耐高浓度沼液产油小球藻的分离鉴定与特征分析

本研究从长期在空气中放置的沼液中分离得到1株可以耐受高浓度沼液的藻株,经形态和分子生物学方法鉴定为小球藻属的一种,命名为Chlorella sp.BWY-1.本研究所用的沼液来自于以固液分离后的猪场废水为发酵原料的沼气工程.与普通小球藻Chlorella regularis(FACHB-729)的对比研究表明,Chlorella sp.BWY-1在BG11和不同浓度的沼液中都有相对较强的生长速率、生物量积累能力和氮磷等污染物去除能力.Chlorella sp.BWY-1在BG11中有最高的生长速率和生物量生产力(324.40 mg·L-1,以dw计),但是其含油量和油脂生产力随着沼液浓度的增加而增加.在未稀释的沼液中Chlorella sp.BWY-1的含油量可达44.43%,油脂生产力达108.70 mg·L-1.分析结果表明该藻株在养殖废水处理和生物能源方面具有一定的应用潜力,可以结合固液分离、厌氧发酵等其他技术用于养殖场废水的处理和生物柴油的制取.     

缺镁胁迫对普通小球藻光合生理及油脂积累的影响

小球藻是一种重要的生物资源,它在生产微藻燃料、提取生物活性物质以及水环境修复等方面具有广阔的应用,因此研究小球藻的生理生化特性具有重要的意义.镁离子在微藻的生长过程中起到了很重要的作用,不仅是叶绿素结构的中心原子,还是一些代谢途径中关键酶的辅因子.采用批次培养的方法,在对普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)光合自养培养过程中,研究了在缺镁胁迫条件下的普通小球藻的光合生理及油脂积累的变化.结果表明,在缺镁胁迫条件下,普通小球藻的生物量、蛋白含量、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量分别降低了20%、43.96%、27.52%、28.07%,而总油脂含量增加了19.60%;普通小球藻的最大光能转化效率Fv/Fm降低了22.54%,而非光化学淬灭qN显著高于正常培养条件.本研究结果表明缺镁胁迫抑制了普通小球藻中叶绿素的合成,从而影响了光合作用的进行,导致普通小球藻生长受到抑制、蛋白质合成受阻,从而使其碳同化进入油脂的合成代谢,增加了普通小球藻油脂含量.     

Effect of light supply on CO2 capture from atmosphere by Chlorella vulgaris and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is one of the primary greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. Consequently, emission reduction technologies will be needed to reduce CO₂ atmospheric concentration. Microalgae may have an important role in this context. They are photosynthetic microorganisms that are able to fix atmospheric CO₂ using solar energy with efficiency ten times higher than terrestrial plants. The objectives of this study were: (i) to analyse the effect of light supply on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata; (ii) to assess the atmospheric CO₂ capture by these microalgae; and (iii) to determine the parameters of the Monod model that describe the influence of irradiance on the growth of the selected microalgae. Both microalgae presented higher growth rates with high irradiance values and discontinuous light supply. The continuous supply of light at the highest irradiance value was not beneficial for C. vulgaris due to photooxidation. Additionally, C. vulgaris achieved the highest CO₂ fixation rate with the value of 0.305 g-CO₂ L^?1 d^?1. The parameters of the Monod model demonstrated that C. vulgaris can achieve higher specific growth rates (and higher CO₂ fixation rates) if cultivated under higher irradiances than the studied values. The presented results showed that microalgal culture is a promising strategy for CO₂ capture from atmosphere.     

Carbon dioxide fixation by Chlorella sp. USTB-01 with a fermentor-helical combined photobioreactor

A promising microalgal strain isolated from fresh water, which can grow both autotrophically on inorganic carbon under lighting and heterotrophically on organic carbon without lighting, was identified as Chlorella sp. USTB-01 with the phylogenetic analysis based on 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequences. In the heterotrophic batch culture, more than 20.0 g·L⁻¹ of cell dry weight concentration (DWC) of Chlorella sp. USTB-01 was obtained at day 5, and which was used directly to seed the autotrophic culture. A novel fermentor-helical combined photobioreactor was established and used to cultivate Chlorella sp. USTB-01 for the fixation of carbon dioxide (CO₂). It showed that the autotrophic growth of Chlorella sp. USTB-01 in the combined photobioreactor was more effective than that in the fermentor alone and the maximum DWC of 2.5 g·L⁻¹ was obtained at day 6. The highest CO₂ fixation of 95% appeared on day 1 in the exponential growth phases of Chlorella sp. USTB-01 and 49.8% protein was found in the harvested microalgal cells.     

不同喜树碱制剂对普通小球藻的毒性比较

以普通小球藻（Chlorella vulgaris）为试验材料,连续10d测定了新型生物农药喜树碱3种不同的制剂对普通小球藻的毒性.结果表明：0.2%喜树碱乳油对普通小球藻毒性最高（EC50值在0.0368～0.2547mg.L-1）,其中第3天的EC50值最小为0.0368mg.L-1;0.5%喜树碱钠盐的毒性较低（...     

毒性有机物BPA与普通小球藻的相互影响特性研究

考察了不同浓度双酚A(BPA)对普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长特性的影响,以及普通小球藻生长过程对BPA的去除效能.研究表明,低浓度BPA(0~20 mg·L-1)对普通小球藻生长具有促进作用,而高浓度BPA(20~50 mg·L-1)对普通小球藻生长具有抑制作用,且抑制效应与BPA浓度呈正相关关系.低剂量BPA(<20 mg·L-1)对叶绿素含量并无明显的影响,高剂量BPA(>20 mg·L-1)造成叶绿素含量降低.在BPA初始浓度2~50 mg·L-1的范围内,普通小球藻对其都有一定的去除效能,单位普通小球藻对BPA去除速率与其初始浓度呈正相关关系.BPA投加量为50 mg·L-1时,BPA去除速率最大,且最大速率出现于延滞期与对数期之间.     

一种能同时固定CO2和N2的微生物——兼性固CO2、N2菌的分离鉴定及其验证实验

"温室效应"日趋严重,生物固碳特别是微生物固碳将发挥独特的作用.固定N2的微生物固氮菌和固定CO2的微生物固碳菌早已被研究和发现,但能同时固定大气中的CO2、N2并以CO2、N2分别为碳、氮源的微生物至今未见报道,本研究称之为兼性固CO2、N2菌.研究通过固碳菌、固氮菌培养基的优化组合出无碳、氮培养基(分别以空中的CO2、N2为碳源和氮源);通过无氮碳源的兼性固碳氮菌培养基进行分离,筛选分离到一株分别以CO2和N2为碳源和氮源.通过对该菌株的生长特性和固碳酶活性及固氮酶活性进行测定;利用PCR和琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术检测到该菌含有固碳酶RubisCO中cbbL基因及固氮酶nifH基因片段的特异性条带;对该菌进行对照验证实验证明该菌能同时固定空气中的CO2和N2并分别以CO2和N2为碳源和氮源;最后对其形态观察和16SrRNA全序列分析证明该菌株HSJ隶属于链霉菌.     

模拟自然水体中藻-溞-草间的相互作用研究

为了解氮磷浓度对生物操纵效果及同时恢复水生植被的影响,以小球藻、大型溞和金鱼藻分别作为浮游植物、浮游动物和大型沉水植物的代表,模拟自然条件研究了不同氮磷浓度对三者生长和相互作用的影响.结果表明:金鱼藻和小球藻共培养时,在氮浓度介于2.92～12.60mg·L-1、磷浓度介于0.06 ～0.85 mg·L-1,金鱼藻增长不明显,甚至出现负增长;而小球藻的增长率则远高于金鱼藻.小球藻和大型溞共培养时,氮、磷浓度分别为1.26～ 10.53 mg·L-1和0.04～1.16 mg·L-1时均占据优势,对小球藻的抑制效果显著,抑藻及氮磷去除效果明显好于金鱼藻和小球藻共培养,而且磷的去除效果优于氮.三者共培养时,在氮浓度介于3.15 ～23.92 mg·L-1、磷浓度介于0.07 ～0.64 mg·L-1时,大型溞与金鱼藻的增长率都较高,而小球藻则维持在较低的增长水平,水质改善效果较好;当氮、磷浓度分别升至25.95 mg·L-1和1.18 mg·L-1时,大型潘和金鱼藻的增长率均下降,水质变差.大型溞和金鱼藻的联合控藻效果好于其单一的控制效果,该效果明显受到氮磷浓度的影响.     

藻细胞在固体表面附着特性的初步研究

针对平板式光生物反应器,以补充有碳源的SE(Brostol's solution)培养基作为普通小球藻生长的水环境,研究了载体表面粗糙度、藻细胞接种量、培养液pH值和液体流量对小球藻细胞在固体基质表面吸附特性的影响.结果表明:藻细胞在各载体表面的吸附密度均随时间进行呈现先快速增大再逐渐趋于平缓的变化趋势;在实验条件下,随载体表面粗糙度和藻液中藻细胞接种量增大,载体表面对小球藻细胞的吸附率均增大,吸附密度也增大;当藻液pH值为6左右时,小球藻在载体表面的吸附密度达到最大;液体流量为0.65 mL·min-1时,载体表面对小球藻细胞的吸附能力最强.各参数对藻细胞吸附密度影响的重要程度依次为藻细胞接种量、培养基pH值、液体流量.     

Rac-及S-异丙甲草胺对2种微藻毒性特征影响研究

应用急性毒性试验方法,在对映体水平上研究了除草剂Rac-及S-异丙甲草胺对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)和普通核小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的急性毒性特征及腐殖酸对除草剂毒性的影响.结果表明,Rac-及S-异丙甲草胺的急性毒性与浓度及暴露时间呈正相关,Rac-及S-异丙甲草胺对微藻细胞的急性毒性存在立体选择性差异.Rac-异丙甲草胺对普通核小球藻和斜生栅藻的EC50,96 h分别是S-异丙甲草胺的2.25和1.81倍,S-异丙甲草胺对微藻细胞的生态毒性较大,而斜生栅藻对Rac-及S-异丙甲草胺的敏感性更强,且Rac-及S-异丙甲草胺对斜生栅藻和普通核小球藻的急性毒性存在一定的线性相关性.腐殖酸的加入能够改变Rac-及S-异丙甲草胺对微藻细胞生态毒性,对S-异丙甲草胺的生态毒性的影响更为明显(P<0.05).     

Adsorption of carbon dioxide on amine-modified TiO2 nanotubes

TiO2 nanotubes (TiNT) were prepared by a hydrothermal treatment and modified by three kinds of amines,namely ethylenediamine,polyetherimide and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA),to study their CO2 adsorption properties from gas streams.The resultant samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscopy,and infrared spectroscopy,as well as low temperature N 2 adsorption.CO2 capture was investigated in a dynamic packed column at 30℃.TEPA-modified TiO2 nanotubes showed the highest adsorption capacity of 167.64 mg/g because it had the highest amino-group content among the three amines.CO2 fixation on TiNT impregnated by TEPA was investigated at 30,50,and 70℃,and the adsorption capacity increased slightly with temperature.Following the adsorption step,the sorbents were regenerated by temperature programmed desorption,and the TiNT-TEPA sample,as CO2 sorbent,was found to be readily regenerated and energy-efficient.The cycle test also revealed that the TiNT-TEPA adsorbent is fairly stable,with only a 5% drop in the adsorption capacity after 10 adsorption/desorption cycles.In addition,the CO2 adsorption behavior was investigated with the deactivation model,and which showed an excellent prediction for the TiNT-TEPA breakthrough curves.     

除草剂百草枯对蓝藻和绿藻的毒性

为评估除草剂百草枯对藻类生态系统的环境毒害效应,测定了百草枯对4株蓝藻:铜绿微囊藻(M.aeruginosa XW01,M.aeruginosa 7806)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)、集胞藻(Synechocystis PCC 6803),以及两株绿藻:蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和绿球藻(Chlorococcum sp.472)的毒害效应,采用半效抑制浓度EC5o值、无观察效应浓度(NOEC)、最低观察效应浓度(LOEC)及慢性值(ChV)评价了百草枯对6株藻的毒性.结果表明:蓝藻对百草枯的敏感性显著大于绿藻,蛋白核小球藻的96 h-EC50值是铜绿微囊藻XW01的96 h-EC50值的7.4倍.百草枯毒害作用具有时间效应,暴露时间越长,毒害作用越强.     

纳米二氧化钛胁迫对普生轮藻的毒性效应

纳米材料独特的理化性质使其得到了广泛的应用,但其可能带来的生物安全性问题也引起了广泛关注.实验研究了胁迫浓度梯度为0、0.01、0.10、1.0、10、100mg.L-1的纳米二氧化钛(nTiO2)悬浮液单一处理普生轮藻(CharavulgarisL.)的毒性效应,在胁迫24h、48h、72h、96h后分别测定其叶绿素a含量、脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性.结果表明,随着胁迫浓度的增加和时间的延长,叶绿素a含量、SOD和CAT活性总体呈下降趋势,而MDA含量呈递增趋势,高浓度剂量组与对照组比较差异极显著,酶的活性降幅也较大,说明急性nTiO2暴露对普生轮藻具有毒性作用,且表现出剂量效应.     

土壤质地对自养固碳微生物及其同化碳的影响

自养微生物可同化大气中的CO2并将其转化为土壤有机碳,对提高农田土壤的碳吸收和碳储存有重要意义,然而土壤质地对自养固碳微生物功能种群及其同化碳的影响机制还不清楚.本研究选取亚热带地区同一母质发育而成的两种质地水稻土壤(壤质黏土和砂质黏壤土),通过14C-CO2连续标记技术结合室内模拟培养实验,探讨土壤质地对自养微生物同化碳(14C-SOC)、自养微生物截留碳(14C-MBC)和自养微生物可溶性碳(14C-DOC)的影响.以固碳功能基因(cbb L基因)作为指示基因,结合PCR和克隆测序技术,分析不同质地土壤自养固碳微生物群落结构和多样性的差异.结果表明,壤质黏土14C-SOC、14C-MBC和14C-DOC平均含量分别为133.81、40.16和8.10 mg·kg-1,均显著高于砂质黏壤土14C-SOC(104.95 mg·kg-1)、14C-MBC(33.26 mg·kg-1)和14C-DOC(4.18 mg·kg-1)平均含量(P0.05),说明土壤质地显著影响了土壤自养微生物碳同化量以及自养微生物同化碳在土壤中的转化.稀疏曲线、细菌cbb L基因文库覆盖度以及多样性指数分析结果显示壤质黏土固碳细菌群落多样性高于砂质黏壤土.系统发育分析表明,壤质黏土细菌cbb L基因序列与Rhodoblastus acidophilus、Blastochloris viridis、Thauera humireducens、Mehylibium sp.、Variovorax sp.等具有一定的同源性,而砂质黏壤土cbb L基因序列主要与根瘤菌和放线菌同源.可见,土壤质地对自养固碳微生物群落结构和多样性产生了深刻的影响,壤质黏土中较高的黏粒含量、土壤养分含量和阳离子交换量可能有利于维持更高的自养固碳微生物多样性和活性,从而导致不同质地土壤自养微生物碳同化量及其转化存在显著差异.     

Uptake of radioiodide by Paenibacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Burkholderia sp. and Rhodococcus sp. isolated from a boreal nutrient-poor bog

Radionuclides, like radioiodine(~(129)I), may escape deep geological nuclear waste repositories and migrate to the surface ecosystems. In surface ecosystems, microorganisms can affect their movement. Iodide uptake of six bacterial strains belonging to the genera Paenibacillus,Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and Rhodococcus isolated from an acidic boreal nutrient-poor bog was tested. The tests were run in four different growth media at three temperatures. All bacterial strains removed iodide from the solution with the highest efficiency shown by one of the Paenibacillus strains with 99% of iodide removed from the solution in one of the used growth media. Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus and one of the two Paenibacillus strains showed highest iodide uptake in 1% yeast extract with maximum values for the distribution coefficient(K_d) ranging from 90 to 270 L/kg DW. The Burkholderia strain showed highest uptake in 1% Tryptone(maximum K_d170 L/kg DW). The Paenibacillus strain V0-1-LW showed exceptionally high uptake in 0.5% peptone + 0.25% yeast extract broth(maximum K_d 1,000,000 L/kg DW). Addition of 0.1% glucose to the 0.5% peptone + 0.25% yeast extract broth reduced iodide uptake at 4℃ and 20℃ and enhanced iodide uptake at 37℃ compared to the uptake without glucose. This indicates that the uptake of glucose and iodide may be competing processes in these bacteria. We estimated that in in situ conditions of the bog,the bacterial uptake of iodide accounts for approximately 0.1%–0.3% of the total sorption of iodide in the surface, subsurface peat, gyttja and clay layers.     

15株微藻对猪场养殖污水中氮磷的净化及其细胞营养分析

在实验室条件下调查了15株淡水微藻在猪场养殖污水中的生长性能、细胞组成及各微藻对污水中氮磷的去除效果.结果表明:15株微藻均可有效降低猪场养殖污水中的氮磷含量,但不同藻株对污水中不同形态氮的去除效果差异明显.多棘栅藻(Scenedesmus spinosus)SHOUF7、多棘栅藻(S.spinosus)SHOU-F8和四尾栅藻(S.quadricanda)SHOU-F35去除总氮效果最佳.多棘栅藻SHOU-F7、多棘栅藻SHOU-F8和斜生栅藻(S.obliquus)SHOU-F21去除硝态氮效果最好,最大去除率可达到100%.椭圆小球藻(Chlorella ellipsoidea)SHOU-F3、单生卵囊藻(Oocystis solitaria)SHOU-F5和四球藻(Tetrachlorella alternans)SHOU-F24去除氨态氮效果最好,最大去除率为97.82%.各株微藻对污水中总磷的去除率均很高,可达91.00%以上.利用猪场养殖污水培养的各株微藻细胞蛋白含量及脂肪酸组成差异显著,蛋白含量最高的为椭圆小球藻(Ch.ellipsoidea)SHOU-F3(43.90%),含量最低的为多棘栅藻SHOU-F8(23.87%);16∶0和18∶3n3在各株微藻中含量均较丰富.多棘栅藻SHOU-F7、多棘栅藻SHOU-F8、淡水小球藻(Chlorella sp.)SHOU-F19和针形纤维藻(A.acicularis)SHOU-F120的脂肪酸甲酯的理论烷基值超过47.因此,多棘栅藻SHOU-F7、多棘栅藻SHOU-F8和四尾栅藻SHOU-F35是净化猪场养殖污水的优良藻株,其中,多棘栅藻SHOU-F8是猪场养殖污水净化耦合微藻生物柴油生产的合适藻株.     

Contrasting responses of seed yield to elevated carbon dioxide under field conditions within Phaseolus vulgaris

The rising concentration of carbon dioxide [CO₂] in the atmosphere represents an increase in a growth-limiting resource for C₃ crop species. Identification of lines or characteristics of lines which have superior yield at elevated [CO₂] could aid in adaptation to this global change. While intraspecific variation in responses to elevated [CO₂] has been found in several species, intraspecific differences in crop yield responses to elevated [CO₂] under field conditions have seldom been documented. In this 4-year study, the responses of photosynthesis, growth, pod number, seed number and size, and seed yield to the elevation of [CO₂] to 180 μmol mol⁻¹ above the current ambient concentration were examined in four varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris in the field, using open-top chambers. There was a significant variety by [CO₂] interaction for seed yield, with seed yield at elevated [CO₂] ranging from 0.89 to 1.39 times that at ambient [CO₂] (mean 1.17×) in the different varieties, when averaged over 4 years. The highest yielding variety at elevated [CO₂] was not the highest yielding variety at ambient [CO₂]. The varieties with the largest and smallest yield responses both had an indeterminate growth habit. Down-regulation of photosynthesis at elevated [CO₂] only occurred in the two indeterminate varieties, and there was no significant correlation between the response of single leaf photosynthetic rate and the response of seed yield to elevated [CO₂] among varieties, nor between the responses of stem mass and seed yield. The change in the number of pods at elevated [CO₂] was the primary determinant of the response of seed yield. These results indicate that significant variation in the response of seed yield to elevated [CO₂] under field conditions does exist among varieties of P. vulgaris, and that variation in the response of pod and seed number may be more important than variation in photosynthetic response.     

CO2和O3浓度倍增及复合效应对大豆生长和产量的影响

利用OTC-1型农田开顶式气室,模拟研究了大气中CO₂、O₃浓度倍增及其复合效应对大豆生长、根瘤和产量形成的影响.结果表明,CO₂浓度倍增促进根系生长,固氮能力增强,植株高度和基部粗度增加,对发育期、绿叶数和绿叶面积影响不大.O₃浓度倍增抑制大豆根系和茎的生长,固氮能力下降,叶片伤害使绿叶数和绿叶面积显著下降, 衰老提前.在CO₂和O₃的复合试验中,CO₂浓度增加明显缓解O₃浓度增加对大豆伤害和抑制作用,CO₂、O₃浓度持续倍增处理下大豆生长和固氮能力与CK的数量差异明显小于单一O₃浓度倍增与CK 的数量差异,逐渐增加CO₂、O₃浓度的刺激作用和剂量效应使大豆生长后期伤害加重,绿叶数、绿叶面积显著下降,而根系固氮能力有所提高.     

两种微藻胞外分泌物与NO2-、NO3-对2，4-D光解的影响

在模拟太阳光照射下,利用旋转式光化学反应装置,研究了海水小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium)的胞外分泌物(EOM),以及分别在NO-2或(和)NO-3共存条件下对2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)光解的影响.实验结果表明,2,4-D在海水小球藻和新月菱形藻EOM及分别在NO-2、NO-3共存下的光解过程均符合准一级动力学反应.研究发现,2,4-D的光解速率随海水小球藻和新月菱形藻EOM浓度的增加而减小,表明这两种微藻EOM可抑制海水中2,4-D的光解.当在微藻EOM溶液中分别加入不同浓度的NO-2或NO-3后,微藻EOM对2,4-D光解的抑制作用减弱,且随着NO-2和NO-3浓度的增加,2,4-D光解速率明显增加.特别是当微藻EOM与NO-2或NO-3三者共存时,可进一步促进2,4-D的光解.     

Interactive response of photosynthetic characteristics in Haloxylon ammodendron and Hedysarum scoparium exposed to soil water and air vapor pressure deficits

C₄ plants possess better drought tolerance than C₃ plants. However, Hedysarum scoparium, a C₃ species, is dominant and widely distributed in the desert areas of northwestern China due to its strong drought tolerance. This study compared it with Haloxylon ammodendron, a C₄ species, regarding the interactive effects of drought stress and different leaf–air vapor pressure deficits. Variables of interest included gas exchange, the activity levels of key C₄ photosynthetic enzymes, and cellular anatomy. In both species, gas exchange parameters were more sensitive to high vapor pressure deficit than to strong water stress, and the net CO₂ assimilation rate (A_n) was enhanced as vapor pressure deficits increased. A close relationship between A_n and stomatal conductance (g_s) suggested that the species shared a similar response mechanism. In H. ammodendron, the activity levels of key C₄ enzymes were higher, including those of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malate enzyme (NADP-ME), whereas in H. scoparium, the activity level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-malate enzyme (NAD-ME) was higher. Meanwhile, H. scoparium utilized adaptive structural features, including a larger relative vessel area and a shorter distance from vein to stomata, which facilitated the movement of water. These findings implied that some C₄ biochemical pathways were present in H. scoparium to respond to environmental challenges.