乌鲁木齐市大气环境污染特征及改善途径分析

以乌鲁木齐市环境监测站1996-2010年监测的大气中主要污染物SO2、NO2、PM10数据为依据,分析了乌鲁木齐市主要大气污染物浓度变化特征及变化趋势,阐明了乌鲁木齐市以煤烟型和沙尘型污染为主的大气污染现状,呈现出较为明显的采暖期污染重于非采暖期的特征,并提出通过改变能源结构、调整工业布局、完善相关法律法规等措施来改善乌鲁木齐市大气污染现状。     

传输矩阵与线性优化法耦合测算乌鲁木齐市大气环境容量

大气环境容量的测算是实施污染物总量控制的基础,同时大气环境容量又是大气传输、扩散和排放方式的具体体现.本文利用CALPUFF空气质量模型,建立采暖期和非采暖期采矿、建材、石化、冶金、其他工业排放、电厂、供暖、生活面源及移动源九类污染源对乌鲁木齐市铁招、监测站和收费所三个国控监测站点浓度贡献的传输矩阵,模型采用的大气环境质量标准值依据近11年乌鲁木齐市采暖期和非采暖期大气污染物浓度的统计数据分配,用LINGO线性优化法测算了乌鲁木齐市能够满足控制采暖期和非采暖期的大气环境容量.     

乌鲁木齐市采暖期居室内空气污染状况及其来源

1989年采暖期对乌鲁木齐市居室内 CO、SO_2、NO_X 和 TSP 浓度,以及吸烟对 CO 浓度影响进行了实际采样分析,并对污染物来源和变化规律作了初步探讨。     

张掖市城区采暖期环境空气中污染物分布特征分析

以张掖市甘州区城区采暖期2008—2012年5年环境空气质量数据为主,对采暖期污染物变化状况及污染物分布情况进行分析。张掖市冬季采暖主要以燃煤为主,能源结构不合理、锅炉污染严重、工业企业结构不合理以及交通污染等原因,使得冬季采暖期间张掖市甘州区城区环境空气中主要污染物为二氧化硫、可吸入颗粒物、二氧化氮,采暖期间污染物浓度随时问呈正态分布特征。结合污染特点,提出调整能源结构、利用清洁能源、加大监管力度等建议,以期改善张掖市采暖期的环境空气质量。     

塔城市大气环境质量现状调查及污染防治对策探讨

对塔城市大气环境质量状况及3项大气污染物变化趋势进行调查分析,结果表明:塔城市大气污染物中TSP(PM10)浓度呈下降趋势,SO2呈略微上升趋势,NOX无显著变化。TSP(PM10)浓度在冬季采暖期和夏季秋季(10月)较高,为防治塔城市空气质量变劣,需要采取积极有效的预防措施,切实保护好人类赖以生存的生态环境。     

乌鲁木齐市大气二氧化硫与硫酸盐化速率相关性讨论

以 1 996-1 999年 4年的SO2 和硫酸盐化速率监测数据 ,对乌鲁木齐市大气污染物SO2 及硫酸盐化速率作了相关性分析 ,得出SO2 与硫酸盐化速率两种污染物的变化趋势具有高度的正相关。由此 ,我们可以通过 2 4小时连续监测SO2 来较为快速、准确的反映出乌鲁木齐市硫的污染水平。     

沈阳市城区大气污染对儿童呼吸系统影响的定量评估

以国际上近年来通用的危险度评价方法为基础，结合大气污染物每增高一单位对儿童呼吸系统健康造成的损失，综合定量评价了沈阳市城区大气污染物对儿童呼吸系统的影响。结果表明：2004年沈阳市皇姑区采暖期大气中PN10、SO2和NOx污染造成儿童上呼吸道感染患病率分别增加0．899％、0．657％和0．536％，儿童气管炎患病率分别增加0．039％、0．047％和0．053％，儿童肺炎患病率分别增加0．069％、0．058％和0．054％。因此，沈阳市采暖期大气PN10、SO2、NOx污染对儿童呼吸系统造成了一定的影响，并导致了其相应疾病患病人数的增加。     

乌鲁木齐市空气质量5参数对PM_(2.5)的影响及PM_(2.5)浓度时空变化特征分析

根据新疆环境质量发布平台提供的数据,对乌鲁木齐市2014-2016年3年间7个监测点的PM_(2.5)(粒径小于等于2.5μm)日均质量浓度监测数据进行时空特征分析,其中,空间上运用IDW反距离权重插值法,分别对全年、采暖期和非采暖期数据进行整理分析。运用灰色关联模型对空气质量6参数(PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、CO、O_3、PM_(10)六项因子)进行计算,结果表明全年、采暖期、非采暖期对PM_(2.5)影响最大的因素都是CO。     

基于模糊数学的大气环境质量综合评价

鉴于大气环境质量评价中客观存在的不确定性和模糊性,运用模糊数学方法,选用SO2、NO2、PM10作为评价因子,参照大气环境质量标准,通过计算污染因子权重分配系数和隶属度对乌鲁木齐市2004年至2010年大气环境质量给出客观的评价,综合评价结果表明乌鲁木齐市总体大气环境质量为轻度污染(三级),但空气质量在逐年好转,SO2和PM10依然是乌鲁木齐市空气质量的制约因子,且NO2的权重在逐年上升。模糊综合评判考虑环境空气质量评价的模糊性,根据污染物浓度对各级别的贴近度考察污染物的级别,评价结果比较直观,可以细致准确的评价环境质量等级,评价结果基本可以反映环境空气污染的情况。     

基于被动采样监测泸州市大气污染物SO_2、NO_2浓度时空分布特性研究

基于被动扩散采样技术,将泸州市全市区域按16km×16km间隔划分为38个网格,并开展了2011年3月~2012年2月期间大气污染物SO2、NO2监测工作。监测结果表明:泸州市SO2、NO2浓度季节变化规律均为:冬季秋季春季夏季;SO2的空间分布表明浓度较高的区域主要分布在南部和人口密度较大的城区及西北区域,NO2的空间分布表现出全市呈南部低、北部高的趋势。泸州市污染物空间分布特征与污染源分布格局以及主导风向有关,同时,泸州受区域外污染物的扩散迁移影响也较明显。     

Environmental Management of Sulfur Trioxide Emission: Impact of SO3 on Human Health

The major contributors to global acidification are sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides emitted mostly by the burning of fossil fuels. From the scientific point of view, it is necessary to make a clear distinction between sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide when referring to sulfur oxides. These two air pollutants have different properties. This paper reports the following aspects: the strong effect of sulfur trioxide on local human health (a case study of asthma in Yokkaichi), the problem of corrosion caused by sulfur trioxide, the difference in analytical methods for determining sulfur dioxide concentrations and sulfur trioxide concentrations, and the difference in removal methods for sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide. An important initiative at the third European conference of environment ministers was that the issue of human health related to local air pollution should be given priority over that of global pollution. The declines in the emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides have mainly been effective in reducing acidification due to long-range transport. The reduction in sulfur trioxide may be more effective in improving local human health mentioned in the initiative.     

伊宁市二氧化硫行业、区域分担率分析及对策探讨

总量控制是国家节能减排的主要手段,二氧化硫排放量控制是大气污染物削减的主要控制指标。在污染源普查数据统计分析的基础上,对伊宁市废气中二氧化硫排放按污染源和区域进行分担率研究,掌握并了解产生排放二氧化硫按污染源、区域、行业分布情况,确定伊宁市二氧化硫减排的重点行业和区域,为政府调整产业结构及企业合理布局提供决策依据。     

枣庄市二氧化硫污染现状及对策

枣庄市一次能源消费以煤为主，空气污染为煤烟型污染。因而，必需采取调整产业结构，发展集中供热和联片采暖，开展清洁能源替代等综合措施控制二氧化硫污染。     

Evaluation of the First Phase of Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides Provisions of the 1990 Clean Air Act: A Plant-Based Approach

Electric power generating plants that use coal were among the key targets of Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act. Under the first phase of the act, 110 coal-fired electric power plants were required to reduce their sulfur dioxide emissions by 1995 and nitrogen oxide emissions by 1996. Phase 2 of the act requires even greater reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions by 2000 and nitrogen oxide emissions by 2008. This study examines whether the 107 targeted plants (three plants went off-line) have achieved the desired sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emission levels. The analysis of sulfur dioxide is based on data from 1990, 1995, and 1999. The findings show that although sulfur oxide increased by 3% from 1995 to 1999, it decreased by 45% over the 1990–1999 period at the firm level for the targeted firms. The findings also indicate that the overall reduction in sulfur dioxide was achieved by utilizing low sulfur coal and by purchasing emission allowances. So far as nitrogen oxides are concerned, there has been a reduction of 14% over the 1990–1999 period, of which 7% was achieved during the 1995–1999 period. An evaluation of emissions at the plant level indicates that several plants do not meet the emissions level for sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides. These results provide a mixed scorecard for reduction in emissions both for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Even though there is reduction in the emissions on an overall basis at the firm level, several plants that have not been able to reduce emissions deserve special attention to meet the goals of the act in reducing emissions.     

Is Democracy Good for the Environment?

This paper presents empirical evidence to support the existence of a relationship between democracy and one aspect of environmental quality, urban air pollution. The relationship between environmental quality and democracy is explored empirically using a regression analysis of urban air concentrations of three pollutants, sulfur dioxide (SO₂), suspended particulate matter (SPM) and smoke, and two measures of democracy, the Freedom House Index and Polity III. The results suggest a significant and robust negative linear relationship between these pollutant concentrations and democracy level: the higher the level of democracy, the lower the ambient pollution level.     

低浓度SO2转变成硫磺的脱硫技术

介绍了SO2在我国的排放现状、污染危害以及烟气脱硫技术的应用情况,详述了几种将低浓度SO2转变为硫磺的脱硫技术,说明将SO2转变为硫磺的脱硫方法操作简单、方便、脱硫成本低、脱硫率高,可满足日益严格的环保要求,且不产生二次污染,是一种新型技术,有很广阔的实用价值及推广前景.     

Estimating the benefits of pollution reduction on agricultural yields: Taiwan's air pollution emission fees program

Taiwan's implementation of the 1997 Air Pollution Emissions Fees Program will conceivably lead to long-term reductions in pollution emissions. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the benefits to Taiwan from the expected reduction in crop losses as a direct result of such a decrease in air pollution. We employ a demand-supply framework for rice production to estimate the change in social welfare resulting from changes in the concentration of certain pollutants in the atmosphere. Our empirical results show that, in the year 1997, social welfare increments resulting from the decline in sulfur dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere ranged between US dollars 946200 and US dollars 2435800. Meanwhile, during the same period, the increase in social welfare due to the decline in the ozone concentration in the atmosphere ranged between US dollars 838100 and US dollars 1927000. The average benefit from the reduction in both sulfur dioxide and ozone concentrations is calculated to be between US dollars 2.67 and US dollars 6.86 per acre (for sulfur dioxide), and from US dollars 2.36 to US dollars 5.43 per acre (for ozone).     

“排污权”和“碳排放权”交易的减污降碳协同效应研究——基于污染治理和政策管理的双重视角

全面系统地评估排污权交易和碳排放权交易的减污降碳协同效应,对于进一步发挥应对气候变化和大气污染治理的协同效应、推进全国统一生态环境市场建设具有重要意义。本文基于污染治理和政策管理的双重视角,采用多时点双重差分和倾向得分匹配,分别检验排污权交易和碳排放权交易的减污和降碳效应;并在此基础上,研究三种政策情景下（排污权交易、碳排放权交易以及组合政策）的协同减排效应差异。研究表明,从污染治理视角,排污权交易和碳排放权交易均显著降低了二氧化硫和二氧化碳排放量,实现了减污降碳的协同效应;从政策协同管理视角,在减少二氧化硫污染方面,组合政策比各类政策的单独实施更为有效;在降低二氧化碳排放方面,碳排放权交易比排污权交易和组合政策更为有效。因此,在推进气候变化应对和大气污染治理机制融合的进程中,应有所侧重地推进碳排放权交易和排污权交易组合使用。