镉对小鼠卵母细胞成熟和体外受精的影响

采用小鼠卵母细胞体外培养、体外受精的方法研究了CdCl2对小鼠卵母细胞的生发泡破裂（GVBD）、第一极体释放及体外受精（IVF）的影响．结果表明,CdCl₂对GVBD没有影响,但可以抑制卵母细胞第一极体的释放,影响卵母细胞的存活率并可降低IVF频率CdCl₂影响极体释放和IVF率可能是其对纺锤体的破坏,使得减数分裂不能正常进行,同时还可能影响微丝等细胞骨架成分,阻止正常胞质分裂实验结果还显示,CdCl₂这种抑制作用可能是可逆的,或者仅仅是对减数分裂的延迟作用．     

18种国产香烟致突变性比较检测研究

使用蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验技术研究了18种国产香烟烟雾水溶物的致突变性,结果表明上述每种香烟均有明显的致突变性,其中淮海牌香烟致突变性最强,茶花牌香烟致突变性最弱。提示蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术可以用于香烟致突变性检测。同种香烟有滤嘴组和去除滤嘴组对比检测结果表明,过滤嘴可以减轻香烟的致突变性。     

外因对室内香烟烟雾影响的实验研究

以ＣＯ为研究指标，对多种吸烟状态进行了连续自动监测。结果表明，在相邻室内开抽风机、在吸烟在室内放置植物、开关窗户等，均为影响室内香烟烟雾的主要因素。     

吸烟对室内空气的影响及防治措施

在当今世界，人们在关注室外污染的同时，更应该把目光投入室内污染，特别是吸烟对室内空气的影响。本文论述了香烟烟者对室内环境所造成的污染，重点介绍了由香烟烟雾引起的室内污染对健康的影响，并提出了防治措施。     

国内外高中低档品牌香烟PM_(2.5)散发特性的试验研究

研究发现,密闭室内吸烟燃烧产生的细颗粒物远大于自由燃烧。国产高档品牌香烟燃烧稳定时的颗粒物浓度小于低档品牌,国外香烟高档品牌与低档品牌之间无显著差别。香烟燃烧的室内PM_(2.5)逐时散发浓度呈指数规律增长。AUCPM_(2.5)运用PM_(2.5)散发曲线对燃烧时间的积分模型,综合考虑PM_(2.5)散发强度和燃烧时间两个因素,是一种评估二手烟暴露水平的合理方法。国外品牌香烟烟雾潜在暴露水平与品牌档级有关,而国产品牌香烟烟雾潜在暴露水平与品牌档级无关。     

不同品牌香烟烟雾中有机成分的分析

采用气－质联用技术（GC－MS）分析了我国市场上常见的近20种香烟烟雾中有机成分，为评价吸烟对人体健康的危害性提供资料，分析结果表明，这些香烟中，含有苯类衍生物，杂环类化合物及多环化合物等，从36种到131种不等，绝大多数有害人体健康。     

吸烟对健康的影响

香烟烟雾中有上千种不同的化合物,其中包括焦油、多环烃,CO和NO_2。这些化合物都影响健康,已推导了致癌的相关性。据统计,吸烟者占肺癌死亡率的85％,慢性阻碍性肺病死亡率的70％,冠心病死亡率的30％,全部死亡率的15％。最近,研究了被动吸烟对健康的影响。被动吸烟者有吸入较小颗粒物和更多NO_2的趋势。这与肺癌和肺功能损害有关,但与心血管病无关。     

香烟中的钋-210与肺癌

本文根据文献报道,综述国内外香烟中~(210)Po放射性水平及其对人体健康的危害;介绍吸人烟雾中~(210)Po-导致肺癌发生的动物试验结果及对低剂量。辐射致癌的危险度估算,指出吸烟作为诱发呼吸系统癌变的污染源,应予控制。     

吸烟及吸二手烟对人体多环芳烃内暴露的影响

采用快速液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱仪对吸烟、吸二手烟和不吸烟的居民的尿样进行抽检,分析了10种多环芳烃羟基代谢物(OH-PAHs)的组成和含量,评估了吸烟及吸二手烟对人体OH-PAHs内暴露水平的影响.结果表明,吸烟及吸二手烟对居民尿液中OH-PAHs的浓度水平和组成特征均有影响,对萘和芴的代谢产物影响最为显著.OH-PAHs的浓度水平按照吸烟组>吸二手烟组>不吸烟组的顺序递减,吸烟组和吸二手烟组人群尿液中萘的代谢产物2-羟基萘和1-羟基萘所占的比例分别是不吸烟组人群的1.5、1.2倍和1.7、1.9倍;吸烟、吸二手烟和不吸烟人群体内各OH-PAHs之间的相关性分析表明,吸二手烟人群体内OH-PAHs来源最为复杂,受环境空气和香烟烟雾的双重影响.与同类研究结果相比,本研究吸二手烟人群体内OH-PAHs明显偏低,这可能与吸二手烟人群受到烟气的暴露时间和暴露量有关.     

吸烟摄入的二恶英对人体健康的危害分析

本文解析了吸烟产生的二恶因的毒性,与吸烟者吸入的主流烟相比旁人吸入的副流烟中的二恶英多,吸烟尤其对妊娠者更具毒性。通过对万宝路等5种品牌香烟的分析,得知香烟本身:键牌每盒香烟含58 pg较多,万宝路含16pg较少(键牌的1/4)。五种品牌的平均值为38 pg。烟灰:七星为5.2 pg最多。万宝路是它的1/3,平均值为3.4 pg。滤纸:软七星为22 pg很多,平均值为9 pg,在滤纸中的DXNs的量多,是由于滤纸除去DXNs的效果大。根据同族体模式进行验证分析了5中香烟中二恶英含量,指出了主流烟和副流烟中二恶英含量的试算方法。     

The origins of aneuploidy research consortium

The presence of high levels of aneuploidy in oocytes and early embryos and their fate is of considerable scientific and clinical importance. The Origins of Aneuploidy Research Consortium (OARC) was established to promote interdisciplinary communication and collaborative research into this topic. Under the umbrella of OARC, a series of papers has now been published in this Special Issue of Prenatal Diagnosis. Recent studies have transformed the view that aneuploidy is usually attributable to meiotic non-disjunction. The molecular basis for the association between meiotic error and maternal age is becoming understood. The clinical significance of mitotic instability in the earliest cells divisions of the embryo is also becoming clearer. An error in the segregation of one or more whole chromosomes from a parent does not invariably result in a non-viable pregnancy or an abnormal outcome. Epidemiologic data allows an assessment of in utero viability, the effect of maternal age, and secondary factors that may affect aneuploidy prevalence. We advocate careful use of nomenclature and revision of educational materials to more accurately explain the complex and often nuanced mechanisms. OARC plans to hold additional workshops, promote additional publications and offer educational resources.     

Zur Ätiologie des Mongolismus

Beside the rare cares of translocation mongolism, Down syndrome is caused by meiotic malsegregation of chromosomes, No. 21. The meiotic error can take place in both sexes and was found twice as frequently in the female as in the male. The same 2:1 ratio was found concerning nondisjunction in the first and in the second meiotic division. The rate of meiotic errors, which occur at random, is largely dependent on age; this tendency is more pronounced in oogenesis than in spermatogenesis. The results of prenatal chromosomal diagnosis indicate that the recurrence risk of trisomy 21 is not above the age-dependent average.     

Copy number analysis of meiotic and postzygotic mitotic aneuploidies in trophectoderm cells biopsied at the blastocyst stage and arrested embryos

Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) by copy number analysis is now widely used to select euploid embryos for transfer. Whole or partial chromosome aneuploidy can arise in meiosis, predominantly female meiosis, or in the postzygotic, mitotic divisions during cleavage and blastocyst formation, resulting in chromosome mosaicism. Meiotic aneuploidies are almost always lethal, however, the clinical significance of mitotic aneuploidies detected by PGT-A is not fully understood and healthy live births have been reported following transfer of mosaic embryos. Here, we used single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping of both polar bodies and embryo samples to identify meiotic aneuploidies and compared copy number changes for meiotic and presumed mitotic aneuploidies in trophectoderm cells biopsied at the blastocyst stage and arrested embryos. PGT-A detected corresponding full copy number changes (≥70%) for 36/37 (97%) maternal meiotic aneuploidies. The number of presumed mitotic copy number changes detected exceeded those of meiotic origin. Although mainly in the mosaic range, some of these mitotic aneuploidies had copy number changes ≥70% and would have been identified as full aneuploidies. Interestingly, many arrested embryos had multiple mitotic aneuploidies across a broad range of copy number changes, which may have arisen through tripolar spindle and other mitotic abnormalities.     

Missed connections: recombination and human aneuploidy

The physical exchange of DNA between homologs, crossing-over, is essential to orchestrate the unique, reductional first meiotic division (MI). In females, the events of meiotic recombination that serve to tether homologs and facilitate their disjunction at MI occur during fetal development, preceding the MI division by several decades in our species. Data from studies in humans and mice demonstrate that placement of recombination sites during fetal development influences the likelihood of an MI nondisjunction event that results in the production of an aneuploid egg. Here we briefly summarize what we know about the relationship between aneuploidy and meiotic recombination and important considerations for the future of human assisted reproduction.     

生物滤层去除铁锰效果的试验研究

为了解决缩短滤料成熟期的问题,提出对两个过滤柱的滤料进行接种与未接种的对比。本文对未接种的滤料与接种的滤料的处理效果相比较,同时验证未接种滤料的成熟期。试验中的滤料是粒径为0.6~1.2mm的石英砂,试验结果证明,在低负荷运行条件下,未接种与接种的石英砂滤料相比,接种的石英砂在初期比未接种的石英砂除铁除锰的效果稍好,待未接种的石英砂成熟后,处理效果相近。因此,适当接种可以缩短滤料的成熟周期,对降低成本和提高铁除锰效率具有一定的意义。     

大气颗粒物对小鼠淋巴细胞的免疫毒性研究

采用大气颗粒物提取液观察对小鼠淋巴细胞免疫功能的影响，结果表明，各浓度的颗粒物液均能抑制小鼠淋巴细胞增殖反应，其中５ｍｇ／ｍＬ浓度的抑制效果最显著，脾淋巴细胞ＩＬ－２的诱生也受各浓度颗粒物液的抑制，以１０ｍｇ／ｍＬ组抑制效果最明显。     

Involvement of opioid peptides in the regulation of reproduction in the prawn Penaeus indicus

 The possible involvement of an endogenous opioid system in the regulation of ovarian development in the prawn Penaeus indicus was investigated. Injection of leucine-enkephalin significantly increased the ovarian index and oocyte diameter in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, injection of methionine-enkephalin significantly decreased the ovarian index and oocyte diameters. These results provide evidence to support the hypothesis that an opioid system is involved in the regulation of reproduction in crustaceans. Received: 25 July 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 9 October 2000     

Relationship between abundance of rodents and damage to agricultural crops

Developing a relationship between pest abundance and damage to crops is essential for the calculation of economic injury levels (EIL) leading to informed management decisions. The crop modelling framework, APSIM, was used to simulate the impact of mouse damage on yield loss on wheat where a long-term dataset on the density of mice was available (1983–2003). The model was calibrated using results from field trials where wheat plants were hand clipped to imitate mouse damage. The grazing effect of mice was estimated using the population density, daily intake per mouse and the proportion of wheat grain and plant tissue in the diet to determine yield loss. The mean yield loss caused by mice was 12.4% (±5.4S.E.; range −0.5 to 96%). There were 7/21 years when yield loss was >5%. A damage/abundance relationship was constructed and a sigmoidal curve explained 97% of variation when accounting for different trajectories of mouse densities from sowing to harvest. The majority of damage occurred around emergence of the crop when mouse densities were >100 mice ha⁻¹. This is the first time that field data on mouse density and a crop simulation model have been combined to estimate yield loss. The model examines the efficacy of baiting and how to estimate EILs. Because the broadscale application of zinc phosphide is cheap and effective, the EIL is very low (<1% yield loss). The APSIM model is highly flexible and could be used for other vertebrate pests in a range of crops or pastures to develop density/damage relationships and to assist with management.