one to calculate the country's financial ability to cope with a critical impact. There are limitations and costs associated with access to resources that one must consider as feasible values according to the country's macroeconomic and financial conditions. This paper presents the DDI model and the results of its application to 19 countries of the Americas and aims to guide governmental decision‐making in disaster risk reduction.     

一次超级单体风暴中龙卷的天气过程分析及龙卷强度判定

对2008年5月23日发生在哈尔滨中南部的一次超级单体风暴中龙卷天气过程的天气形势、卫星云图、雷达回波进行了综合分析.研究结果表明:此次灾害性强风暴是一次龙卷过程;龙卷的出现与高空风场的分布及大气稳定度密不可分;龙卷母云的形状及性质与冰雹云相近,其发生发展与低空急流密切相关;龙卷出现在超级单体风暴的"V"型缺口附近,多普勒速度场上伴有强中气旋.文中还利用多普勒雷达产品中气旋的最大流人流出速度计算了中气旋强度,并结合现场勘查及灾情信息,对龙卷强度等级进行了判定.     

Work‐related stress in a humanitarian context: a qualitative investigation

There is a paucity of research on the subjective stress‐related experiences of humanitarian aid workers. Most evaluations of stress among these individuals focus on trauma and related conditions or adopt a quantitative approach. This interview‐based study explored how 58 humanitarian aid workers employed by a United Nations‐aligned organisation perceived the transactional stress process. The thematic analysis revealed eight main topics of interest: an emergency culture was found where most employees felt compelled to offer an immediate response to humanitarian needs; employees identified strongly with humanitarian goals and reported a high level of engagement; the rewards of humanitarian work were perceived as motivating and meaningful; constant change and urgent demands resulted in work overload; and managing work–life boundaries and receiving positive support from colleagues and managers helped to buffer perceived stress, work overload, and negative health outcomes. The practical implications of the results are discussed and suggestions made in the light of current research and stress theory.     

Effects of a tropical cyclone on the drinking-water quality of a remote Pacific island

The effect of a cyclone (Ami, January 2003) on drinking-water quality on the island of Vanua Levu, Fiji was investigated. Following the cyclone nearly three-quarters of the samples analysed did not conform to World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline values for safe drinking-water in terms of chlorine residual, total and faecal coliforms, and turbidity. Turbidity and total coliform levels significantly increased (up 56 and 62 per cent, respectively) from pre-cyclone levels, which was likely due to the large amounts of silt and debris entering water-supply sources during the cyclone. The utility found it difficult to maintain a reliable supply of treated water in the aftermath of the disaster. Communities were unaware they were drinking water that had not been adequately treated. Circumstances permitted this cyclone to be used as a case study to assess whether a simple paper-strip water-quality test (the hydrogen sulphide, H(2)S) kit could be distributed and used for community-based monitoring following such a disaster event to better protect public health. The H(2)S test results correlated well with faecal and total coliform results as found in previous studies. A small percentage of samples (about 10 per cent) tested positive for faecal and total coliforms but did not test positive in the H(2)S test. It was concluded that the H(2)S test would be well suited to wider use, especially in the absence of water-quality monitoring capabilities for outer island groups as it is inexpensive and easy to use, thus enabling communities and community health workers with minimal training to test their own water supplies without outside assistance. The importance of public education before and after natural disasters is also discussed.     

Emotions and beliefs after a disaster: a comparative analysis of Haiti and Indonesia

A number of studies have examined emotional and belief responses following a disaster, yet there has been limited comparative analysis of responses to disasters in different places. This paper reviews the results of 366 questionnaires that evaluated key emotional and belief concepts in Haiti after the earthquake on 12 January 2010 (n=212) and in Indonesia after the earthquake in Yogyakarta on 27 May 2006 (n=154). The results indicate significant differences between the responses in the two settings, particularly in relation to feelings of impunity, self‐blame for the disaster, regret about pre‐earthquake behaviour, and a sense of justice in the world. Furthermore, the impacts of age, education, and gender on responses also were different in the two case study sites. Overall, the results suggest that understanding the cultural, religious, and social contexts of different disaster locales is important in comprehending the emotions and beliefs that manifest themselves in the wake of a major disaster.