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The potential for reproductive conflict among colony members exists in all social insect societies. For example, queens and
workers may be in conflict over the production of males within colonies. Kin selection theory predicts that in a colony headed
by a multiply-mated queen, worker reproduction is prevented by worker policing in the form of differential oophagy. However,
few studies have demonstrated that workers actually lay eggs within queenright colonies. The purpose of this study was to
determine if workers laid male eggs within unmanipulated queen-right colonies of the polyandrous social wasps Vespula maculifrons and V. squamosa. We focused our analysis on an unusual brood pattern within colonies, multiple egg cells. We were primarily interested in
determining if individuals reared in these irregular circumstances were queen or worker offspring. To address this question,
we genotyped 318 eggs from eight V. maculifrons and two V. squamosa colonies. No worker‑reproduction was detected in any of the queenright colonies; all of the eggs found in multiple egg cells were consistent
with being queen‑produced. However, the frequency of multiple egg cells differed among colonies, suggesting that queens vary
in the frequency of errors they make when laying eggs within cells. Finally, we suggest that workers may not be laying eggs
within queenright colonies and that worker reproduction may be controlled through mechanisms other than differential oophagy
in polyandrous Vespula wasps. 相似文献
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In addition to heat production on the comb surface, honeybee workers frequently visit open cells (“gaps”) that are scattered
throughout the sealed brood area, and enter them to incubate adjacent brood cells. We examined the efficiency of this heating
strategy under different environmental conditions and for gap proportions from 0 to 50%. For gap proportions from 4 to 10%,
which are common to healthy colonies, we find a significant reduction in the incubation time per brood cell to maintain the
correct temperature. The savings make up 18 to 37% of the time, which would be required for this task in completely sealed
brood areas without any gaps. For unnatural high proportions of gaps (>20%), which may be the result of inbreeding or indicate
a poor condition of the colony, brood nest thermoregulation becomes less efficient, and the incubation time per brood cell
has to increase to maintain breeding temperature. Although the presence of gaps is not essential to maintain an optimal brood
nest temperature, a small number of gaps make heating more economical by reducing the time and energy that must be spent on
this vital task. As the benefit depends on the availability, spatial distribution and usage of gaps by the bees, further studies
need to show the extent to which these results apply to real colonies.
M. Fehler and M. Kleinhenz contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
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In honeybees, workers under queenless condition compete for reproduction and establish reproductive dominance hierarchy. Ovary
activation is generally accompanied by the expression of queen-like pheromones. Biogenic amines (BAs), in particular dopamine,
are believed to be involved in this process by regulating ovarian development. However, the role of BAs in establishing reproductive
dominance or their effect on queen-like pheromone production was not investigated. Here, we explored the effect of octopamine
(OA) and tyramine (TA) oral treatments on the propensity of treated bees to become reproductively dominant and produce queen-like
pheromones in Dufour’s and mandibular glands. One bee in a pair was treated with either OA or TA while the other was fed sugar
solution. TA was found to enhance ovary development and the production of esters in the Dufour’s gland and 9HDA (queen component)
in the mandibular glands, thus facilitating worker reproductive dominance. OA, on the other hand, did not enhance ovarian
development or ester production, but increased the production of 10HDA (worker major component) in the mandibular glands of
their sugar-paired mates. OA is known to induce foraging behavior by workers, while increased production of 10HDA characterizes
nursing workers. Therefore, we suggest that TA induces reproductive division of labor, while OA treatment results in caste
differentiation of workers to foragers and nurses. 相似文献
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Social insects use complex chemical communication systems to govern many aspects of their life. We studied chemical changes in Dufours gland secretions associated with ovary development in several genotypes of honeybees. We found that C28–C38 esters were associated only with cavity nesting honeybee queens, while the alcohol eicosenol was associated only with their non-laying workers. In contrast, both egg-laying anarchistic workers and all parasitic Cape workers from queenright colonies showed the typical queen pattern (i.e. esters present and eicosenol absent), while egg-laying wild-type and anarchistic workers in queenless colonies showed an intermediate pattern, producing both esters and eicosenol but at intermediate levels. Furthermore, neither esters nor eicosenol were found in aerial nesting honeybee species. Both esters and eicosenol are biosynthetically similar compounds since both are recognizable products of fatty acid biosynthesis. Therefore, we propose that in honeybees the biosynthesis of esters and eicosenol in the Dufours gland is caste-regulated and this pathway has been conserved over evolutionary time. 相似文献
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H. Randall Hepburn Sarah E. Radloff Orawan Duangphakdee Mananya Phaincharoen 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(6):719-723
Beeswaxes of honeybee species share some homologous neutral lipids; but species-specific differences remain. We analysed behavioural
variation for wax choice in honeybees, calculated the Euclidean distances for different beeswaxes and assessed the relationship
of Euclidean distances to wax choice. We tested the beeswaxes of Apis mellifera capensis, Apis florea, Apis cerana and Apis dorsata and the plant and mineral waxes Japan, candelilla, bayberry and ozokerite as sheets placed in colonies of A. m. capensis, A. florea and A. cerana. A. m. capensis accepted the four beeswaxes but removed Japan and bayberry wax and ignored candelilla and ozokerite. A. cerana colonies accepted the wax of A. cerana, A. florea and A. dorsata but rejected or ignored that of A. m. capensis, the plant and mineral waxes. A. florea colonies accepted A. cerana, A. dorsata and A. florea wax but rejected that of A. m. capensis. The Euclidean distances for the beeswaxes are consistent with currently prevailing phylogenies for Apis. Despite post-speciation chemical differences in the beeswaxes, they remain largely acceptable interspecifically while the
plant and mineral waxes are not chemically close enough to beeswax for their acceptance. 相似文献
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Eszter Szász László Zsolt Garamszegi Gergely Hegyi Eszter Szöllősi Gábor Markó János Török Balázs Rosivall 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2014,101(8):653-660
Brood sex ratio is often affected by parental or environmental quality, presumably in an adaptive manner that is the sex that confers higher fitness benefits to the mother is overproduced. So far, studies on the role of parental quality have focused on parental morphology and attractiveness. However, another aspect, the partner’s behavioral characteristics, may also be expected to play a role in brood sex ratio adjustment. To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether the proportion of sons in the brood is predicted by the level of territorial aggression displayed by the father, in the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis). The proportion of sons in the brood was higher in early broods and increased with paternal tarsus length. When controlling for breeding date and body size, we found a higher proportion of sons in the brood of less aggressive fathers. Male nestlings are more sensitive to the rearing environment, and the behavior of courting males may often be used by females to assess their future parental activity. Therefore, adjusting brood sex ratio to the level of male aggression could be adaptive. Our results indicate that the behavior of the partner could indeed be a significant determinant in brood sex ratio adjustment, which should not be overlooked in future studies. 相似文献
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Subsocial behaviour and brood adoption in mixed-species colonies of two theridiid spiders 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cooperation and group living often evolves through kin selection. However, associations between unrelated organisms, such as different species, can evolve if both parties benefit from the interaction. Group living is rare in spiders, but occurs in cooperative, permanently social spiders, as well as in territorial, colonial spiders. Mixed species spider colonies, involving closely related species, have rarely been documented. We examined social interactions in newly discovered mixed-species colonies of theridiid spiders on Bali, Indonesia. Our aim was to test the degree of intra- and interspecific tolerance, aggression and cooperation through behavioural experiments and examine the potential for adoption of foreign brood. Morphological and genetic analyses confirmed that colonies consisted of two related species Chikunia nigra (O.P. Cambridge, 1880) new combination (previously Chrysso nigra) and a yet undescribed Chikunia sp. Females defended territories and did not engage in cooperative prey capture, but interestingly, both species seemed to provide extended maternal care of young and indiscriminate care for foreign brood. Future studies may reveal whether these species adopt only intra-specific young, or also inter-specifically. We classify both Chikunia species subsocial and intra- and interspecifically colonial, and discuss the evolutionary significance of a system where one or both species may potentially benefit from mutual tolerance and brood adoption. 相似文献
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Federico Cappa Claudia Bruschini Maria Cipollini Giuseppe Pieraccini Rita Cervo 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2014,101(2):149-152
The ability to discriminate among nestmates and non-nestmate is essential to defend social insect colonies from intruders. Over the years, nestmate recognition has been extensively studied in the honeybee Apis mellifera; nevertheless, the quantitative perceptual aspects at the basis of the recognition system represent an unexplored subject in this species. To test the existence of a cuticular hydrocarbons’ quantitative perception threshold for nestmate recognition cues, we conducted behavioural assays by presenting different amounts of a foreign forager’s chemical profile to honeybees at the entrance of their colonies. We found an increase in the explorative and aggressive responses as the amount of cues increased based on a threshold mechanism, highlighting the importance of the quantitative perceptual features for the recognition processes in A. mellifera. 相似文献
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