动力电池热失控引发电动汽车火灾的典型特征研究

为深入研究电动汽车火灾特点,基于电动汽车整车燃烧实验平台进行整车燃烧实验,探讨电动汽车动力电池热失控引发火灾的燃烧蔓延特征、烟气蔓延特征和典型痕迹特征。结果表明:热失控引发的电动汽车火灾燃烧过程由底盘向车头和车尾蔓延,烟气火焰通过底板处的空隙进入乘员舱,烟气浓度短时间内便可使车内乘员丧命;整车烧损痕迹呈现两头重中间轻的特征,电池模组及单体呈现向早期热失控模组或单体挤压变形的痕迹。     

全尺寸巷/隧道火灾风烟流温度预测模型与验证*

为探究巷/隧道火灾热动力灾害的演化规律,基于能量守恒定律和热量转换关系,建立巷/隧道火灾风烟流温度演化的预测模型;考虑巷道分叉和汇合对烟气蔓延和温度的影响,构建分叉和汇合巷道内烟流温度随时间变化的演化模型。通过开展全尺寸巷道火灾实验以及与国内典型隧道火灾试验数据对比,对理论模型进行验证。研究结果表明:理论模型所呈现的烟气温度随时间的变化关系,能较好地反映火灾发展的3个阶段,烟气温度的变化趋势符合火灾火源燃烧特性曲线;理论模型能够准确地预测顶棚最大烟气温升以及温度纵向衰减现象,烟气最高温度预测值与实验结果的误差率在15%以内。研究结果可为巷／隧道火灾时期的烟气控制和救援提供理论参考。     

车辆阻塞效应下隧道火灾烟气温度及烟气逆流长度变化规律研究

通过数值模拟方法对车辆阻塞效应下的隧道火灾烟气温度及烟气逆流长度的变化规律进行了研究。主要分两种车辆阻塞效应讨论:1辆设定大小车辆障碍物阻塞;2辆设定大小车辆障碍物阻塞,且在同一车道。通过改变火源高度、纵向通风速度探究了车辆阻塞效应下隧道火灾烟气温度及烟气逆流长度的变化规律。结果表明:两种车辆阻塞效应下,随着火源高度的升高,隧道内顶棚烟气温度的变化规律相同:随火源高度的升高而增大。2辆车辆阻塞下的隧道顶棚烟气温度略低;两种车辆阻塞效应下,随着火源高度的升高,隧道内烟气逆流长度的变化规律不同。1辆车辆阻塞下烟气逆流长度随火源高度的升高而增大,而2辆车辆阻塞效应下烟气逆流长度随火源高度的升高而减小。     

不同隧道坡度与车厢火灾位置情况下烟气蔓延特性研究*

为研究含坡度隧道不同火源位置情况下车厢火灾烟气蔓延特性,采用CFD数值模拟方法,建立全尺寸地铁隧道与列车数值模型,研究车厢不同火源位置情况下火灾烟气纵向温度分布规律,探讨倾斜隧道车厢火源位置对烟气蔓延的影响。研究结果表明:当火灾烟气蔓延处于纵向通风惯性力与热浮力竞争作用控制阶段时,火源位于车厢上游方向时火灾烟气向车厢方向蔓延距离小于火源位于车厢下游方向情况,且随坡度增大,火源位于车厢上游方向烟气逆流长度不断减小,位于下游方向烟气逆流长度不断增大;当纵向通风风速达到2 m/s时,火源位于车厢上下游方向2种情况下,列车车厢方向均无烟气蔓延（逆流长度为0）,此时火灾烟气蔓延将主要由纵向通风控制,隧道坡度无显著影响。     

纵向风对隧道火灾拱顶最高温度及其位置的影响

研究了燃烧风洞内不同纵向风速、不同火源功率条件下,隧道近火源区顶部温度沿纵向分布情况。结果表明,纵向风对不同尺寸火源条件下的顶部温度的影响呈不同特征。对较小尺寸火源,隧道顶部温升随风速增加而减小至稳定值;而对较大尺寸火源,顶部温升随风速增加先增加后减小。对于矩形火源,当纵向风较小(0.5~1.5m/s)时,长边平行于纵向风时顶部最高温升大于长边垂直于纵向风的情况;而当纵向风较大(≥2 m/s)时,两种油盘放置方式的顶部最高温升一致。纵向风作用下,顶部最高温升位置向下游呈现"两次移动"特征,即随着纵向风速增加该位置先向下游移动,当风速达到某一值时,隧道拱顶的加热机制由对流和辐射共同主控转变为辐射单独主控,最高温升位置突变回到上游后再次逐渐向下游移动。     

电缆隧道火灾数值仿真及分析

电缆隧道灭火以及人员疏散的关键,在于对灾变条件下隧道火灾参数变化的正确预测,特别是火焰、烟气蔓延范围,烟气浓度变化以及有毒气体的扩散范围等参数的预测。为了获得电缆隧道火灾参数,应用美国国家标准和技术研究院(NIST)开发的FDS(Fire Dynam ics Simulator)软件,建立电缆隧道模型,对隧道火灾进行全尺寸模拟,通过对模拟实验数据处理和分析,给出电缆隧道火灾时烟气浓度和氧气浓度,纵向温度的变化规律,火焰蔓延情况以及高温烟气在隧道中水平蔓延规律,为有效救援和紧急疏散以及消防决策提供一定依据。     

中庭火灾烟气流动数值模拟

根据中庭火灾特点 提出了考虑辐射换热损失和壁面传热损失、不考虑燃烧过程、视火焰为体积热源,浮升力作用下火灾烟气湍流流动的场模型,并将辐射换热损失计人壁面传热损失,简化辐射换热模型计算,运用该场模型对中庭模型实验装置火灾烟气流动进行了数值模拟,采用通用软件PHOENICS进行数值计算,研究表明,数值模拟结果与中庭模型实验装置火灾试验结果吻合;以热源模拟火焰的方法对分析中庭火灾烟流发展规律可行。     

Revised fire consequence models for offshore quantitative risk assessment

Offshore oil and gas platforms are well known for their compact geometry, high degree of congestion, limited ventilation and difficult escape routes. A small mishap under such conditions can quickly escalate into a catastrophe. Among all the accidental process-related events occurring offshore, fire is the most frequently reported. It is, therefore, necessary to study the behavior of fires and quantity the hazards posed by them in order to complete a detailed quantitative risk assessment. While there are many consequence models available to predict fire hazards-varying from point source models to highly complex computational fluid dynamic models—only a few have been validated for the unique conditions found offshore.

In this paper, we have considered fire consequence modeling as a suite of sub-models such as individual fire models, radiation model, overpressure model, smoke and toxicity models and human impact models. This comprehensive suite of models was then revised by making the following modifications: (i) fire models: existing fire models have been reviewed and the ones most suitable for offshore conditions were selected; (ii) overpressure impact model: a model has been developed to quantify the overpressure effects from fires to investigate the possible damage from the hot combustion gases released in highly confined compartments; (iii) radiation model: instead of a point/area model, a multipoint grid-based model has been adopted for better modeling and analysis of radiation heat flux consequences. A comparison of the performance of the revised models with the ones used in a commercial software package for offshore risk assessment was also carried out and is discussed in the paper.     

LNG池火热辐射模型及安全距离影响因素研究

重点对LNG池火热辐射模型,模型应用方式,以及热辐射安全距离的影响因素做了详细研究,给出池火热辐射模型采用及安全距离计算的方法。对常用的热辐射计算模型(点源模型、LNGFire3和PoFM ISE模型)加以介绍,并对3种模型做了对比研究。PoFM ISE模型充分考虑大池火直径时不完全燃烧的因素以及风速对火焰高度的影响,建议当风速大于1.5 m/s,池火直径大于20 m时采用。同时,进一步研究影响LNG池火热辐射安全距离的各种因素,包括池火直径、风速、环境温度和湿度,从而得出不同条件下池火热辐射安全距离的要求。     

细水雾对油池火热释放速率影响规律的实验研究

热释放速率是描述火灾现象的重要参数,可以表征火灾发展的强烈程度。利用大尺寸的热释放速率实验测量平台开展细水雾对不同种类油池火灭火效率的实验研究,同时分析细水雾对燃烧产物一氧化碳含量的影响。结果表明,热释放速率曲线能直接反映出细水雾对火源的作用,细水雾作用下三种燃料的热释放速率均被有效抑制,且细水雾的流量越大,对油池火的灭火效果越好。燃烧产物一氧化碳在施加细水雾时出现陡增,表明细水雾隔绝氧气,造成不完全燃烧或者燃烧熄灭。     

松针燃烧排放物的热重桥/质谱在线监测方法

森林火灾排放物主要包含气体、挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)、和半挥发性有机化合物(SVOCs),这些物质会严重威胁消防队员和居民的健康。森林火灾烟气是一种包含固体颗粒、液体和气体化合物的复杂混合物。在火前锋附近(靠近消防队员)或者离火前锋很远(但靠近居民)的地方,当苯、甲苯、烯烃等有机化合物的浓度超过各健康安全组织规定的极限值,就可能对健康产生影响。本文给出了一种使用室内热重桥一质谱联用对炉内松针燃烧实验进行火前锋排放物在线监测的新方法。该燃烧实验被认为含氧量较低,这是真实森林火灾中通常的情形。使用这种方法测量得到的苯和甲苯的最大浓度分别是1050和2050ppm。CO2的最大浓度超过10．000ppm。     

海拔高度对矿井无轨运输车辆火灾影响模拟研究*

为研究高海拔地区火灾巷道内可燃物燃烧特性、烟气运移及相关烟气参数的变化规律。应用FDS火灾模拟软件建立实际尺寸的巷道无轨运输车辆火灾模型,分别研究海拔高度为0,1 700,3 000,4 000,5 000 m时无轨运输设备的动态燃烧过程;分析不同海拔高度下可燃物的燃烧特性、烟气运移情况及相关烟气参数（CO浓度、温度）的变化规律。结果表明:火灾巷道内烟气逆退距离随海拔的升高而减小;烟气的温度峰值与CO浓度均随海拔的升高而降低,且与海拔高度大致呈线性函数关系;海拔每升高1 000 m,烟流温度峰值降低3%,CO浓度降低0.98%;CO浓度在垂向上分布呈现出明显的分层现象,具有“上高下低”的分布规律;可燃物的最大热释放速率随着海拔的升高呈现出降低的趋势;高海拔地区的火势发展过程往往较低海拔地区的更缓慢,并增加燃料的燃烧时间。研究结果可为后续高海拔地区的矿井火灾研究提供参考。     

固体和液体危险化学品仓库火灾风险分析方法探讨

固体和液体化学品仓库火灾是企业安全面临的经常性威胁之一,需考虑火灾中毒性燃烧产物释放和非燃烧产生的毒性物质释放。结合火灾风险分析方法,阐述火灾场景中各要素及相互关系,主要包括火灾场景、物质、燃烧速率、源项、毒性、扩散、概率和风险之间的关系,火灾场景考虑持续时间、面积和通风率的影响,物质中考虑平均结构式和燃烧方程,源项中考虑形成的产物、燃烧物质每千克的散发和活性物质百分比,毒性中考虑HCl,NO2,SO2和非燃烧产生的物质。基于储存物质平均结构式,建立燃烧关系方程。燃烧速率计算取决于可用的氧气量和需要的氧气量,分为面积受限的燃烧速率和氧气受限的燃烧速率。最后给出毒性燃烧产物HCl,NO2,SO2释放量和非燃烧产生的毒性物质释放量的计算方法,同时以毒性燃烧产物释放场景后果模拟为例说明仓库发生火灾的后果严重性,为仓库火灾风险分析提供借鉴。     

Numerical simulation of small-scale pool fires of LNG

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has been largely indicated as a promising alternative solution for the transportation and storage of natural gas. In the case of accidental release on the ground, a pool fire scenario may occur. Despite the relevance of this accident, due to its likelihood and potential to trigger domino effects, accurate analyses addressing the characterization of pool fires of LNG are still missing.In this work, the fire dynamic simulator (FDS) has been adopted for the evaluation of the effects of the released amount of fuel and its composition (methane, ethane, and propane), on the thermal and chemical properties of small-scale LNG pool fire. More specifically, the heat release rate, the burning rate, the flame height, and thermal radiation, at different initial conditions, have been evaluated for pool having diameter smaller than 10 m. Safety distances have been calculated for all the investigated conditions, as well.Results have also been compared with data and correlations retrieved from the current literature. The equation of Thomas seems to work properly for the definition of the height over diameter ratio of the LNG pool fire for all the mixture and the investigated diameters.The addition of ethane and propane significantly affects the obtained results, especially in terms of radiative thermal radiation peaks, thus indicating the inadequacy of the commonly adopted assumption of pure methane as single, surrogate species for the LNG mixture.     

基于层次分析法的热塑性聚氨酯及其纳米复合材料火灾危险性综合评价

聚合物的火灾危险性与热、烟、毒的释放密切相关,但采用不同指标对材料的评价结果不一致。以纳米级蒙脱土(MMT)、氢氧化铝(ATH)和聚磷酸铵(APP)为添加剂的热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)纳米复合材料为研究对象,选取其在静态管式炉、稳态管式炉和锥形量热仪中的相关实验数据,以HCN总浓度作为特殊毒性危害指标,CO和CO_2浓度为一般毒性危害指标,以热释放速率峰值、平均热释放速率、总热释放量为热危害指标,以产烟速率峰值、生烟总量为烟危害指标。进一步细分了火灾烟气中不同毒性气体对于火灾风险的影响,并运用层次分析法计算指标权重,综合评价了热塑性聚氨酯及其复合材料的火灾危险性。结果表明,当添加量为6 wt%聚磷酸铵、3 wt%氢氧化铝与3 wt%蒙脱土时,此时复合材料的火灾危险最低,证明了综合热、烟、毒三个层次来降低聚合物材料火灾危险性是可行的。     

烟气输运和水喷淋相互作用的大涡模拟研究

本文应用大涡模拟方法，并结合Smagorinsky亚格子尺度模型，数值研究了烟气输运和水喷淋的相互作用问题。为了有效地模拟烟气输运过程，文中采用低马赫数近似下的三维可压缩Navier-Stokes方程和组分方程进行求解，并采用有限差分法数值计算了滤波后的控制方程。对于燃烧过程扣所产生的热释放，采用Lagrangian粒子携带热量的近似方法来模拟，这些运动粒子进一步用来标识烟气的输运过程，同时还近似模拟了水喷淋和热气流的相互作用过程。文中数值计算了燃烧火源所形成的热气流和烟气输运过程，以及与水喷淋的相互作用，并探讨了喷水装置的喷水量、喷射角和水颗粒直径对流动特性的影响。     

An experimental study on the burning rate of a continuously released n-heptane spill fire on an open water surface

Spill fires are common during oil product storage and transportation after a loss of containment. Since the burning fuel is moving and the fuel depth is quite shallow, the burning rate in a spill fire is different from that of a pool fire with a static burning zone. Unlike pool fires, which have been studied for decades and have well-established correlations for burning rate, research on spill fires is inadequate. In this paper, continuously released n-heptane spill fire experiments were conducted on open water surfaces with varying fuel discharge rates. The pool diameters were measured, and the spill fire burning rates were estimated based on a dynamic balance between fuel supply and combustion. The burning rates in n-heptane pool fires from the literature were reviewed and compared with the estimated burning rates in spill fires of the same dimension. The spill fire burning rate was found to be close to that in a pool fire during the initial burning phase but lower than that in a bulk burning pool fire and that in a “fuel-level-controlled” pool fire. The distinction between the burning rates of spill fires and pool fires is explained by the heat balance analysis of the fuel layer. A model for the spill fire burning rate was proposed accordingly. The results calculated with the presented model are closer to the measured data than those calculated with pool fire models.     

不同火源功率及火源—出口距离对隧道火灾临界风速的影响研究

由于隧道特殊的建筑结构,其发生火灾时的危害性,相比于其他类型的火灾要严重的多。在隧道的消防设计中,运用纵向风排烟是隧道火灾一项重要的消防措施,如何利用纵向风的特性来有效地引导隧道火灾烟气的运动需要进行系统的研究。运用FDS数值模拟的方法进行研究。结果显示,临界风速随着火源功率的增大而增大;并且随着火源与隧道出口距离的增大呈现出线性增长的趋势。对于6.0cm和9.0cm的火灾,临界风速与火源-出口距离关系式分别为 y=0.4+0.14x, y=0.5+0.11x。因此在消防实际应用中,应当充分考虑不同火源功率和火源在隧道中的相对位置对火灾烟气运动的影响,调节不同的排烟风速进行有效、合理的隧道排烟。     

Cushioning the impact of toxic release from runaway industrial accidents with greenbelts

The three aspects of accidents in chemical process industries which cause most serious damage—explosions, fires, and toxic releases—can all be controlled to some extent if greenbelts are present around the affected industry. We have recently developed and validated a system of methodologies for greenbelt design. In this paper we present the application of these models in designing greenbelts and forecasting their role in cushioning the impact of accidental release of toxic gases. With properly located and designed greenbelts as much as 33% of the accidental release of SO₂, 43% of H₂S, and 51% of NH₃ under stable atmospheric conditions (in which the dispersion is very slow and the release thus has maximum toxic impact) can be absorbed.     

公路隧道压缩空气泡沫系统灭油池火实验研究

为研究压缩空气泡沫与4.65 m2汽油池火作用过程中隧道内温度、热辐射强度、高温烟气等的变化规律,采用30 m×6 m×6 m公路隧道实验模型,考察公路隧道压缩空气泡沫系统对油池火的灭火性能。结果表明:在供给强度为5.1 L/(min·m2)、气液比14∶1条件下,公路隧道压缩空气泡沫系统对于汽油池火具有优异的控灭火能力,控火时间为21 s,灭火时间为27 s,且泡沫性能稳定,抗复燃能力强;压缩空气泡沫对于隧道内高温烟气层扰动很小,不会导致高温烟气下降到隧道下部,故不影响人员逃生疏散;在压缩空气泡沫作用下,隧道顶部及侧壁100 ℃以上高温持续时间均不超过150 s,并且可在30 s内将油池火周围的热辐射强度降至安全范围。