世界汞矿地区汞污染研究进展

汞是一种人体非必需的有毒重金属元素。近年来,随着全球环境的不断恶化以及人们对汞的毒性的深入认识,世界上不同国家和地区的大型汞矿陆续停产、闭坑。但是,长期的汞矿山开采和冶炼活动,改变和破坏了矿区地表生态系统,对矿区的生态环境造成了严重的汞污染。本文综述了世界范围的汞矿分布和开采冶炼历史以及汞矿开采冶炼的环境影响,主要表现为固体废弃物的排放、水体汞污染、大气汞污染及汞矿活动的大气汞排放、土壤汞污染和食物汞污染。     

中国煤中汞的环境行为及效应研究

针对目前学术界对汞污染研究的关注,分析归纳了国内外有关煤矿开采与利用活动中汞的环境行为与效应研究.主要结论为目前研究主要集中在煤中汞的形态及含量、燃煤汞释放特征及其环境效应等方面,而对煤炭燃烧前的环境危害、矿区汞污染特征及形成机理等方面研究较缺乏,并提出未来研究方向应着重放在矿区汞的污染特征及其形成机制、环境过程及环境效应等方面.     

松花江上游金矿开采区环境中汞污染的空间分布特征

采用俄罗斯Lumex公司生产的RA-915+汞自动分析仪采集松花江上游桦甸金矿开采区环境中的气态总汞,并同步采集水体、土壤和植物样品,测定各环境要素中的汞含量,旨在研究金矿开采区周围大气汞的分布特征、影响因素及其与其它环境要素的相关性.结果表明,环境中大气汞污染的时间分布规律为夏季大于秋季,傍晚高于午间;空间分布规律以金矿开采和汞源为中心随距离加大而逐渐衰减;金矿开采区附近环境要素中汞污染的规律为:沉积物土壤植物水,植物中总汞污染特征为:根茎叶,秋季植物中汞的含量普遍大于夏季,这与植物随生长发育不断通过土壤向体内富集污染元素有关.无论夏季还是秋季,气汞与植物根部的相关性均最高,分别为0.83和0.97.     

典型区域汞污染问题及其污染防治对策研究——以贵州省万山区为例

汞矿资源开采利用在带来经济效益的同时,也给当地环境造成不利影响。当前中国汞矿开采典型区域贵州省万山区的历史遗留汞污染问题已给汞矿区生态环境和人体健康带来巨大的风险。文章概括了万山区的汞污染现状,分析了万山区汞污染治理存在的主要问题,并有针对性地提出了相应的对策建议,以期为万山区和中国其他典型区域历史遗留汞污染问题的解决提供参考。     

全球汞污染回顾与分析

回顾全球所经历的主要汞污染事件,引述国外科研工作者对全球汞污染与汞排放的调查和研究成果,重点介绍金矿开采对环境的污染与危害,揭示造成亚马逊流域汞污染的深层根源。分析今后全球防止汞污染的主要措施：一是主要工业化国家将进一步研究和改善工业领域相关行业的工艺技术水平,趋向无汞产品和无汞工艺,以减少自身的汞污染与排放;其二,发达国家陆续立法禁止汞的自由贸易和出口。发达国家对汞的出口限制将促使发展中国家相关行业（特别是小金矿）采取汞的替代工艺,从而减少全球性汞污染与排放。     

双道原子荧光法连续测定原生金选冶废水中的砷汞

本文提出了双道原子荧光法,连续测定原生金选冶废水中砷汞的新方法.本法只需在一次采集的样品中,通过原子荧光光谱仪A、B两道,连续测出原生金选冶废水中两个污染因子--砷、汞,从而提高了分析速度,简便了分析程序,分析结果准确可靠.     

湘西多金属矿区汞铅污染土壤的环境质量

以湘西典型多金属矿区为现场,研究了矿区土壤中汞、铅等重金属污染状况及成因.结果表明,湘西矿区是汞、铅污染严重的区域,与中国土壤元素背景值相比,汞矿区土壤中汞、铅含量分别增加1315倍和3.1倍,铅锌矿区土壤中汞、铅含量分别增加14.8倍和16.1倍.运用Muller地积指数进行风险评价,证实湘西矿区是汞、铅等重金属的复合污染区,汞矿区汞污染以极重污染为主,铅污染以中度和轻污染为主;铅锌矿区铅污染以中度和中-重污染为主,汞污染以中-重污染为主.矿区土壤中的重金属污染物来源和分布受原生地球化学条件的控制,而人为采矿活动对矿区土壤中汞、铅的污染格局产生重要影响.     

国内外汞污染分布状况研究综述

汞污染在世界各地分布较广,美洲、欧洲、亚洲和非洲都出现了汞污染问题,甚至人迹稀少的北极也在受到汞污染的威胁。我国的汞污染主要集中于贵州、吉林、陕西、湖北、辽宁和重庆等地。目前国内外有关环境汞污染的研究主要是针对氯碱生产、金矿开采、燃煤电厂等汞污染源开展的,实际上汞污染源类型很多,因此环境汞污染状况十分令人堪忧。我国汞污染研究基本处于刚刚起步阶段,严重滞后于国际环境形势发展需要,今后除了应加强基础研究工作,还要对重要汞污染地区污染状况、机制、环境效应开展研究,以全面掌握我国汞污染的来源、汞污染源分布以及环境汞污染现状。     

汞矿区土壤汞的影响因素及修复技术进展

以贵州万山汞矿区为例,对汞矿开采冶炼活动所产生的土壤环境污染状况进行了介绍,并综述了影响土壤中汞迁移转化的基本因素,最后论述了最近几年汞污染土壤修复技术的研究成果,以及修复技术实施的建议。     

黄石市区小金矿选冶氰化物污染对环境的影响

黄石市区小金矿选冶氰化物污染对环境的影响谢志勇，胡焕斌，汪平黄石市环境监测站武钢大冶铁矿黄石市环保局一、前言近年来，黄石市下陆和团城山区域的中小型金矿开采和选冶超常规发展，由于在金矿的选冶生产中使用了大量的氰化钠，并在生产工艺中向周围环境排入了一定量...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.