谈谈限期治理

限期治理是环保部门对严重污染环境的排污单位依法进行治理的重要手段之一,它对防治环境的污染和破坏有着相当重要的意义。本文就限期治理的性质、对象及限期治理的期限、决定机关和决定形式做了详细的阐述。     

执行限期治理制度中存在的几个问题

文章分析了执行限期治理制度过程中暴露出的认识误区 ,针对下达限期治理的主观任意性、混乱性及监督不利等问题 ,提出了依法决定 ,完善立法等措施 ,更好地执行限期治理制度的对策建议。     

谈对限期治理制度的改革

从1973年以来,限期治理制度经过了20多年的实践探索,为我国的环境管理积累了经验,在环境保护中发挥出了它特有的作用。但是,在实践过程中,也基因出了这一制度的不足与局限性。社会主义市场经济的法制建设要体现出效率原则,因此这一制度有必要适应经济可持续发展的需要,在立法上加以改革,在执法上予以加强。一、限期治理制度有必要进行改革对限期治理制度进行改革,这是由以下两点决定的。l、由限期治理制度的性质所决定。限期治理制度是针对严重污染和破坏环境的行为所实施的一项环境管理制度．它兼有措施和制裁的双重性质,即它是…     

超标排放大气污染物的企业事业单位须限期治理

关于执行《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》实施限期治理的有关问题,国家环保总局目前作出解释,全文如下:2000年4月29日修订的《大气污染防治法》第四十八条规定:“违反本法规定,向大气排放污染物超过国家和地方规定排放标准的,应当限期治理,并由所在地县级以上地方人民政府环境保护行政主管部门处1万元以上10万元以下罚款。限期治理的决定权限和违反限期治理要求的行政处罚由国务院规定”。在此之前,《环境保护法》第二十九条和第三十九条分别对限期治理的决定权和违反限期治理要求的行政处罚作了明确规定。因此,在国务院对限期治理的决定…     

关于限期治理工作的思考

“限期治理”是我们用来解决环境污染问题的手段。从哈尔滨市废水限期治理工作的实践中,我感觉到,如果限期治理手段运用得好,会对被限期单位及其主管部门构成一种压力,进而促使他们增强治理污染的紧迫感和责任感,下决心、加快速度、彻底根治污染。但是,如果运用得不好,就不会收到预期的结果。例如,哈尔滨市从1978年开始对水污染问题采取了限期治理措施,结合松花江水系保护先后对排水量大、污染物含量高的60个单位、90个项目下达了限期治理任务。到1986年底,全部完成治理任务的有43个单位,完成治理项目69项。已完成的限期治理工作对改善我市水环境质量起了重要作用,     

论限期治理的法律规定的合理性

对污染环境的单位实行限期治理,是环境监督管理的重要措施,它有力地推动了环境保护工作。在第三次全国环保会上,它被明确规定为新五项环境监督管理制度(或措施)之一。限期治理制度,必将在我国环境保护工作中发挥越来越大的作用。但是,目前我国已出台的环保法规对限期治理的规定,与我们的实际做法不完全相符。若完全按照规定执行,则会对工作造成很大的影响;若仍按现实的做法办,则行政行为又不合法,被管理者告到法院必定打输“官司”。对此,我     

逾期未完成限期治理任务的企业应责令停业关闭

关于对逾期未完成限期治理任务的企业责令停业、关闭的问题 ,国家环保总局经研究 ,日前作出解释 ,全文如下 :《环境保护法》第二十九条、第三十九条规定 ,对造成环境污染的企业事业单位 ,限期治理由直接管辖的人民政府决定。对经限期治理逾期未完成治理任务的企业事业单位责令停业、关闭 ,由作出限期治理决定的人民政府决定。根据《环境保护法》 ,地方人民政府对逾期未完成限期治理任务的企业事业单位作出停业、关闭的行政处罚 ,应按照《行政处罚法》规定的有关程序执行 ,当事人要求听证的 ,人民政府应当组织听证 ,听证后由人民政府作出决定…     

影响限期治理任务完成原因探讨

根据《环保法》的规定，“对造成环境严重污染的企业事业单位．限期治理”。多年来．各地环保部门运用这一法律武器．在治理污染，保护和改善环境质量方面做了大量工作，取得了一定成绩。可是，在实际工作中，一些同志感到，这项制度不便于操作，甚至还会产生影响或削弱这一法律法规执行力度的情况。有鉴于此，笔者愿与环保同仁就此项制度的有关问题进行商榷。一、实施限期治理制度的基本作法依据《环保法》的规定而施行的限期治理制度，是我国环境管理的～个重要制度。同时·它又是环保部门治理污染的有力法律武器。这项制度的实施对于解决…     

关于推行项目环境监理工作的探讨

用系统理论方法,从环境保护的角度,阐述了环境监理的目的、意义、内容和方法;对在建设项目、环保专项资金项目、政府限期治理项目、节能减排项目中全面推行环境监理制度进行了探讨。     

抓住契机管出一片新天地

“’96长春管理年”活动的开展为长春市大气污染防治工作带来契机、环保部门通过强化管理手段，加大管理力度，解决了一批影响大气质量的重点、难点、热点问题，取得了阶段性成果。一、从限期治理入手，抓住重点企业进行整改大气污染是长春市环境污染中的突出问题．长春市的生产、生活锅炉排放出的烟尘是影响市区大气环境质量的主要污染源。管理年活动中、长春市从限期治理入手，狠抓对企业冒黑烟锅炉的限期治理工作．带动全市锅炉整体管理水平的提高。他们根据《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》、《长春市大气污染防治管现办法得有关规定，…     

Abatement cost curves: a viable management tool for enabling the achievement of win-win waste reduction strategies?

Environmental regulation of industrial activity is generally believed to have a negative impact on the industry. Recent literature has suggested, however, that reducing industrial waste outputs can, in some circumstances, result in a 'win-win', or at least 'win-draw', scenario for industry and the environment. The viability of using the abatement cost curve method as a management tool to enable the achievement of a 'win-win' state is investigated here. Copper pollution in the Humber Estuary is used as a case-study, and the abatement cost curve methodology proves to be a valuable tool in identifying barriers to achieving the win-win state, and also in providing future direction for the waste management strategy. Abatement cost curves are concluded to be powerful management tools which greatly improve the transparency of waste reduction information.     

经济发展与环境保护双赢政策初探——从临沂治污事件谈起

新环保法实施以来,环境治理工作取得成效显著。但在一些地区具体环保工作的开展中也出现了一些争议。作为争议焦点事件的临沂治霾工作,引发了地方经济发展与环境保护工作二者关系问题的讨论。实现经济发展与环境保护双赢政策,需要建立环保长效机制,完善法律体系,优化管理机制。更好发挥以环境财税体制和排污权交易为代表的经济杠杆作用,实现污染末端治理与源头治理及产业结构优化调整并举,推进环境微观管理与宏观决策的协调统一,同时做好严格执法与完善立法的最优响应工作。     

Introduction to the Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program

This paper provides an introduction to a long-term biological monitoring program and the Environmental Management special issue titled Long-term Biological Monitoring of an Impaired Stream: Implications for Environmental Management. The Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program, or BMAP, was implemented to assess biological impairment downstream of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) facilities in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, beginning in 1985. Several of the unique aspects of the program include its long-term consistent sampling, a focus on evaluating the effectiveness of specific facility abatement and remedial actions, and the use of quantitative sampling protocols using a multidisciplinary approach. This paper describes the need and importance of long-term watershed-based biological monitoring strategies, in particular for addressing long-term stewardship goals at DOE sites, and provides a summary of the BMAP’s objectives, spatial and temporal extent, and overall focus. The primary components of the biological monitoring program for East Fork Poplar Creek in Oak Ridge, Tennessee are introduced, as are the additional 9 papers in this Environmental Management special issue.     

NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION POTENTIAL IN AN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA1

ABSTRACT: A 155,947 ha portion of the Shenango River watershed in western Pennsylvania was evaluated as to the potential impact of agriculture drainage on water quality. Approximately a third of the area is being used as either cropland or pasture with approximately an equal percentage in forest lands. Eleven subwatersheds were evaluated as to their potential for nonpoint source pollution according to the criteria established by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources for the Chesapeake Bay Pollution Abatement Program. The individual components and overall rating for each subwatershed were then evaluated as to their correlation with four water quality variables based on 104 samples collected at 26 sampling stations throughout the watershed. There was a significant correlation between the overall rating factor for each subwatershed and each of the four water quality variables. In general, the watershed delivery factor, animal nutrient factor, and management factors were correlated with fecal coliform and phosphorus in the receiving streams, whereas the ground water delivery factor appeared to be more important in determining nitrate concentrations in these streams. These results indicate that manure and nutrient management, along with the exclusion of livestock from streams and the enhancement and/or replacement of riparian wetlands, are important approaches in reducing agricultural impacts in fresh water ecosystems.     

Importance of data management in a long-term biological monitoring program

The long-term Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program (BMAP) has always needed to collect and retain high-quality data on which to base its assessments of ecological status of streams and their recovery after remediation. Its formal quality assurance, data processing, and data management components all contribute to meeting this need. The Quality Assurance Program comprehensively addresses requirements from various institutions, funders, and regulators, and includes a data management component. Centralized data management began a few years into the program when an existing relational database was adapted and extended to handle biological data. The database??s main data tables and several key reference tables are described. One of the most important related activities supporting long-term analyses was the establishing of standards for sampling site names, taxonomic identification, flagging, and other components. The implemented relational database supports the transmittal of data to the Oak Ridge Environmental Information System (OREIS) as the permanent repository. We also discuss some limitations to our implementation. Some types of program data were not easily accommodated in the central systems, and many possible data-sharing and integration options are not easily accessible to investigators. From our experience we offer data management advice to other biologically oriented long-term environmental sampling and analysis programs.     

A human health assessment of hazardous air pollutants in Portland, OR

Ambient air samples collected from five monitoring sites in Portland, OR during July 1999 to August 2000 were analyzed for 43 hazardous air pollutants (HAP). HAP concentrations were compared to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic benchmark levels. Carcinogenic benchmark concentrations were set at a risk level of one-in-one-million (1x10(-6)). Hazard ratios of 1.0 were used when comparing HAP concentrations to non-carcinogenic benchmarks. Emission sources (point, area, and mobile) were identified and a cumulative cancer risk and total hazard index were calculated for HAPs exceeding these health benchmark levels. Seventeen HAPs exceeded a cancer risk level of 1x10(-6) at all five monitoring sites. Nineteen HAPs exceeded this level at one or more site. Carbon tetrachloride, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane contributed more than 50% to the upper-bound lifetime cumulative cancer risk of 2.47x10(-4). Acrolein was the only non-carcinogenic HAP with hazard ratios that exceeded 1.0 at all five sites. Mobile sources contributed the greatest percentage (68%) of HAP emissions. Additional monitoring and health assessments for HAPs in Portland, OR are warranted, including addressing issues that may have overestimated or underestimated risks in this study. Abatement strategies for HAPs that exceeded health benchmarks should be implemented to reduce potential adverse health risks.     

Effect of ceramic industrial particulate emission control on key components of ambient PM10

The relationship between specific particulate emission control and ambient levels of some PM₁₀ components (Zn, As, Pb, Cs, Tl) was evaluated. To this end, the industrial area of Castellón (Eastern Spain) was selected, where around 40% of the EU glazed ceramic tiles and a high proportion of EU ceramic frits are produced. The PM₁₀ emissions from the ceramic processes were calculated over the period 2000–2006, taking into account the degree of implementation of corrective measures throughout the study period. Abatement systems were implemented in the majority of the fusion kilns for frit manufacture in the area as a result of the application of the Directive 1996/61/EC, leading to a marked decrease in PM₁₀ emissions. By contrast, emissions from tile manufacture remained relatively constant because of the few changes in the implementation of corrective measures. On the other hand, ambient PM₁₀ levels and composition measurements were carried out from 2002 to 2006. A high correlation between PM₁₀ emissions from frit manufacture and ambient levels of Zn, As, Pb and Cs (R² from 0.61 to 0.98) was observed. On the basis of these results, the potential impact of the implementation of corrective measures to reduce emissions from tile manufacture was quantified, resulting in a possible decrease of 3–5 μg/m³ and 2 μg/m³ in ambient mineral PM₁₀ (on an annual basis) in urban and suburban areas, respectively. This relatively simple methodology allows us to estimate the direct effect of a reduction in primary particulate emissions on ambient levels of key particulate components, and to make a preliminary quantification of the possibilities of air quality improvement by means of further emission reduction. Therefore, it is a useful tool for developing future air quality plans in the study area and in other industrialised areas.     

Twenty-Five Years of Ecological Recovery of East Fork Poplar Creek: Review of Environmental Problems and Remedial Actions

In May 1985, a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit was issued for the Department of Energy’s Y-12 National Security Complex (Y-12 Complex) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, allowing discharge of effluents to East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC). The effluents ranged from large volumes of chlorinated once-through cooling water and cooling tower blow-down to smaller discharges of treated and untreated process wastewaters, which contained a mixture of heavy metals, organics, and nutrients, especially nitrates. As a condition of the permit, a Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program (BMAP) was developed to meet two major objectives: demonstrate that the established effluent limitations were protecting the classified uses of EFPC, and document the ecological effects resulting from implementing a Water Pollution Control Program at the Y-12 Complex. The second objective is the primary focus of the other papers in this special series. This paper provides a history of pollution and the remedial actions that were implemented; describes the geographic setting of the study area; and characterizes the physicochemical attributes of the sampling sites, including changes in stream flow and temperature that occurred during implementation of the BMAP. Most of the actions taken under the Water Pollution Control Program were completed between 1986 and 1998, with as many as four years elapsing between some of the most significant actions. The Water Pollution Control Program included constructing nine new wastewater treatment facilities and implementation of several other pollution-reducing measures, such as a best management practices plan; area-source pollution control management; and various spill-prevention projects. Many of the major actions had readily discernable effects on the chemical and physical conditions of EFPC. As controls on effluents entering the stream were implemented, pollutant concentrations generally declined and, at least initially, the volume of water discharged from the Y-12 Complex declined. This reduction in discharge was of ecological concern and led to implementation of a flow management program for EFPC. Implementing flow management, in turn, led to substantial changes in chemical and physical conditions of the stream: stream discharge nearly doubled and stream temperatures decreased, becoming more similar to those in reference streams. While water quality clearly improved, meeting water quality standards alone does not guarantee protection of a waterbody’s biological integrity. Results from studies on the ecological changes stemming from pollution-reduction actions, such as those presented in this series, also are needed to understand how best to restore or protect biological integrity and enhance ecological recovery in stream ecosystems. With a better knowledge of the ecological consequences of their decisions, environmental managers can better evaluate alternative actions and more accurately predict their effects.     

水解与接触氧化工艺处理牛仔漂洗废水

对800m^3／d的牛仔漂洗废水采用絮凝沉淀＋水解酸化与接触氧化工艺进行处理,通过6个月的调试与运行,挂膜好,处理效果稳定,CODCr去除率在89％以上。色度和CODCr有大幅度降低,一般情况下能保证出水水质达标。