基于疲劳损伤谱的随机振动试验方法在智能电表模拟公路运输中的研究

目的解决传统试验精确度差、仿真程度低的问题,验证智能电表在随机振动过程中的可靠性。方法将基于疲劳损伤谱的等效随机振动试验方法运用到智能电表公路运输振动试验中,首先提出疲劳载荷谱的概念及其获取方法,并对采集的振动数据进行处理,得到用于加速振动试验的功率谱密度,最后验证基于疲劳损伤谱的随机振动试验方法应用于智能电表模拟公路运输方法的可行性及优势。结果使用该方法加速试验前后的累计疲劳损伤误差为6.4%。结论该方法不但能大幅减少试验时间,同时能够节省大量人力、物力资源。     

某电子设备随机振动故障分析

目的 探究某批次电子设备随机振动环境筛选试验中故障发生原因.方法 首先对电子设备环境试验初步分析,确定设备螺钉点布置合理,结构本身无明显缺陷,但试验夹具可能导致振动载荷放大.通过Abaqus有限元软件仿真分析电子设备失效情况,同时开展试验确定振动夹具的固有频率,并绘制电子设备实际所受随机振动功率谱密度曲线,以该功率谱密度曲线为输入,开展有限元仿真,验证失效模式,并在此基础上完成故障复现试验,制定相应的改进措施.结果 有限元仿真得到电子设备3Sigma应力为22 MPa,在结构强度容许范围内.通过试验确定振动夹具固有频率与电子设备前两阶模态频率重频,发生共振,导致激励被放大,电子设备存在过考核,从而发生破坏.以设备实际所受功率谱密度曲线为输入条件,仿真得到3Sigma应力为52 MPa,超过焊接强度极限,导致焊点失效破坏.为进一步验证失效原因,使用原振动夹具完成故障复现试验,并改进试验夹具开展对比试验.结论 随机振动试验夹具的设计,应避免夹具固有频率与电子设备重频,从而导致设备破坏,合理选择设计夹具能有效避免电子设备遭受过考核.     

板壳结构在声振联合试验下的振动响应耦合分析

目的 研究具有工程实践意义的板壳组合结构在声振联合作用下的响应预测方法。方法 在噪声试验、振动试验和声振联合试验响应曲线的基础上,分析板壳组合结构在噪声和振动同时激励下的响应耦合规律,并根据噪声试验和振动试验的响应极值包络法,来预测在声振联合试验作用下板壳结构的响应分布。结果 声振联合试验响应曲线近似于噪声试验和振动试验的最大值包络线,噪声的面激励和随机振动的基础激励在不同的频率范围内对结构响应起着主要影响。试验件的噪声试验和振动试验响应曲线在给定的频率点出现相交,小于交越频率的声振联合试验响应与振动试验高度吻合,高于交越频率的响应则以噪声试验为主。结论 在工程实际中,可以直接利用振动试验和噪声试验的响应数据对声振联合试验的响应进行预测。由于交越频率难以事先获得,因此响应叠加法在实践中更易于实现。     

可靠性强化试验技术在某型伺服作动器研制中的适用性探索

目的探索可靠性强化试验技术在典型机电液一体化产品伺服作动器研制过程中的适用性。方法以某型伺服作动器为研究对象,从故障激发的角度对可靠性强化试验技术的应用进行可行性分析,在响应调查和应力分析的基础上,结合产品的工作特点设计适用于该类伺服作动器的可靠性强化试验方案,包含低温步进应力试验、高温步进应力试验、快速温度循环试验10个循环、振动步进应力试验(包含气锤式三轴向六自由度超高斯随机振动方式及电磁振动台随机振动方式)及综合环境应力试验5个循环,并依此进行试验。结果在快速温度循环试验及综合环境应力试验过程中,均有效地激发出了产品的漏油故障,与相似产品外场暴露的漏油故障模式相吻合。结论可靠性强化试验技术可有效地应用于典型机电液一体化产品伺服作动器的研制过程,设计的可靠性强化试验方案可有效地激发外场出现频率较高的故障,可作为该类产品研制的试验手段之一。     

基于FDS的CI柜体随机振动加速试验方法

目的 在实验室内更加真实地模拟牵引变流器(CI)柜体的超高斯振动环境.方法 采用疲劳损伤谱(FDS)的等效疲劳损伤原则,基于超高斯信号对该柜体进行振动试验加速方法的研究.提出疲劳载荷谱的概念及其计算方法,将采集的平稳超高斯加速度信号,基于时域的方法计算其FDS,进而转换成用于振动台试验的加速度功率谱密度,对CI柜体进行随机振动加速试验.结果 在保证与原始损伤当量一致的基础上,完成了对CI柜体的振动试验,未出现任何疲劳失效.结论 该试验方法与传统的高斯振动试验相比,尽管选择同等的加速试验时间,但其更能真实地反映出CI柜体所承受的超高斯振动环境,进一步精确地检验产品的耐久性能.     

岛礁环境下航空电连接器的腐蚀及其对信号传输的影响

目的 通过腐蚀加速试验,研究航空电连接器在某岛礁环境下的腐蚀特点和规律,并在此基础上,进一步研究航空电连接器腐蚀后对信号传输的影响。方法 根据该岛礁环境特点,设计腐蚀加速试验环境谱,基于此环境谱开展腐蚀加速试验,观察不同试验周期航空电连接器的腐蚀形貌,测量其接触电阻,研究腐蚀机理。然后设计电路,测量方波信号通过不同腐蚀程度电连接器的波形特征,通过对比分析研究腐蚀对信号传输的影响。结果 5个腐蚀循环周期后,电连接器插针表面开始出现微孔,接触电阻位于3～11m?;10个周期后,插针表面微孔数量增多,且坑蚀变深变大,接触电阻位于7～19 m?;15个周期后,插针表面部分镀金层脱落,接触电阻位于15～36 m?。电连接器腐蚀程度越深,信号相位差、上升时间和过冲的测量值就越大;信号频率增加,这3个测量参数也相应变大。结论 盐雾和交变湿热加电应力环境对航空电连接器接触表面腐蚀作用明显。潮湿盐雾侵入电连接器内部是导致接触电阻升高的直接原因。接触电阻并不能完全反映出腐蚀对信号传输的影响。当接触电阻较小时,电连接器腐蚀程度越大,信号失真就越明显;信号频率越高,信号失真越明显。     

植被过滤带对泥沙和磷削减效率及VFSMOD-W模型模拟

植被过滤带是有效削减面源污染的生态管理措施,其削减效果受很多因素的影响。该文通过植被过滤带试验,探讨不同坡度和浅层地下水埋深对植被过滤带削减地表径流、泥沙和磷的影响,结合VFSMOD-W模型和简单磷运移经验模型评估污染物在植被过滤带的传输。结果表明,植被过滤带对地表径流、泥沙和TP的削减效率范围分别为25%～72%、43%～82%和39%～80%。在同一浅层地下水埋深条件下,当过滤带坡度分别为2%、5%和15%时,坡度越缓,植被过滤带削减效率越高。在同一坡度条件下,当浅层地下水埋深分别为0.08、0.22和0.36 m时,浅层地下水埋深越深,植被过滤带的削减效率越高。VFSMOD-W模型模拟结果显示,该模型能够较好地模拟地表径流和泥沙在植被过滤带的传输。VFSMOD-W模型结合简单磷运移经验模型对削减效果进行模拟评估,发现整体拟合效果较好(C_eff>0.85)。VFSMOD-W能较好地用于预测地表径流、泥沙和磷在植被过滤带的传输。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.