生化处理在高盐度皂化废水中的应用

报道了活性的污泥法在处理环氧丙烷生产过程中产生的高盐度皂化废水的成功应用,为同类化工厂处理高盐度皂化废水提供了宝贵的经验。     

焚烧法处理环己酮生产中的皂化液

用环已烷氧化生产环已酮的生产过程中会产生大量的皂化液 ,它含有大量的有害物质 ,是一种难处理的高污染有机废水。某石化厂在借鉴造纸行业的黑液焚烧技术的基础上 ,采用焚烧法来处理皂化液 ,并得到副产蒸气和回收了碳酸钠 ,实现了皂化液的无害化与资源化 ,具有良好的社会效益、环境效益和经济效益 ,每处理 1t皂化液可盈利 10 0～ 2 0 0元     

皂化菠萝皮渣对重金属Zn2+的吸附

采用五因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计的方法对影响皂化菠萝皮渣吸附Zn2+的因子进行优化,得出在时间为1h、加入量0.1g、pH =9、温度20℃、浓度120 mg/L时,皂化菠萝皮渣有最大去除率yMax=99.12％.对比实验表明,皂化菠萝皮渣对Zn2+的吸附在低浓度时优于活性炭,纤维素在吸附中起主要作用.扫描电镜下菠萝皮渣表面显示粗糙和多褶皱的物理吸附特征,红外光谱显示皂化菠萝皮渣中OH、C=O、C-O基团参与吸附作用.吸附等温线和吸附动力学模型显示皂化菠萝皮渣对Zn2的吸附符合Freundlich等温式和二级动力学模型.吸附Zn2+后的皂化菠萝皮渣经过解吸附可以重复使用.     

焚烧法处理环己酮生产中的皂化液

用环已烷氧化生产环已酮的生产过程中会产生大量的皂化液，它含有大量的有害物质，是一种难处理的高污染有机废水。某石化厂在借鉴造纸行业的黑液焚烧技术的基础上，采用焚烧法来处理皂化液，并得到副产蒸气和回收了碳酸钠，实现了皂化液的无害化与资源化，具有良好的社会效益、环境效益和经济效益，每处理1t皂化液可盈利100～200元。     

橘子皮皂化改性及其对重金属离子的吸附

以农林废弃物橘子皮(OP)为原料,经氢氧化钠皂化处理,得到了改性橘子皮生物吸附剂(MOP),并将其用于对水溶液中重金属离子的吸附.研究了氢氧化钠溶液浓度、浸泡时间对改性产物产率和吸附性能的影响;通过扫描电镜、红外光谱分析,化学耗氧量、比表面积、Zeta电位的测定等方法研究了橘子皮皂化改性的机理.结果表明,橘子皮用0.2...     

碱性皂化废水和锅炉烟道气的联合处理在环境工程中的应用

工艺中将碱性皂化废水经预处理后用泵输入锅炉湿式除尘系统进行燃煤烟气脱硫除尘，流出废水经处理后循环回用。该治理工艺采用以废治废，综合利用的方法治理皂化废水和锅炉烟气，既消除了污染又充分利用了碱性废水和锅炉烟道气作为有用的资源，取得了较好的环境效益和经济效益。     

新颖的环保设备——皂化液分离器

皂化液分离器是一种新颖的环境保护设备,它适用于处理油脂、化工、纺织以及中小型机械厂加工过程中产生的废乳化油以及回收废液中的油类。经过破乳、粗粒化及吸附等过程,使原来混浊得如同浓缩肥皂水似的皂化液得以净化,废油得到回收,水质显得透明清     

轧制油泥资源化工艺研究

钢铁和机械加工过程中会使用由润滑油配置而成的乳化液,经过多次循环使用后会混入金属颗粒、胶质、灰尘等杂质,进而形成轧制油泥。轧制油泥属于危险废物,已经成为环保治理的难题。采用碱洗/酸化分离工艺对某机械厂提供的轧制油泥进行处理,进而回收脂肪酸和铁粉,以实现轧制油泥减量和资源化的目的。试验结果表明:在碱液/轧制油泥(质量比)为4、温度为80℃、反应时间为120min、NaOH添加量为轧制油泥皂化值1.05倍的条件下,皂化率和脂肪酸产率分别为87.55%和81.01%,固体残留率为26.48%,经二次碱洗后固体残留率进一步降至8.26%,主要成分为铁粉。碱洗/酸化工艺简洁、成本较低,为轧制油泥规模化处理和利用提供了合理有效的解决方案。     

等离子体处理皂化废液工艺实验研究

描述了用电弧等离子体技术处理皂化废液的新工艺研究结果。等离子体功率为 70～ 10 0kW ,工作气体为空气 ,实验对皂化废液的物理化学性质、粉末输送工艺和等离子体处理工艺等进行了深入的研究。实验结果表明 ,废水蒸发浓度超过 5 5 %后出现沉淀物 ,使粘度增高。而且粘度随浓度的增高而增加 ,随温度的增加而降低 ,此性质表明废水不易高浓度蒸发和输送。采用等离子体粉末化新工艺可以有效地解决其困难 ,废水经等离子体处理后有机物去除率 >97% ,并可回收处理产物中的碱 85 %、碳粉 10 %以及可燃性气体等 ,等离子体处理废液的能耗约 2kg/kWh。本工艺具有较好的经济性和消除污染的能力。     

PVA污水处理方法的研究概况

聚乙烯醇(Poly Vinyl Alcohol)简称PVA,它是由聚醋酸乙烯脂经皂化而生成的高分子化合物,其分子式为(CH_2=CHOH)_n。 PVA种类颇多,但其基本性质取决于聚合度与皂化度。 PVA的主要用途,是制造聚乙烯缩醛、维尼纶合成纤维等。也常作为金属、橡胶、织物,皮革等胶粘剂,装订用的胶料,以及织物上浆剂、乳化剂和保护胶体。因此,像维尼纶厂纺丝车间之原料洗涤污水,印染厂的退浆污水,纸品加工厂     

Ultra trace simultaneous determination of 50 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biota using pMRM GC-MS/MS

Abstract

A saponification extraction method with gas chromatography pseudo-MRM (pMRM) mass spectrometry detection was developed for the determination of 50 total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (TPAH50, a combination of parent and alkylated homologues) in biota. The method was aimed at monitoring and identification of potential TPAH contaminants in bitumen impacted environments. Alkylated PAHs were determined by multi-level, quantitative calibration using parent PAHs. The developed and thoroughly validated method required only one injection for TPAH50 analysis which represents significant saving of time and expensive authentic alkylated standards. The current method was tested with certified reference mussel tissue NIST 1974c and performed well. In a comparison study, the method reached a limit of quantitation (LOQ) for the TPAH50 between 0.1 and 0.2?ng g^?1, while the QuEChERs enhanced matrix removal – lipid (EMR) kit produced by Agilent showed an LOQ of 5–10?ng g^?1. The current method relied on response factors (RF) for the quantitation of alkylated PAHs determined against parent PAHs. These RFs were shown to be stable and consistent over the course of 1 year, during which over 200 routine environmental biota monitoring samples were analyzed. The environmental biota monitoring samples analyzed include muscle, carcass and liver, with an average total PAH50 concentration of 13, 90 and 135?ng g^?1, respectively. Results show significant differences in the distributions of 1 ringed, 2 ringed, 3 ringed, 4 ringed, and 5+ ringed TPAHs between the types of biota samples.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.