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1.
Three congeneric species of fiddler crabs, Uca pugilator (Bosc, 1802), U. pugnax (Smith, 1870), and U. minax (LeConte, 1855), co-occur in estuaries along the east coast of North America, from Cape Cod to northern Florida. Although U. minax adults are generally found at lower salinities than the other two species, the distributions of all three species overlap to some degree. The distribution of megalopae and juvenile fiddler crabs (from first crab stage to those with a carapace width of 3.0 mm) was examined at four sites along a salinity gradient (from 35.0±2.0 to 3.0±3.0;
) in the North Inlet Estuary, South Carolina, USA, in August 2002. A PCR-RFLP technique was developed to identify individuals from the genus Uca to species from first zoea through the early crab stages. An examination of the distribution of early life stages showed that U. minax reinvades low-salinity adult habitats at settlement, following planktonic larval development in the coastal ocean. Also, juveniles of U. pugilator were found to occupy Spartina alterniflora stands, where adult conspecifics rarely occur. Species frequencies were different for adults compared to early life stages in low-salinity areas of the marsh, where populations overlap. Settlement and survival dynamics of early life-history stages in wet and dry years likely determine the distribution of adult Uca spp. populations along salinity gradients in estuarine ecosystems.Communicated by J.P. Grassle, New Brunswick 相似文献
2.
Relatively little overlap exists in faunal assemblages in the oceanic waters found north of, and over the reef-like structure south of, Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA. To better understand the mechanisms influencing the zoogeography of these animals, metabolic-temperature patterns have been characterized for both larvae and adults of animals collected in waters north and south of Cape Hatteras and from the Caribbean Sea. Southern affinity species from north of Cape Hatteras are the most metabolically labile of the groups, based on seasonal and laboratory-acclimated studies. Adults having a northern affinity found north of Cape Hatteras are metabolically depressed at high temperatures, whereas species from the reef area and the Caribbean are metabolically depressed at low temperatures. Metabolic rates of first stage zoea of crabs from the reef area are depressed at lower temperatures than larvae of the same stage of other species of crabs from the Cape Hatteras region or the Caribbean Sea.Supported by Grant NSF GB 7435 from the National Science Foundation. The authors thank Duke University Marine Laboratory and the Cooperative Program of Biological Oceanography for the use of the R.V. Eastward. The Co-operative Program is supported through the National Science Foundation Grant GB-8189. 相似文献
3.
B. J. McAlice 《Marine Biology》1981,64(3):267-272
Acartia tonsa Dana is thought to have invaded summer-warm estuarine headwaters north of Cape Cod, USA in modern times. However, these northern populations are relict ones, derived from a distribution which was once continuous from Cape Cod to the Northumberland Strait. The conclusion is based on: (1) the presence of other relict warm-water faunal elements; (2) the reproductive ecology of A. tonsa; (3) present and post-glacial oceanographic conditions. A. tonsa is not a relict holoplankter. Because of its dormant winter eggs, the species is analogous to a meroplanktonic species having high fecundity and a long pelagic larval stage. The disjunction of A. tonsa in its present refuges may make it useful for studies on rates of speciation in marine calanoid copepods.Ira C. Darling Center Contribution No. 153 相似文献
4.
P. R. Teske I. Papadopoulos G. I. Zardi C. D. McQuaid M. T. Edkins C. L. Griffiths N. P. Barker 《Marine Biology》2007,152(3):697-711
The amount of genetic structure in marine invertebrates is often thought to be negatively correlated with larval duration.
However, larval retention may increase genetic structure in species with long-lived planktonic larvae, and rafting provides
a means of dispersal for species that lack a larval dispersal phase. We compared genetic structure, demographic histories
and levels of gene flow of regional lineages (in most cases defined by biogeographic region) of five southern African coastal
invertebrates with three main types of larval development: (1) dispersal by long-lived planktonic larvae (mudprawn Upogebia africana and brown mussel Perna perna), (2) abbreviated larval development (crown crab Hymenosoma orbiculare) and (3) direct development (estuarine isopod Exosphaeroma hylecoetes and estuarine cumacean Iphinoe truncata). We hypothesized that H. orbiculare, having abbreviated larval development, would employ a strategy of larval retention, resulting in genetic structure comparable
to that of the direct developers rather than the planktonic dispersers. However, regional population structure was significantly
lower in all species with planktonic larvae, including H. orbiculare, than in the direct developers. Moreover, nested clade analysis identified demographic histories resulting from low levels
of gene flow (isolation by distance and allopatric fragmentation) in the direct developers only, and migration rates were
significantly higher in all three species having planktonic larvae than in the direct developers. We conclude that the amount
of genetic structure within marine biogeographic regions strongly depends on the presence or absence of free-swimming larvae.
Whether such larvae are primarily exported or retained, whether they have long or short larval duration, and whether or not
they are capable of active dispersal seems to have little effect on connectivity among populations. 相似文献
5.
Within its distribution range in the northeastern Atlantic, the stalked barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes shows a well-defined pattern of genetic variation, comprising (a) a subtropical/temperate northern assemblage, made up of
populations distributed between 47°N and 28°N along the French, Iberian, North African and Canary Islands coastlines, and
(b) a single isolated and highly divergent tropical population in the Cape Verde Islands (16°N), at the southernmost limit
of the species’ distribution. However, within the northern assemblage several populations show a level of genetic differentiation
that allows rejection of the hypothesis of genetic homogeneity. The congruence observed between genetic and hydrographic patterns
suggests a crucial role of hydrodynamics, and of the dispersal of the planktonic larvae, in the determination of population
structure. Along the southern European Atlantic coast, the Iberian Poleward Current and mesoscale hydrographic structures
are, respectively, facilitating gene flow at the regional level and genetic differentiation at the local level. On the Atlantic
coast of North Africa, the homogenizing equatorward flow of the Canary Current does not extend as far as the Cape Verde Islands.
A demographic expansion is dated to the late Pleistocene, preceding the Eemian interglacial, and is oldest in the case of
the long-standing Cape Verde population, sustained by a stable tropical habitat. The divergence between the Cape Verde population
and the remaining populations is thus ancient, and suggests that oceanic current patterns may constitute a generalized physical
barrier to the dispersal of marine organisms between Cape Verde and the rest of Macaronesia. 相似文献
6.
N. E. Buroker 《Marine Biology》1983,75(1):99-112
An examination by protein-gel electrophoresis of 19 different geographical populations of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) was conducted along the Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico. Estimates were made of levels of genetic variation and similarity among the populations based on 32 structural loci. The percentage of loci polymorphic ranged from 46.9 to 65.6% along the Atlantic coast while the estimate ranged from 54.8% to 68.8% on the Gulf of Mexico. The percentage of loci heterozygous ranged from 18.6 to 23.6% along the Atlantic coast and from 20.0 to 25.4% in the Gulf of Mexico. The genetic similarities between all contiguous populations from Cape Cod, Massachusetts to Corpus Christi, Texas were estimated as 99%, while the same estimate between Corpus Christi and Brownsville, Texas was computed as 93%, indicating a major transition in genetic structure for the Brownsville population of the Laguna Madre. The study revealed that the migration of planktonic oyster larvae is predominantly in a westerly direction along the Gulf of Mexico and that gene flow appears to be disrupted in the region of the Laguna Madre. Evidence has been presented for single gene selection at the Lap-2 and Pgi loci in the form of macrogeographical clines in allele frequencies with changing environmental conditions. 相似文献
7.
Morano JL Rice AN Tielens JT Estabrook BJ Murray A Roberts BL Clark CW 《Conservation biology》2012,26(4):698-707
Species' conservation relies on understanding their seasonal habitats and migration routes. North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis), listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, migrate from the southeastern U.S. coast to Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, a federally designated critical habitat, from February through May to feed. The whales then continue north across the Gulf of Maine to northern waters (e.g., Bay of Fundy). To enter Cape Cod Bay, right whales must traverse an area of dense shipping and fishing activity in Massachusetts Bay, where there are no mandatory regulations for the protection of right whales or management of their habitat. We used passive acoustic recordings of right whales collected in Massachusetts Bay from May 2007 through October 2010 to determine the annual spatial and temporal distribution of the whales and their calling activity. We detected right whales in the bay throughout the year, in contrast to results from visual surveys. Right whales were detected on at least 24% of days in each month, with the exception of June 2007, in which there were no detections. Averaged over all years, right whale calls were most abundant from February through May. During this period, calls were most frequent between 17:00 and 20:00 local time; no diel pattern was apparent in other months. The spatial distribution of the approximate locations of calling whales suggests they may use Massachusetts Bay as a conduit to Cape Cod Bay in the spring and as they move between the Gulf of Maine and waters to the south in September through December. Although it is unclear how dependent right whales are on the bay, the discovery of their widespread presence in Massachusetts Bay throughout the year suggests this region may need to be managed to reduce the probability of collisions with ships and entanglement in fishing gear. 相似文献
8.
Benthic macrofauna and bottom sediments were sampled at 7 stations along a 24 km long onshore-offshore transect ranging in depth from 12 to 42 m in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, USA. High faunal density, biomass and species diversity were recorded at stations densely populated by tubicolous polychaetes. These tube mats bind and stabilize the substratum, providing solid surfaces for attachment of epizoans. Three suspension-feeding species, Euchone incolor (polychaete), Thyasira gouldi (bivalve) and Aeginina longicornis (amphipod), co-occur with deposit-feeding species on muds resuspended by tidal currents. Hydrographic profiles of temperature, salinity and turbidity indicate that resuspended silt-clay particles are entrapped in dense water below the summer thermocline, which persists from mid-April to mid-October. The zone of intersection of the thermocline with the sea floor in about 22 m of water defines a major biofacies-lithofacies transition. This ecotone is characterized by high faunal density, biomass, and species diversity. Benthic populations of macrofauna from Cape Cod Bay are larger than those from Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, and have a widely different taxonomic and trophic composition.Contribution No. 235 of the Systematics-Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA. 相似文献
9.
Coastal areas are among the world's most productive and highly affected ecosystems. Centuries of human activity on coastlines have led to overexploitation of marine predators, which in turn has led to cascading ecosystem‐level effects. Human effects and approaches to mediating them, however, differ regionally due to gradients in biotic and abiotic factors. Salt marsh die‐off on Cape Cod, Massachusetts (U.S.A.), triggered by a recreational‐fishing‐induced trophic cascade that has released herbivorous crabs from predator control, has been ongoing since 1976. Similar salt marsh die‐offs have been reported in Long Island Sound and Narragansett Bay (U.S.A.), but the driving mechanism of these die‐offs has not been examined. We used field experiments to assess trophic interactions and historical reconstructions of 24 New England marshes to test the hypotheses that recreational fishing and predator depletion are a regional trigger of salt marsh die‐off in New England and that die‐offs in Long Island Sound and Narragansett Bay are more recent than those on Cape Cod. Predator depletion was the general trigger of marsh die‐off and explained differences in herbivorous crab abundance and the severity of die‐off across regions. Die‐offs in Long Island Sound and Narragansett Bay are following a trajectory similar to die‐off on Cape Cod, but are approximately 20 years behind those on Cape Cod. As a result, die‐off currently affects 31.2% (SE 2.2) of low‐marsh areas in Long Island Sound and Narragansett Bay, less than half the severity of die‐off on Cape Cod. Our results contribute to the growing evidence that recreational fishing is an increasing threat to coastal ecosystems and that studying the effects of human activity at regional scales can provide insight into local effects and aid in early detection and potential remediation. Ontogenia Regional de un Incremento en la Mortandad en una Marisma Salada de Nueva Inglaterra 相似文献
10.
Kathleen Walther Samuel E. Crickenberger Sergio Marchant Peter B. Marko Amy L. Moran 《Marine Biology》2013,160(10):2723-2732
For the antitropical gooseneck barnacle Pollicipes elegans, population-specific physiological temperature tolerance of larvae may serve as a barrier to larval dispersal across the warmest regions of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Thermal tolerance ranges of larvae of three different populations of P. elegans sampled in 2011 and 2012 (Mexico [MX], El Salvador [ES], and Peru [PE]) were investigated by measuring three indicators of physiological performance: swimming activity, oxygen consumption, and lethality or LT50. The thermal tolerance profiles, which include measurable optimum (maximum aerobic performance), pejus (“getting worse”) and pessimum (worst aerobic performance) ranges, of larvae from the three populations were consistent with their characteristic environmental temperatures. In MX, larvae live close to the upper border of their optimum during warm months and so have a limited capacity to tolerate higher-than-normal temperatures. Larvae from the ES population likewise appear to live within their optimum temperature range, but these larvae lack a detectable pessimum range, suggesting they would be unable to cope with temperatures above their pejus range. Larvae from PE have a broad optimum but no pejus range. Different thermal tolerance ranges provide strong evidence for population-dependent physiological adaptations in P. elegans. For the southern (PE) and northern (MX) P. elegans populations, high tropical temperatures are likely to be a strong direct physiological barrier to larval survival and dispersal, which is in contrast to the more thermally tolerant ES population. 相似文献
11.
Natasha A. Hardy Miles Lamare Sven Uthicke Kennedy Wolfe Steve Doo Symon Dworjanyn Maria Byrne 《Marine Biology》2014,161(2):395-409
The thermal envelope of development to the larval stage of two echinoids from eastern Australia was characterized to determine whether they fill their potential latitudinal ranges as indicated by tolerance limits. The tropical sand dollar, Arachnoides placenta, a species that is not known to have shifted its range, was investigated in Townsville, northern Australia (19°20′S, 146°77′E), during its autumn spawning season (May 2012). The subtropical/temperate sea urchin, Centrostephanus rodgersii, a species that has undergone poleward range expansion, was investigated in Sydney, southern Australia (33°58′S, 151°14′E), during its winter spawning season (August 2012). The thermal tolerance of development was determined in embryos and larvae reared at twelve temperatures. For A. placenta, the ambient water temperature near Townsville and experimental control were 24 °C and treatments ranged from 14 to 37 °C. For C. rodgersii, ambient Sydney water temperature and experimental control were 17 °C, and the treatment range was 9–31 °C. A. placenta had a broader developmental thermal envelope (14 °C range 17–31 °C) than C. rodgersii (9 °C range 13–22 °C). Both species developed successfully at temperatures well below ambient, suggesting that cooler water is not a barrier to poleward migration for either species. Both species presently live near the upper thermal limits for larval development, and future ocean warming could lead to contractions of their northern range limits. This study provides insights into the factors influencing the realized and potential distribution of planktonic life stages and changes to adult distribution in response to global change. 相似文献
12.
Our study examines the potential impact of the European green crab Carcinus maenas on communities of coastal embayments of western North America. We document the current distribution and range expansion of this species beyond San Francisco Bay, where C. maenas first became established along this coast in 1989–1990, and we test the effect of C. maenas predation on different species and sizes of infaunal invertebrates in field and laboratory experiments. In our samples from eight coastal locations in central California collected between June 1993 and May 1994, we found no green crabs at the two closest embayments south of San Francisco Bay and found the crabs in all four embayments sampled within 120 km north of San Francisco Bay, up to and including Bodega Harbor. C. maenas was not present in samples from sites farther north. This northward range expansion is apparently the result of larval recruitment by a single cohort, corresponding to the predominant northern transport of surface waters and the approximate distance water moves during larval green crab development. At Bodega Harbor, the current northern range limit, the C. maenas population is now well established and reproducing. Females and males became sexually mature within their first year at 40 mm carapace width, molting approximately monthly from summer through fall, and females were ovigerous in late fall of their first year at 50 mm. We expect larvae from this population to recruit locally and to the north, promoting episodic range extensions as new populations are established and reproduce. Enclosure experiments conducted during the summer of 1993 at the intertidal sandflats of Bodega Harbor showed that C. maenas significantly reduced densities of the most abundant taxa, including the bivalves Transennella confusa and T. tantilla, the cumacean Cumella vulgaris, and the amphipod Corophium sp. Furthermore, Carcinus maenas selectively removed larger (>3 mm) rather than smaller (<1 mm) Transennella spp. in both field and laboratory experiments. Based on the available data from this and other studies of green crabs, and our 10 yr study of community dynamics at Bodega Harbor, we predict C. maenas will significantly alter community structure, ecological interactions, and evolutionary processes in embayments of western North America. 相似文献
13.
Large populations of sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Müller), destroyed kelp beds along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia in the 1960's and 1970's. The origin of these large sea urchin populations is not understood. We have investigated the potential influence of variable growth and development of the planktonic larvae of sea urchins (in response to temperature and food abundance) on recruitment of benthic juveniles. The adult sea urchins were collected at Sandy Cove, Digby County, Nova Scotia, Canada, in December 1986. Temperature strongly affected larval size and the growth of the echinus rudiment within the range 3° to 9°C, and larvae grew most rapidly at 14°C. Food abundance had a smaller effect on larval growth, and these effects were apparent only at high temperature. Larvae fed the same concentration of two different algal food species grew and developed similarly. Correspondence between spring temperature variation and qualitative variation in sea urchin recruitment, as well as strong temperature effects on larval growth in culture, and the occurrence of a large, positive temperature anomaly in June 1960, all suggest that temperature effects on larval growth and development may have led to intense sea urchin recruitment in 1960 and the appearance of large adult populations 4 to 6 yr later. This result invites further research. 相似文献
14.
Abstract: Die-offs of cordgrass are pervasive throughout western Atlantic salt marshes, yet understanding of the mechanisms precipitating these events is limited. We tested whether herbivory by the native crab , Sesarma reticulatum , is generating die-offs of cordgrass that are currently occurring on Cape Cod, Massachusetts (U.S.A.), by manipulating crab access to cordgrass transplanted into die-off areas and healthy vegetation. We surveyed 12 Cape Cod marshes to investigate whether the extent of cordgrass die-off on creek banks, where die-offs are concentrated, was related to local Sesarma grazing intensity and crab density. We then used archived aerial images to examine whether creek bank die-off areas have expanded over the past 2 decades and tested the hypothesis that release from predation, leading to elevated Sesarma densities, is triggering cordgrass die-offs by tethering crabs where die-offs are pervasive and where die-offs have not yet been reported. Intensity of crab grazing on transplanted cordgrass was an order of magnitude higher in die-off areas than in adjacent vegetation. Surveys revealed that Sesarma herbivory has denuded nearly half the creek banks in Cape Cod marshes, and differences in crab-grazing intensity among marshes explained >80% of variation in the extent of the die-offs. Moreover, the rate of die-off expansion and area of marsh affected have more than doubled since 2000. Crab-tethering experiments suggest that release from predation has triggered elevated crab densities that are driving these die-offs, indicating that disruption of predator–prey interactions may be generating the collapse of marsh ecosystems previously thought to be exclusively under bottom-up control . 相似文献
15.
The importance life history plays in understanding population dynamics and the functional roles of species for predicting climate change scenarios are well established. Yet, in the marine environment, the complete life history is unknown for many species, especially the link between morphologically and ecologically distinct planktonic larvae, and their corresponding benthic adult forms. Integration of meroplankton abundance, benthic adult species, larval morphology, and molecular data was employed to unravel the complete life history of Polygordius, a dominant polychaete in sandy shelf sediments of the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Polygordius species are unusual, having two distinct planktonic larval forms: an exolarva and an endolarva. Extensive sampling in the southern Mid-Atlantic Bight with careful preservation of meroplankton (2006–2007) revealed the identity of multiple stages of exo- and endolarvae, and their spatial, seasonal, and vertical distribution. Molecular and morphological evidence indicated exolarvae are Polygordius jouinae and endolarva are an undescribed species. Structure and development of these larvae differed greatly. P. jouinae exolarvae were found off Delaware Bay to North Carolina. At some stations, they were abundant, with densities up to 4,013 m?3, comprising >90 % of the total meroplankton. Exolarvae spent up to a month in the plankton starting in March/May depending on year, settlement began in July when larvae were at least 2 mm in length, and by October were no longer observed in the plankton. These findings are consistent with the distribution patterns and life cycle known for adults. This is the first report of endolarvae north of Cape Hatteras. 相似文献
16.
S. Behrens Yamada 《Marine Biology》1976,39(1):61-65
Geographic ranges of marine intertidal organisms are not entirely governed by discontinuities in temperature gradients. This is especially true in the eastern north Pacific Ocean, where temperature gradation is less steep than in the western north Atlantic Ocean. The southern limit of distribution of Littorina sitkana (Philippi, 1845) and the northern limit of L. planaxis (Philippi, 1847) occur at Charleston, Oregon (Latitude 43.4°N). No discontinuity in air or water temperature can be correlated with these distributional boundaries. A third species, L. scutulata (Gould, 1849), has the widest range, overlapping with L. planaxis in the south and L. sitkana in the north (Latitude 27.5° to 58°N). L. planaxis transplanted to northern Washington survived for 4 years, grew and produced planktonic larvae. Either larval mortality or south-flowing currents during planktonic life prevent this species from dispersing northward. L. sitkana has direct development and occurs only in habitats where adults are sheltered from waves and egg masses from desiccation. Lack of suitable habitat, coupled with the presence of the predatory crab Pachygrapsus crassipes (Randall, 1839) prevent the southward establishment of L. sitkana. 相似文献
17.
We tested whether ingesting toxic algae by heterotrophic prey affected their nutritional value to crab larval predators, using
toxic algal strains that are either ingested directly by larval crabs or rejected by them. Ingestion of toxic strains of the
dinoflagellates Alexandrium
andersoni and A. fundyense by the rotifer Brachionus
plicatilis was confirmed. Rotifers having ingested either algal type for five days were fed to freshly hatched larvae of three crab
species, with larval survival and stage durations determined. For both algal/rotifer treatments in all three crab species,
larvae fed algae directly died during the first zoeal stage, while those fed rotifers that had been fed either algal strain
survived to the experiment’s end (zoeal stage 3). Survival was lower, and stage duration longer, for larvae fed rotifers cultured
on toxic algae when compared to those fed non-toxic algae. The role of toxic algae in the planktonic food web may be influenced
by its direct or indirect ingestion by larval crabs. 相似文献
18.
Christine H. Petersen 《Marine Biology》2007,150(6):1289-1300
Discrete estuary subpopulations of the mud crab Hemigrapsus oregonensis (Dana, 1851) are connected via larval dispersal. Sequence variation at the mtDNA COI locus was examined in eight populations
sampled in 2001–2002 from central California through northern Oregon in the northeast Pacific (36.6–45.8°N) to infer patterns
of dispersal and historical connectivity in the region. Strong evidence for persistence since the mid-Pleistocene, with no
range truncation resulting from southward shifting temperature isoclines, was provided by a phylogeographic pattern of haplotypes
of an older clade distributed throughout the sampled range. A recently derived clade became widespread only north of Cape
Blanco after the last glacial maximum. Its clear pattern of restriction to the northern area, in the absence of similarly
restricted southern clades, suggests that contemporary dispersal around Cape Blanco is rare (population F
ST = 0.192). Low pairwise differentiation within Oregon and within central California, as well as contrasts between northern
and southern groups in the shape of the pairwise mismatch distribution, nucleotide diversity, and Tajima’s D suggest that these regions reflect different demographic histories. Potential mechanisms explaining this latitudinal break
include contemporary coastal circulation patterns, selection, and ancient patterns of larval dispersal in the California Current. 相似文献
19.
Genetic structure of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) populations north and south of Cape Hatteras 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Genetic divergence among samples of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus, Linnaeus) was estimated to evaluate the effect of Cape Hatteras, a well-known zoogeographic barrier in the western Atlantic
Ocean, on intraspecific gene flow. Previous studies based on meristic and morphometric variation and tagging data suggested
that gene flow might be limited among summer flounder populations north and south of Cape Hatteras, although the high vagility
of both juveniles and adults suggests otherwise. We analyzed genetic diversity revealed in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control
region in samples of juveniles and adults collected in 1992 to 1996 from coastal sites from Buzzard's Bay, Massachusetts to
Charleston, South Carolina. In contrast to previous morphological studies, analyses of mtDNA variation reveal no significant
population subdivision centered around Cape Hatteras.
Received: 17 September 1997 / Accepted: 8 September 1998 相似文献
20.
The genetic effects of larval dispersal depend on spatial scale and habitat characteristics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
K. E. Parsons 《Marine Biology》1996,126(3):403-414
The intertidal gastropods Bembicium vittatum and Austrocochlea constricta, which have direct and planktonic larval development, respectively, occur sympatrically at sites across a number of islands at the Houtman Abrolhos archipelago and two harbours at Albany in Western Australia. Their distribution provide an opportunity to examine the effect of dispersal ability on levels of genetic subdivision at a number of spatial scales. F
ST
(standardised variance in allelic frequencies) values in the range 0.361 to 0.396, determined from allozyme frequencies at 12 to 13 polymorphic loci, confirm isolation of Abrolhos and Albany populations, which are separated by 900 km of coastline, in both species. Within the Abrolhos and Albany, levels of subdivision in B. vittatum were high, but similar, as indicated by F
ST
values of 0.091 and 0.090, respectively. In A. constricta, a mean value of 0.160 at the Abrolhos suggests severe restrictions to gene flow, while 0.021 at Albany indicates much stronger connections among populations. F
ST
values at the Abrolhos support previous suggestions that this archipelago favours genetic subdivision in both direct and planktonic-developing species. The Albany harbours favoured subdivision only in B. vittatum, the low values of F
ST
in A. constricta being attributed to strong mixing between the harbours, thus facilitating gene flow via planktonic larvae. The isolation of A. constricta populations at the Abrolhos can be explained in terms of highly localised recruitment, the result of limited water movement in complex intertidal habitats. The study illustrates the value of examining sympatric direct and planktonic developers in assessing the role of larval dispersal in patterns of genetic subdivision, and concludes that planktonic larvae may not promote gene flow over broad or even some fine spatial scales. 相似文献