全烧垃圾流化床炉飞灰制备免烧砖的性能研究

开展了水泥固化全烧垃圾循环流化床焚烧炉飞灰特性及其制备免烧砖的研究.同时,分析了飞灰的特性,研究了水泥用量对砖体抗压强度和重金属浸出毒性的影响,并对固化前后飞灰在不同p H值溶液环境下的重金属渗滤特性和基于改进RCR连续提取法的重金属形态分布进行了对比研究.结果表明:飞灰中Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni的浸出浓度分别达到1.76、60.29、5.36、1.48 mg·L-1,远超出生活垃圾填埋标准的规定,Cd、Zn、Cu的酸可交换态部分很高,分别为48%、21.26%、20.72%.水泥基材具有良好的稳定效果,添加量达到30%时,免烧砖中重金属的浸出毒性已远低于标准值.随着水泥掺量的提高,免烧砖的抗压强度呈上升趋势,当水泥比例为30%时,强度可达到12.8 MPa,35%水泥比例的砖体,其抗压强度则达到国标建筑用砖的MU15级.与原始飞灰相比,砖体中重金属在不同渗滤液p H下的浸出趋势并未改变,浸出量却显著下降,p H的适应范围变宽.另外,重金属中酸可交换态部分降至低于1%,主要转变成了可还原态,对环境的污染风险大幅降低.     

零价铁和碱激发矿渣稳定/固定化处理铬渣研究

采用零价铁和碱激发矿渣对铬渣进行稳定/固定化处理,考察了处理后固化体的毒性浸出水平,矿物组成及Cr形态分布变化情况,并对铬渣的处置和利用的有效性进行评价.结果表明,还原固定化处理后的样品硫酸硝酸法浸出毒性可满足作为砖或砌块使用的标准,抗压强度均高于15 MPa,其中Cr主要以Fe/Mn氧化物结合态存在,可被用于采石场修复、封闭泻湖以及作为路基材料等一些特殊用途.     

风碎渣用于生态护坡砖制备的试验研究

为拓宽风碎渣利用途径,采用风碎渣替代碎石制备生态护坡砖,考察了风碎渣对护坡砖材料性能的影响。结果表明:风碎渣替代量不高于46%的条件下制备的试样强度较未添加风碎渣的试样高,且试样的强度随风碎渣替代量的增加而逐渐提高;风碎渣含量为40%时,材料的3天和28天抗压强度分别为31.03 MPa和38.83 MPa;试样抗冻融等级达到F150,压蒸安定性合格;试样的浸出毒性符合《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》(GB 5085.3—2007)的要求。     

危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准比较研究

浸出毒性是危险废物毒性特性鉴别的重要指标。重点研究了美国、日本浸出毒性方法、项目和标准值的制定依据,同时分析了我国浸出毒性特征现状和存在问题。通过比较研究,在借鉴国外有关浸出毒性的研究成果和结合我国实际情况基础上,提出我国浸出毒性鉴别方法和标准制定的方法学。     

复配材料钝化重金属污泥试验及工程应用研究

利用多组分新型高效材料与普通硅酸盐水泥制得复配材料,开展箱涵清淤重金属（Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn）污染底泥钝化试验及工程应用研究,采用无侧限抗压强度和毒性浸出浓度评价钝化效果,进一步分析重金属赋存形态变化探讨钝化机制.结果表明,底泥：复配材料：黄沙质量配比为5：4：1时,钝化效果最佳.实际工程应用中,H型和O型固化砖抗压强度分别达10.82和10.11MPa,毒性浸出浓度远低于鉴别标准值（GB5085.3-2007）,满足资源化应用要求.重金属浸出浓度与离子交换态和有机结合态占比呈正相关,有机结合态和铁锰氧化态分别为底泥和固化砖中重金属的主要赋存形态,二者占比在固化前后呈现完全相反的变化趋势,该变化对固化稳定化重金属起重要作用.除H型Cr外,其他固化砖中重金属残渣态占比均有所增加.该复配材料基于多组分物质间相互协同作用实现重金属钝化具有实际应用前景.     

电解锰渣-页岩-粉煤灰烧结砖的研制

针对湖南湘潭竹埠港地区工业废渣的情况,进行了电解锰渣-页岩-粉煤灰体系烧结制砖的研制.确定了配比、烧结温度和保温时间对烧结砖性能的影响,通过SEM、EDS、抗压强度、毒性浸出、DTA和XRD等检测手段,对烧结前后砖体的结构及各项性能进行了检验.结果显示,电解锰渣、页岩和粉煤灰的配比为4:5:1、烧结温度为1000℃'保...     

水钴矿湿法冶金废渣抑制钴、钒浸出毒性工艺研究

以水钴矿湿法冶金废渣为研究对象,采取电化学辅助方法酸浸分离钴、钒并抑制其浸出毒性,考察了电辅助浸出时间、液固比、硫酸浓度、电流密度等因素对抑制废渣钴、钒浸出毒性的影响。结果表明:在浸出时间为120 min、硫酸浓度为600 mg/L、浸出液固比为10:1(mL/g)、电流密度为200 A/m ²条件下,经电化学辅助酸浸处理,水钴矿湿法冶金废渣的钴、钒、铜、锰、镍等重金属元素浸出毒性均明显降低;水平振荡法和硫酸硝酸法试验处理后的废渣钴浸出毒性分别降低99.1%和98.8%,钒浸出毒性分别降低91.7%和95.1%,较好实现了废渣浸出毒性的高效抑制和有价元素的分离回收。     

环境监测

X830.2200603138不同浸出毒性鉴别方法对垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出毒性鉴别的适宜性/席北斗…(中国环科院固体废物污染控制技术研究所)∥环境科学研究/中国环科院.-2005,18(增刊).-17~22环图X-6以典型垃圾焚烧飞灰作为研究对象,考察中国、日本和美国的3种浸出毒性鉴别试验方法对飞灰浸出毒性鉴别的适宜性,研究了pH和液固比对飞灰中重金属浸出毒性的影响。结果表明:飞灰中重金属的浸出主要受pH影响,在强酸(pH<2)和强碱(pH>12)条件下的浸出质量浓度高,而在中性(pH为9~11)条件下浸出质量浓度低。随着浸取剂与飞灰的液固比的增加,重金属的浸出量逐渐…     

危险废物浸出毒性的理论基础研究

浸出毒性是危险废物毒性特性鉴别的重要指标.美国危险废物毒性特性鉴别标准是针对工业固体废物与生活垃圾共处置产生的污染特性而制定的,其主要保护目标是地下水;日本针对产业废物投海和进入管理型填埋场处置,分别制定了危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准,其保护目标分别是海洋和普通填埋场地下水.目前中国的浸出毒性标准缺乏完整的理论基础,没有明确阐明固体废物鉴别目的,浸出项目不全.针对美国和日本等的废物浸出毒性鉴别理论基础和方法进行了比较研究,分析了中国危险废物污染特性、污染途径和环境效应,通过模拟工业废物进行不规范处置且受酸雨影响条件下毒性物质浸出向地下水渗滤迁移的过程,以此作为模型确定浸出毒性的浸取方法.     

水泥固化污泥中重金属的浸出危害性研究

污泥经过水泥固化后可转化为再利用的岩土工程建筑材料,对固化污泥的浸出毒性进行了研究,就pH值、Eh值、微生物活动对重金属浸出率的影响进行了探讨。研究结果表明,污泥中的重金属在水泥固化之后,其浸出毒性降低。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.