瓦里关地区大气浑浊度的观测与分析

利用瓦里关地区19949年9月－2000年9月太阳直接辐的分光观测资料,分析了该地区大气浑浊度系数的特征,并对1999年4月4次大风和扬沙过程的载尘尘量进行了估算。结果表明：（1）瓦里关地区大气浑浊系数的年平均值为0．047,波长指数平均值为4．673;大气浑浊度系数的季节变化明显,但日变化不明显。（2）大气浑浊度系数与地面风向、风速有密切关系：1999年N风时大气浑浊度系数最大,NW风次之,而SE风时大气浑浊度系数最小。≥5．0m/s的风速对大气浑浊系数的变化影响最大。（3）该地区大气相当洁净,受人类活动的影响较小,其大气浑浊度状况与同期五道染地区同属一个量级。     

基于激光雷达的成都市气溶胶光学厚度的时间变化特征研究

利用2013年9月~2014年8月期间成都市基于激光雷达和太阳光度计观测反演的气溶胶光学厚度资料,对激光雷达资料的适用性和气溶胶光学厚度的时间变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)激光雷达与太阳光度计观测反演的气溶胶光学厚度的相关性较高,说明激光雷达的观测结果具有较好的适用性。(2)成都市气溶胶光学厚度整体较高,全年AOD的平均值约为1.00。(3)气溶胶光学厚度的季节差异明显,呈现出冬季最大、秋季和春季次之、夏季最小的特征。(4)月平均气溶胶光学厚度呈"双峰"结构,峰值分别出现在2月和11月,谷值出现在6月;(5)气溶胶光学厚度的日变化特征显著,一天当中12:00达到最大值,17:00左右达到最小值。     

我国早晨与傍晚的大气边界层厚度研究

首先探讨了常规气象资料计算大气边界层厚度的方法,然后利用全国１２５个无线电探空站的观测资料,计算了我国早晨与傍晚时的大气边界层厚度ｈ,并分析了ｈ的地区分布与季节变化特征。结果表明,华南地区边界层厚度年平均值最大（ｈ＞５００ｍ）;陕甘宁地区最小（ｈ＝３１８ｍ）;多数地区的ｈ值在冬季最小而夏季或春季最大。     

降水对西宁市城市空气污染的影响分析

文章依据西宁市2001~2009年主要污染因子PM10、SO2、NO2浓度日数据,从月(或季年)平均值、有降水(微量、微量以上)平均值、无降水平均值出发,研究西宁市PM10、SO2、NO2在有降水、无降水等不同情况下月、季节和年度变化特征,同时分析降水对PM10、SO2、NO2浓度变化的影响和关系。统计分析结果表明:西宁市城市PM10、SO2、NO2无降水日浓度均值最大,月均值其次,有降水日浓度值最小。三者浓度值在夏秋季最低。SO2的浓度均值2006年出现最小值,最大值出现在2003年;NO2浓度均值2006~2009年间呈上升趋势;PM10浓度均值2002年最低,2007年达到最高。     

西宁气象站站址迁移同期观测资料对比分析

文章通过对西宁市气象站2022年1—12月新旧站址同期气温、气压、相对湿度、降水量、地温地面气象要素间的差异进行对比分析，得出西宁站新旧站址气象要素存在的差异：新站月平均气温、年平均气温、平均最高气温最低气温与旧站相比差异较小；新站气压比旧站气压低；新站的年、月平均相对湿度普遍比旧站的高；新旧两站降水量差异除在8月份波动较大以外其余月份变化不明显，降水趋势基本一致；新旧站320cm深层地温月平均值差异最小，为0.1℃，15cm浅层地温月平均值差异最大，为0.5℃，0cm地温月平均值差异为0.4℃。造成上述气象要素差异的最主要原因是探测观测环境的改变，经对比分析新站测量数据更有代表性。     

上海市松江区PM2.5与PM10浓度变化特征分析

为了解松江区PM 2.5与PM 10浓度变化特征,选取2014年1月1日~2019年2月28日松江区3个环境空气自动监测市控点质控后的小时平均值,进行日、月、季节和年际变化的讨论分析。结果表明:2014~2018年松江区的PM 2.5与PM 10年均浓度分别为51、61μg/m 3,呈整体下降趋势;冬春季PM 2.5与PM 10浓度较高、秋季次之、夏季低;2014~2018年PM 2.5与PM 10浓度月变化趋势基本相同,整体呈现4~6月逐渐下降,10~12月逐渐上升的规律;PM 2.5与PM 10浓度各季节及全年的日变化均呈双峰型;PM 2.5与PM 10的相关系数为0.87,四季系数为r冬季(0.91)>r夏季(0.90)>r秋季(0.88)>r春季(0.72);PM 2.5/PM 10的平均值为0.83,大气颗粒物PM 2.5的贡献率非常高。     

女贞秋季光合特性研究

采用Li-6400型便携式光合作用测定系统测定了女贞的光合特性.结果表明,女贞叶片净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,存在光合“午休”现象;最高峰出现在10：00时左右,次高峰出现在13：00时,日最大净光合速率为10.8umol/m2·s.植物的净光合速率（Pn）与气孔导度（Cond）及蒸腾速率（Tr）呈正相关,而与胞间CO2浓度（Ci）呈负相关.女贞的光补偿点为为8.806umol/m2·s,光饱和点为1499μmol/m2·s,是具有一定耐荫能力的植物.     

四川省科学城地区室内氡浓度的调查与评价

本文了用固体径迹法对四川省科学城地区２９７个监测点进行了为期一年的室内氡浓度调查，测得了生活区室内氧浓度的年平均值（４９５Ｂｑ·ｍ－３）和工作区室内氡浓度的年平均值（５５４Ｂｑ·ｍ－３）。     

我国北方草地的几种优质牧草

我国北方草地的几种优质牧草翁森红，谷安琳（中国农科院草原研究所，呼和浩特０１００１０）１紫花苜蓿紫花首稽（ＭｅｄｉｃａｇｏＳａｎ。ａＬ．）在全世界有６０多种，是世界主要的栽培牧草。我国已有２０００年栽培历史，适宜在长江以北地区、一２０℃以下和半于旱地...     

四川省科学城地区室内氡深度的调查与评价

本文了用固体径选法对四川省科学城地区２９７个监测点进行了为期一年的室内氡浓度调查,测得了生活区室 内氡浓度的年平均值和工作区室内氡浓度的年平均值（５５．４Ｂｑ·ｍ＾－３）。     

Global solar radiation and energy yield estimation from photovoltaic power plants for small loads

Daily global solar radiation on a horizontal surface and duration of sunshine hours have been determined experimentally for five meteorological stations in Saudi Arabia, namely, Abha, Al-Ahsa, Al-Jouf, Al-Qaisumah, and Wadi Al-Dawaser sites. Five-years of data covering 1998–2002 period have been used. Suitable Angstrom models have been developed for the global solar radiation estimation as a function of the sunshine duration for each respective sites. Daily averages of monthly solar PV power outputs have been determined using the Angstrom models developed. The effect of the PV cell temperature on the PV efficiency has been considered in calculating the PV power output. The annual average PV output energy has been discussed in all five sites for small loads. The minimum and maximum monthly average values of the daily global solar radiation are found to be 12.09 MJ/m²/d and 30.42 MJ/m²/d for Al-Qaisumah and Al-Jouf in the months of December June, respectively. Minimum monthly average sunshine hours of 5.89 hr were observed in Al-Qaisumah in December while a maximum of 12.92 hr in Al-Jouf in the month of June. Shortest range of sunshine hours of 7.33–10.12 hr was recorded at Abha station. Minimum monthly average Solar PV power of 1.59 MJ/m²/day was obtained at Al-Qaisumah in the month of December and a maximum of 3.39 MJ/m²/day at Al-Jouf in June. The annual PV energy output was found to be 276.04 kWh/m², 257.36 kWh/m², 256.75 kWh/m², 245.44 kWh/m², and 270.95 kWh/m² at Abha, Al-Ahsa, Al-Jouf, Al-Qaisumah, and Wadi Al-Dawaser stations, respectively. It is found that the Abha site yields the highest solar PV energy among the five sites considered.     

The global solar radiation estimation and analysis of solar energy: Case study for Osmaniye,Turkey

This paper investigates the prediction of solar radiation model and actual solar energy in Osmaniye, Turkey. Four models were used to estimate using the parameters of sunshine duration and average temperature. In order to obtain the statistical performance analysis of models, the coefficient of determination (R²), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), mean absolute bias error (MABE), and root mean square error (RMSE) were used. Results obtained from the linear regression using the parameters of sunshine duration and average temperature showed a good prediction of the monthly average daily global solar radiation on a horizontal surface. In order to obtain solar energy, daily and monthly average solar radiation values were calculated from the five minute average recorded values by using meteorological measuring device. As a result of this measurement, the highest monthly and yearly mean solar radiation values were 698 (April in 2013) and 549 (2014 year) W/m² respectively. On an annual scale the maximum global solar radiation changes from 26.38 MJ/m²/day by June to 19.19 MJ/m²/day by September in 2013. Minimum global solar radiation changes from 14.05 MJ/m²/day by October to 7.20 MJ/m²/day by January in 2013. Yearly average energy potential during the measurement period was 16.53 MJ/m²/day (in 2013). The results show that Osmaniye has a considerable solar energy potential to produce electricity.     

ERRORS RELATED TO RANDOM STREAM TEMPERATURE DATA COLLECTION IN UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Records of hourly water temperatures for two streams in the Upper Mississippi River basin were used to find the error between instantaneous measurements of stream water temperatures and true daily averages. The instantaneous summer water temperature measurements were assumed to be collected during daylight hours, and measurement times were selected randomly. The absolute error at the 95 percent confidence level of randomly collected stream water temperatures was less than 0.9°C for a 1 to 5m deep large river, but as large as 3.6°C for a 0.3 to lm deep small stream. Temperature readings of morning samples were usually below daily average values, and afternoon readings were usually above. Daily mean water temperatures were obtained with less than 0.23°C standard deviation from true daily averages if the daily maximum and minimum water temperatures were averaged. Sample results were obtained for the open water (summer) season only, since diurnal water temperature fluctuations in ice covered streams are usually negligible.     

Spatiotemporal Variability of Modeled Watershed Scale Surface‐Depression Storage and Runoff for the Conterminous United States

This study explores the viability of using simulated monthly runoff as a proxy for landscape‐scale surface‐depression storage processes simulated by the United States Geological Survey’s National Hydrologic Model (NHM) infrastructure across the conterminous United States (CONUS). Two different temporal resolution model codes (daily and monthly) were run in the NHM with the same spatial discretization. Simulated values of daily surface‐depression storage (treated as a decimal fraction of maximum volume) as computed by the daily Precipitation‐Runoff Modeling System (NHM‐PRMS) and normalized runoff (0 to 1) as computed by the Monthly Water Balance Model (NHM‐MWBM) were aggregated to monthly and annual values for each hydrologic response unit (HRU) in the CONUS geospatial fabric (HRU; n = 109,951) and analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation test. Correlations between simulated runoff and surface‐depression storage aggregated to monthly and annual values were compared to identify where which time scale had relatively higher correlation values across the CONUS. Results show Spearman’s rank values >0.75 (highly correlated) for the monthly time scale in 28,279 HRUs (53.35%) compared to the annual time scale in 41,655 HRUs (78.58%). The geographic distribution of HRUs with highly correlated monthly values show areas where surface‐depression storage features are known to be common (e.g., Prairie Pothole Region, Florida).     

CLIMATOLOGICAL WATERSHED CALIBRATION1

ABSTRACT: This study tests the hypothesis that climatic data can be used to develop a watershed model so that stream flow changes following forest harvest can be determined. Measured independent variables were precipitation, daily maximum and minimum temperature, and concurrent relative humidity. Computed variables were humidity deficit, saturated vapor pressure, and ambient vapor pressure. These climatic variables were combined to compute a monthly evaporation index. Finally, the evaporation index and monthly precipitation were regressed with measured monthly stream flow and the monthly estimates of stream flow were combined for the hydrologic year. A regression of predicted versus measured annual stream flow had a standard error of 1.5 inches (within 6.1 percent of the measured value). When 10, 15, and 20 years of data were used to develop the regression equations, predicted minus measured stream flow for the last 7 years of record (1972–1978) were within 16.8, 11.5, and 9.7 percent of the measured mean, respectively. Although single watershed calibration can be used in special conditions, the paired watershed approach is expected to remain the preferred method for determining the effects of forest management on the water resource.     

STREAM TEMPERATURE CORRELATIONS WITH AIR TEMPERATURES IN MINNESOTA: IMPLICATIONS FOR CLIMATE WARMING1

ABSTRACT: Air temperatures are sometimes used as easy substitutes for stream temperatures. To examine the errors associated with this substitution, linear relationships between 39 Minnesota stream water temperature records and associated air temperature records were analyzed. From the lumped data set (38,082 daily data pairs), equations were derived for daily, weekly, monthly, and annual mean temperatures. Standard deviations between all measured and predicted water temperatures were 3.5°C (daily), 2.6°C (weekly), 1.9°C (monthly), and 1.3°C (annual). Separate analyses for each stream gaging station gave substantially lower standard deviations. Weather monitoring stations were, on average, 37.5 km from the stream. The measured water temperatures follow the annual air temperature cycle closely. No time lags were taken into account, and periods of ice cover were excluded from the analysis. If atmospheric CO₂ doubles in the future, air temperatures in Minnesota are projected (CCC GCM) to rise by 4.3°C in the warm season (April-October). This would translate into an average 4.1°C stream temperature rise, provided that stream shading would remain unaltered.     

黄土高原植被类型变化和空间分布对气象因子变化的响应

利用基于GIS的黄土高原植被类型分布图,结合黄土高原地区标准气象站的气象因子资料,对黄土高原植被类型变化和空间分布对气象因子变化的响应关系进行了分析。结果显示:从东南到西北,年降水量、月平均最高气温、月平均最低气温逐渐减少,年平均气温、全年日照时数、全年最大蒸散量、平均风速逐渐增加,植被类型由东南湿润半湿润森林、半干旱森林草原往西北转变成轻干旱、重半干旱的温性草原、干旱的荒漠半荒漠植被。     

Risk assessment of pesticide runoff from turf

The TurfPQ model was used to simulate the runoff of 15 pesticides commonly applied to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) fairways and greens on golf courses in the northeastern USA. Simulations produced 100-yr daily records of water runoff, pesticide runoff, and pesticide concentration in runoff for three locations: Boston, MA, Philadelphia, PA, and Rochester, NY. Results were summarized as annual and monthly means and annual maximum daily loads (AMDLs) corresponding to 10- and 20-yr return periods. Mean annual pesticide runoff loads did not exceed 3% of annual applications for any pesticide or site, and most losses were substantially less than 1% of application. However, annual or monthly mean concentrations of chlorothalonil, iprodione, and PCNB in fairway runoff often exceeded concentrations that result in 50% mortality of the affected species (LC50) for aquatic organisms. Concentrations of azoxystrobin, bensulide, cyfluthrin, and trichlorfon in extreme (1 in 10 yr or 1 in 20 yr) events often approached or exceeded LC50 levels. Concentrations of halofenozide, mancozeb, MCPP, oxadiazon, propiconazole, thiophanate-methyl, triadimefon, and trinexapac-ethyl were well below LC50 levels, and turf runoff of these chemicals does not appear to be hazardous to aquatic life in surface waters.     

Evaluation of Reference Evapotranspiration Methods in Arid,Semiarid, and Humid Regions

It is often necessary to find a simpler method in different climatic regions to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_o) since the application of the FAO‐56 Penman‐Monteith method is often restricted due to the unavailability of a comprehensive weather dataset. Seven ET_o methods, namely the standard FAO‐56 Penman‐Monteith, the FAO‐24 Radiation, FAO‐24 Blaney Criddle, 1985 Hargreaves, Priestley‐Taylor, 1957 Makkink, and 1961 Turc, were applied to calculate monthly averages of daily ET_o, total annual ET_o, and daily ET_o in an arid region at Aksu, China, in a semiarid region at Tongchuan, China, and in a humid region at Starkville, Mississippi, United States. Comparisons were made between the FAO‐56 method and the other six simple alternative methods, using the index of agreement D, modeling efficiency (EF), and root mean square error (RMSE). For the monthly averages of daily ET_o, the values of D, EF, and RMSE ranged from 0.82 to 0.98, 0.55 to 0.98, and 0.23 to 1.00 mm/day, respectively. For the total annual ET_o, the values of D, EF, and RMSE ranged from 0.21 to 0.91, ?43.08 to 0.82, and 24.80 to 234.08 mm/year, respectively. For the daily ET_o, the values of D, EF, and RMSE ranged from 0.58 to 0.97, 0.57 to 0.97, and 0.30 to 1.06 mm/day, respectively. The results showed that the Priestly‐Taylor and 1985 Hargreaves methods worked best in the arid and semiarid regions, while the 1957 Makkink worked best in the humid region.     

Impact of Length of Dataset on Streamflow Calibration Parameters and Performance of APEX Model

Due to resource constraints, long‐term monitoring data for calibration and validation of hydrologic and water quality models are rare. As a result, most models are calibrated and, if possible, validated using limited measured data. However, little research has been done to determine the impact of length of available calibration data on model parameterization and performance. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of length of calibration data (LCD) on parameterization and performance of the Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender model for predicting daily, monthly, and annual streamflow. Long‐term (1984‐2015) measured daily streamflow data from Rock Creek watershed, an agricultural watershed in northern Ohio, were used for this study. Data were divided into five Short (5‐year), two Medium (15‐year), and one Long (25‐year) streamflow calibration data scenarios. All LCD scenarios were calibrated and validated at three time steps: daily, monthly, and annual. Results showed LCD affected the ability of the model to accurately capture temporal variability in simulated streamflow. However, overall average streamflow, water budgets, and crop yields were simulated reasonably well for all LCD scenarios.