食品零售：良好的环境管理就是好生意

尽管食品零售一般不是一种环境密集型商务，但超级市场正在致力于环境问题。这些问题的范围从与供应链上游的粮食耕作相联的影响，到日常经营的直接和间接影响，在产品，商店经营，和与社区的关系这三个关键领域，健康和环境关注正在改变食品零售的性质。     

贸易对环境的影响：主要问题和挑战

对贸易与环境之间相互作用的了解的加深产生了制定环境保护手段和贸易手段的新方法，这篇文章回顾了有关贸易与环境关系的理论和实验性工作，中心内容是经济全球化和贸易自由化的环境影响（正面的和负面的）。文章还探讨了它们对贸易和环境政策的影响。     

UNEP鼓励公私合作应对ODS的非法ODS贸易

ODS的非法贸易，主要是CFCs的非法贸易，在过去的几年里，已经成为一个重大的全球性问题，特别是在亚洲．当这个地区依然存在大量依赖CFCs的设备的时候，各国已经承诺要遵守蒙特利尔议定书的淘汰计划，减少这些化学物质的消费与生产．CFCs的走私日渐猖狂，已经阻滞了替代化学品的采用．     

环境经济学的发展与创新

资源短缺、环境恶化，是人类社会发展所面临的突出问题，为解决这些问题，我国制定了保护资源、维护生态平衡的基本国策．而如何实施这些国策，并解决好有实施过程中出现的问题，还有待于理论上的指导，这个理论便是关于资源环境与经济发展过程中的内在联系的理论．因此，创建环境经济学，显得非常紧迫．     

贸易对环境的影响:主要问题和挑战

对贸易与环境之间相互作用的了解的加深产生了制定环境保护手段和贸易手段的新方法.这篇文章回顾了有关贸易与环境关系的理论和实验性工作.中心内容是经济全球化和贸易自由化的环境影响(正面的和负面的).文章还探讨了它们对贸易和环境政策的影响.     

贸易对环境的影响:主要问题和挑战

对贸易与环境之间相互作用的了解的加深产生了制定环境保护手段和贸易手段的新方法.这篇文章回顾了有关贸易与环境关系的理论和实验性工作.中心内容是经济全球化和贸易自由化的环境影响(正面的和负面的).文章还探讨了它们对贸易和环境政策的影响.     

贸易对环境的影响:主要问题和挑战

对贸易与环境之间相互作用的了解的加深产生了制定环境保护手段和贸易手段的新方法.这篇文章回顾了有关贸易与环境关系的理论和实验性工作.中心内容是经济全球化和贸易自由化的环境影响(正面的和负面的).文章还探讨了它们对贸易和环境政策的影响.     

图书与报告

总论环境与贸易手册贸易与多边环境协定之间的联系在今年的可持续发展委员会(CSD)日程表上是非常密切的 ，尤其是在出现西雅图世界贸易组织会议的后果之后.这本手册是联合国环境署的经济和贸 易单元(UNEP ETU)与国际可持续发展研究所(IISD)合作编制的，将有助于正在进行的讨论. 国际贸易达到每年6万亿美元，因此决定贸易的规则将会是造成经济、环境和社会变化的一 个重大力量.出版本手册的目的是使贸易与环境的关系更加容易被决策者、非政府组织和普 通公众了解和获得相关资料.虽然本手册主要是为那些对贸易与环境问题有一定了解的人…     

打击环境犯罪与环境保护：UNEP的绿色海关行动

环境犯罪是一个利益巨大且不断膨胀的行当——一宗涉案多少亿元的全球大买卖．从危险废物的倾倒、被禁危险品的走私以及受保护自然资源的开采与交易中，全世界的地方与国际犯罪集团每年可以赚取220—310亿美元．商品，诸如臭氧耗损物质（ODS）、有毒化学品、危险废物和濒危物种的非法贸易，是一个能产生严重后果的国际问题．它直接威胁着人类的健康和环境，造成物种的消失，减少政府税收．     

联合国环境事务情报

联合国组织在环境事务领域是很活跃的。联合国环境规划署是联合国系统肩负这一职责的领导机构,但是,联合国的许多其它专门机构也与环境问题有直接关系。联合国系统各机构在实施各种计划过程中,产生、收集、分析和传递浩繁的信息。许多机构拥有图书馆、文献中心和情报交流站;出版期刊、概览、图书和目录总览;并管理计算机化的数据库。情报系统协调顾问委员会（ACCIS）出版发行便于利用这些联合国系统情报源和数据库的指南和概览,其中包括《ACCIS联合国环境情报源指南》。     

“绿色贸易堡垒”与经济发展的“绿色通行证”

“绿色贸易堡垒”是国际贸易中非关税贸易堡垒重要的组成部分，它从保护环境的目的出发，在国际贸易中发挥着越来越重要的作用。文章通过对天津市现实状况的研究，提出克服绿色贸易堡垒，为天津市经济在入世后获得“绿色通行证”的对策建议。     

Does trade openness improve environmental quality?

The literature on trade openness, economic development, and the environment is largely inconclusive about the environmental consequences of trade. This study treats trade and income as endogenous and estimates the overall impact of trade openness on environmental quality using the instrumental variables technique. We find that whether or not trade has a beneficial effect on the environment varies depending on the pollutant and the country. Trade is found to benefit the environment in OECD countries. It has detrimental effects, however, on sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in non-OECD countries, although it does lower biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) emissions in these countries. We also find the impact is large in the long term, after the dynamic adjustment process, although it is small in the short term.     

Does trade openness improve environmental quality?

The literature on trade openness, economic development, and the environment is largely inconclusive about the environmental consequences of trade. This study treats trade and income as endogenous and estimates the overall impact of trade openness on environmental quality using the instrumental variables technique. We find that whether or not trade has a beneficial effect on the environment varies depending on the pollutant and the country. Trade is found to benefit the environment in OECD countries. It has detrimental effects, however, on sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in non-OECD countries, although it does lower biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) emissions in these countries. We also find the impact is large in the long term, after the dynamic adjustment process, although it is small in the short term.     

The environmental effects of trade within and across sectors

This paper presents a model that combines within and across sector channels through which trade affects our environment by embedding heterogeneous firms and fixed costs into a two-sector framework with an endogenous response to environmental policy. In contrast to existing literature that tends to examine these channels separately, the combined framework developed here shows how cross-sector comparative advantage and within-sector responses to trade and environmental policy or factor endowments interact to affect our environment through three channels: changes in output, cross-sector market share, and emissions intensity. In contrast to a single-sector model with neutral productivity, consideration of two sectors allows for trade liberalization to affect the allocation of inputs in each sector and thereby affect total pollution output. The additional consideration of heterogeneous firm responses to falling trade costs will generate endogenous increases in productivity that increase output, reduce aggregate emissions intensity, and moderate the cross-sector resource adjustment, relative to a representative-firm model. Simulation results show how the combined framework can replicate existing empirical outcomes, and provide concise ceteris paribus insights regarding the potential role of trade and environmental policy changes and factor expansion in driving observed outcomes and their contribution to each of the three channels.     

On the environmental consequences of intra-industry trade

In the trade and environment debate, the relevance of examining the impact of a location's intra-industry trade (IIT) on environmental quality cannot be overemphasized, in part, due to the increasing prominence of such trade and the paucity of related empirical evidence. Although existing studies largely indicate overall trade to be pro-environment, the consequences of IIT may differ owing to greater varieties of intermediate and final goods, easier technology diffusion via trade in similar goods, productivity gains from within-sector reallocations, and increased innovation. However, identification of the causal effect is plagued by the potential endogeneity of IIT attributable to crucial unobservables and measurement error. In this light, utilizing an instrumental variables strategy and data on multiple environmental indicators from roughly 200 countries over 2000-2005, we investigate IIT's impact on the environment. To measure IIT, we rely on two indexes of within-industry specialization based on changes in and levels of sector-level trade. Regardless of the indicator of IIT or environmental performance, across several sets of instruments, we mostly find (i) IIT to benefit the environment, (ii) overall trade to be less pro-environment than IIT, and (iii) concerns over endogeneity to be relevant.     

Inefficient environmental instruments and the gains from trade

The primary result from the trade and environment literature is that countries never lose from trade liberalization as long as they implement optimal pollution targets or if they hold emissions constant. These results are derived in models where the regulators use efficient instruments such as tradable permits or emission taxes. Regulators, however, continue to prefer command and control instruments. I show that regulation under these inefficient instruments (such as design standards or concentration standards) can lead to net losses under trade liberalization even if emissions are optimally adjusted for trade. Furthermore, holding the line on emissions need not guarantee welfare improvements either. The problem is that institutional distortions, the excess costs of inefficient instruments, can rise with trade and offset the material gains from trade. Hence the presumption that we can achieve gains from trade by considering only the level of emissions fails to recognize that the mode of regulation also matters.     

An assessment of China-Japan-Korea Free Trade Agreement’s economic and environmental impacts on China

Recently, China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea (Korea) are conducting a government-commissioned feasibility study on the Free Trade Agreement among the three countries (CJKFTA) to form a regional free trade zone in East Asia. Considering that freer trade can cause unexpected impact on domestic environment, there is a need to evaluate the environmental impact of such a trade policy. This move should be made to help negotiators understand and pay more attention to environmental issues during CJKFTA negotiations, and to help lobby with the government to carry out appropriate policy instruments for adaptation or mitigation. Following the Chain Reaction Assessment Method that integrates and links the elements of trade, production, and environment, the present research aims to quantitatively assess CJKFTA’s possible impact on China’s environment. This is done by estimating the variations of China’s major conventional pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission in two policy scenarios to represent CJKFTA’s scale and composition effects on China’s environment. Estimating the variations is based on a static Computable General Equilibrium model, working with Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) 7 database and China’s energy-environment statistics. Based on these assessments, CJKFTA is predicted to lead to notable environmental impact, including increased emissions of agricultural total nitrogen, agricultural total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, and GHGs. On the other hand, decreased emissions of industrial SO₂ and dust are also expected to happen. Suitable policies need to be made to combat negative effects and amplify positive ones, while aiming at a more sustainable regional freer trade system.     

Endogenous growth,asymmetric trade and resource dependence

The aggregate income of oil-exporting countries relative to that of oil-poor countries has been remarkably constant in recent decades, despite the existence of structural gaps in productivity growth rates. This stylized fact is rationalized in an endogenous growth model of asymmetric trade where resource-poor and resource-rich economies display productivity differences but stable income shares due to terms-of-trade dynamics. The model yields two testable predictions that deserve empirical scrutiny: (i) the asymmetric impact, between exporters and importers, of national taxes on resource use on income shares and (ii) the inverse relation between terms-of-trade dynamics and total factor productivity growth.     

Endogenous growth,asymmetric trade and resource dependence

The aggregate income of oil-exporting countries relative to that of oil-poor countries has been remarkably constant in recent decades, despite the existence of structural gaps in productivity growth rates. This stylized fact is rationalized in an endogenous growth model of asymmetric trade where resource-poor and resource-rich economies display productivity differences but stable income shares due to terms-of-trade dynamics. The model yields two testable predictions that deserve empirical scrutiny: (i) the asymmetric impact, between exporters and importers, of national taxes on resource use on income shares and (ii) the inverse relation between terms-of-trade dynamics and total factor productivity growth.     

Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen polycyclischer Moschus-Duftstoffe in verschiedenen Umweltkompartimenten

New flavors have been detected in GC/MS chromatograms of surface and sewage waters and fish analyzed for nitro musk compounds. This article names the polycyclic musk flavors 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4, 6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-(g)-2-benzopyrane (HHCB, known for instance under the trade names: Galaxolide® and Abbalide®), 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyltetralin (AHTN, known for instance under the trade names: Tonalide® and Fixolide®) and 4-Acetyl-1,1-dimethyl-6-tert.butylindane (ADBI, known for instance under the trade names: Celestolide® and Crysolide®). These substances, which are widely used in the cosmetics and flavor industries, here have been established for the first time in the aquatic environment. HHCB, AHTN and ADBI — as relatively non-polar lipophilic chemicals — like organochlorine pesticides and PCBs after extraction and consecutive purification by gel permeation and silicagel adsorption chromatography are accessible to analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Mass spectra show typical mass fragments which allow an unambigous identification and quantification. First results for surface and sewage waters and fish underline the persistence and a relatively high bioconcentration potential of these substances and suggest their ubiqitious distribution in the aquatic environment.