洱海富营养化评价及其影响因素分析

为了解洱海富营养化状况,通过现场调研及资料收集,研究了洱海总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、透明度(SD)、叶绿素a (chla)与综合营养状态指数TLI (∑)的相关性及富营养化的影响因素。结果表明:①2008—2017年,洱海TP、TN、CODMn、chla、TLI (∑)总体呈上升趋势,氮、磷是主要污染因子;②洱海chla、TN、TP、CODMn与TLI (∑)呈显著正相关;③洱海综合营养状态指数呈上升趋势,富营养化有加重的趋势,必须采取针对性保护措施,遏制富营养化发展。关键词富营养化;评价;影响因素;建议;洱海:     

洱海水环境历史变化规律探讨

洱海营养状态一直保持在中营养程度,有逐渐过渡到初级富营养湖泊的趋势,总氮和有机物的迅速增加是洱海富营养化的主要原因。总氮含量以每年0.01 mg/L的速度迅速增长;高锰酸盐指数以每年0.02 mg/L的速度增长;总磷含量虽然变化不大,年平均浓度约0.02 mg/L,但仍为富营养化的限制指标。如果总磷含量开始增加,在总氮和有机物含量高值背景下,富营养化将随总磷含量的增大迅速上升,水质恶化不可挽回。     

大鹏湾近岸海域水质状况与富营养化水平

根据2012—2016年大鹏湾近岸海域的监测资料,采用单因子污染指数法和有机污染指数法对海域海水水质状况进行评价;采用富营养化指数和潜在性富营养化指数对海域富营养化水平进行分析,并探讨其与环境因子盐度的相关性。结果表明:2012—2016年,大鹏湾近岸海域水质状况良好,满足GB 3097—1997《海水水质标准》中第二类海水水质标准,水质年际变化呈波动状态,无明显规律,空间分布上仅沙头角湾受到明显污染;富营养化水平基本表现为低营养,年际变化呈上升趋势,空间分布上仅沙头角湾和南澳湾分别呈现富营养和高富营养状态;潜在性富营养化主要集中在Ⅰ级(贫营养);大鹏湾近岸海域富营养化指数与盐度呈负相关,表明海域受河口冲淡水和陆源带来的低盐、高浓度的污染物影响较大。     

洱海浮游动物历史演变规律探讨

根据洱海近60a浮游动物历史资料和2014年野外调查数据,探讨洱海浮游动物历史演变规律。洱海水体中现存浮游动物共4大类82种。其浮游动物平均生物量较高,可达3715 Ind./L。洱海浮游动物的优势种为原生动物中的旋回侠盗虫,普通表壳虫和冠砂壳虫是次优势种。洱海浮游动物生物量近50a变化趋势表明,浮游动物生物量呈上升趋势。特别是2000年之后,上升速度迅速加快,呈直线上升趋势。表明近10a,洱海水体营养程度迅速升高,富营养化进程相对较快,水质恶化速度较快。     

洱海流域湖泊生态系统健康综合评价与比较

基于2009年5月对洱海及其流域内的海西海、茨碧湖和西湖3个小型湖泊的水环境和浮游生物的调查,采用生态系统健康指数(EHI)和营养状态指数(TSI)法对其生态系统健康状态进行定量综合评价.结果表明:洱海流域湖泊整体处于富营养状态,健康状态较差;各湖泊健康状态存在空间差异:海西海和茨碧湖生态系统健康状态为中等,西湖和洱海健康状态为较差;而洱海湖泊内健康状态同样存在空间差异,北部和中部深水区较其他区域健康状态好.2种评价方法比较表明:洱海流域湖泊属于营养盐和生物量基本上呈正相关的响应型生态系统,生态系统健康指数(EHI)适用于洱海流域的生态系统健康评价.此外,整理分析洱海浮游生物历史数据,同样采用EHI法评价得出近20年来洱海生态系统健康状态呈逐渐恶化趋势,尤其1997年健康状态最差.     

主成分分析在洱海水质评价中的应用

选取2011—2020年洱海11个测点水质指标的年平均值作为研究数据,借助SPSS 23.0统计分析软件对洱海水质进行主成分分析,找出影响洱海水质的主要因素,分析洱海水质的空间和时间变化特征。按照主成分分析,洱海水质污染主要是富营养化和有机物;洱海中部水质最好,南部次之,北部最差;2011—2014年洱海水质污染变轻,2015—2018年水质污染有加重趋势,2019年、2020年水质持续改善。     

富营养化指数法在中国近岸海域的应用

系统研究了40多年来海水富营养化指数E定义的发展,进而整理了近10 a来应用富营养指数法评价中国近岸海域水质状态的富营养化指数E值,计算了我国Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ类海水水质标准所对应的E的最大临界值分别为:1.3、6、10.7和25;并阐明了河口近岸海域环境中海水产生富营养化E高值的原因。结果显示,中国近岸海域富营养化指数E值的范围在0~137.84;中国近岸海域出现E的高值不仅与港口海湾所处的自然地理环境有关,也与人为因素有关;人为排放的氮磷营养盐是导致海水富营养化的主要因素。     

洱海流域环保农业发展思路探讨

洱海是苍山洱海国家级自然保护区和国家级风景名胜区的核心,是大理州重要的水利资源和旅游资源.近20年来,由于各种污染,洱海曾两度暴发蓝藻.本文分析了农业面源污染与洱海富营养化的关系和在洱海流域推行环保农业的必要性,提出了推行环保农业的主要措施.     

程海湖夏冬季浮游植物群落结构与富营养化状况研究

为了解程海湖浮游植物群落特征及其富营养化现状,对程海湖的水体理化指标和浮游植物群落结构进行了系统调查,分析了夏、冬季节程海湖水质状况、浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子之间的关系,并运用综合营养状态指数法和藻类生物学法评价了程海湖的营养状态.结果表明,调研期间程海湖氮、磷浓度较高,水体中总磷(TP)浓度为0.03～0.19 mg·L~(-1),总氮(TN)为0.38～3.08 mg·L~(-1),综合营养状态指数(TLI)在49.3～54.4之间波动,已经达到轻度富营养水平;藻密度变化范围为1.54×10~6～1.65×10~7个·L~(-1),已超过常规湖泊的水华暴发阈值范围;浮游植物以蓝藻、绿藻为主,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数大多数为1～3,Pielou均匀度指数为0.18～0.72,部分时间段藻类多样性偏低,呈现出典型的蓝藻门为优势的富营养化状态,亟需对其进行生态保护与管理.     

滇池草海水质变化趋势和特征污染物分析

根据滇池草海2002—2011年的年均值水质监测数据、《地表水环境质量标准》和《滇池水环境质量地方评价规定》,运用综合水质指数法(WQI)计算得到综合水质指数,结合滇池治理工程,对草海10年来水质变化趋势进行分析。结果显示:1第一类重金属指标水质评价优良,2004—2007年,草海的第一类项目水质呈现下降趋势,2007年达到10年来最差情况。第二类分类指数为72~92,评价为严重污染,不安全级别。2009年水质最差,第二类污染物指数成为WQI的贡献值,是草海的主要污染物。第三类分类指数为3~32,水质优良,水质安全程度为安全级。2滇池水质波动的主要因素是富营养类污染物,特征污染物是总磷和总氮。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.