Partial nitritation of landfill leachate with varying influent composition under intermittent aeration conditions

The start-up and operation of a partial nitritation sequencing batch reactor for the treatment of landfill leachate were carried out on intermittent aeration mode. Partial nitrite accumulation was established in 15 days after the mode was changed from continuous aeration to intermittent aeration. Despite the varying influent composition, partial nitritation could be maintained by adjusting the hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the air flow rate. An increase in the air flow rate together with a decrease in air off duration can improve the partial nitritation capacity and eventually result in the development of granular sludge with fine diameters. A nitrogen loading rate of 0.71 ± 0.14 kg/m³/d and a COD removal rate of 2.21 ± 0.13 kg/m³/d were achieved under the conditions of an air flow rate of 19.36 ± 1.71 m³ air/m³/h and an air on/off duration of 1.5 min/0.7 min. When the ratio of total air flux (TAF) to the influent loading rate (ILR) was controlled at the range of 163–256 m³ air/kg COD, a stable effluent NO₃^?–N/NO_x^?–N (NO₂^?–N plus NO₃^?–N) ratio below 13% was achieved. Interestingly, the effluent pH was found to be a good indicator of the effluent NO₂^?–N/NH₄⁺–N ratio, which is an essential parameter for a subsequent anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) reactor.     

地层条件下油气混合气安全氧含量实验研究

为了确定地层高温高压环境下油气混合气的安全氧含量,避免在采油过程中形成可燃性混合气体引发燃烧或者爆炸事故,保证注空气采油工艺过程的安全性,设计了1种测试地层高温高压环境下油气混合气体安全氧含量的实验装置;通过对采油现场井筒内的气体进行取样分析,选取一定组分的混合气体,在理论分析的基础上,对混合气体分别在1,5,10 MPa和40,120℃条件下的安全氧含量进行了实验研究,并将实验结果与理论分析结果进行了比较分析。研究结果表明:随着温度和压力的升高,安全氧含量逐渐降低;在地层高温高压环境下所测得的安全氧含量要远低于常温常压下的理论估算值;在10 MPa,120℃时达到8.27%,很大程度上增加了采油工艺过程的危险性。     

加载条件下原水管道受力特征模型试验研究

为研究堆载大小对原水管道受力变形的影响,采用量纲分析法得出模型试验相似比,并根据相似比进行模型箱的设计、管道材料的选取和重塑土的配制,研究不同工况下管道的受力特征。试验结果表明:整体上管道端部应力大于管中央应力,管轴向应力大于管环向应力。在中心加载下,管端应力值较管中央处大,前者增长速度更快,而后者增长速度较慢。在偏心荷载作用下,靠近荷载的管端应力最大,而管中央应力最小;尤其在偏载6 kPa作用下,管端下表面轴向应力达到595 kPa,而管中央处仅有64 kPa,管端受边界约束作用明显,管道呈弯曲变形。     

加卸载下含水率对含瓦斯煤岩损伤变形的影响分析

采用含瓦斯煤热流固耦合三轴伺服控制渗流试验装置对不同含水状态煤样进行了加卸载下三轴变形与渗流特性的试验研究。研究结果表明:含水率越高,煤样的三轴强度越低,失去抵抗外部载荷所产生破坏的能力越快,且塑性变形增强,脆性破坏减弱,瓦斯流量增加越小;含水率的增加能够使得煤岩破坏时积聚的弹性能减少,并且释放速率更加缓慢,更多的消耗于塑性变形中,这有助于预防煤岩破坏时由于弹性能的突然释放而导致的大型煤与瓦斯突出事故的发生;基于Logistic方程和能量耗散理论,建立了煤岩损伤演化数学模型,通过对试验数据的拟合分析,两者吻合程度较高,能够为煤岩损伤破坏提供预测。研究结果对于具有煤与瓦斯突出危险性的煤层进行注水消突具有理论指导意义。     

加载条件下不同埋深原水管道受力特征模型试验

为探究不同埋置深度对原水管道影响,利用缩尺模型对不同埋深条件下原水管道受力特征进行分析,综合研究管道外径、管道埋深、加载值和加载方式等因素对管道受力影响.结果表明:中心加载条件下,随管道埋深增加,管道应力呈先增大后减小趋势,当埋深厚度与管径比值为3时,管道应力达到最大,土拱效应开始显现;偏心加载条件下,埋深厚度增大使管...     

热荷载与风荷载作用下点式支承玻璃的破裂行为规律

在高层建筑火灾中,玻璃幕墙的破裂受到环境风和室内火灾的共同影响。研究了600 mm×600 mm×6mm的浮法玻璃幕墙在点支承安装方式下受到热辐射荷载和风荷载情况下的响应规律。分析了不同工况下玻璃表面的温度变化、风荷载的大小与玻璃破裂时间的关系、玻璃破裂与温差之间的关系、玻璃裂纹扩展及其与风速之间的关系。结果表明在玻璃两侧分别受到热辐射和风荷载共同作用时,风荷载的增加会加速玻璃的破裂。研究结果可为玻璃幕墙的工程应用提供技术支撑。     

Changing regularity of rock damage variable and resistivity under loading condition

In this paper, the stress-strain, resistivity and acoustic emission simultaneous test of compression test for rock have been carried out to obtain the regression equation between the resistivity, and elastic modulus of rock under various damage state, then based on the rock damage theory, derived the changing regularity of rock damage variables and resistivity under loading condition. In accordance with the acoustic emission characteristic relative ratio, this paper has verified the feasibility of its changing regularity. By virtue of this relation equation, it is possible to online monitor the extent of surrounding rock progressive damage in mined-out regions, so as to bring forward the time for danger warning. Consequently, it is capable to take control measures in the initial stage of the development of disaster, which has very important significance for the prevention and management of mine dynamic disasters.     

单向循环加载下花岗岩力学特性及红外分析

为了探究单向循环加卸载作用对花岗岩力学特性的影响,开展了室内循环加卸载试验。选择5次和10次循环及12%,24%,36%,48%和60%的强度振幅对花岗岩进行循环加卸载预处理,进而测试其强度,并同步进行红外AIRT检测、红外热成像分析及温度场的频数直方图分析。研究结果表明:循环加卸载对岩石起先加强后削弱的作用,36%振幅10次循环预处理条件下的花岗岩综合性能较好;岩石破坏由局部应力集中所致,并揭示出岩石破坏伴随着能量积聚到释放过程。说明循环加卸载在一定条件下存在积极效应,且红外检测对岩石破坏的应力集中特性及灾害演化研究有较好的优越性。     

循环载荷下煤裂隙演化试验研究

为了研究循环载荷下的煤体裂隙演化特征,在不同应力水平和不同频率条件下分别进行煤样破坏力学及声发射试验。结果表明:应力-应变曲线呈疏-密-疏的变化特征,对应的振铃数柱状图呈U型;上限应力点的应变值、累积能量、撞击计数均随循环次数增加而上升,曲线呈倒S型;煤裂隙演化经历了原始裂隙闭合、新生裂隙稳定发育和裂纹贯穿破坏等3个不同阶段;循环载荷的应力水平和加载频率对煤体疲劳寿命的影响具有差异性,对煤体裂隙演化和破坏模式均有明显影响。     

Reaction hazards of triethylaluminum under closed conditions

We evaluate the reaction hazards of triethylaluminum (TEA) under closed conditions for safe treatment of aluminum alkyls. The explosive reactions of TEA are difficult to be estimated using thermal analysis because the estimate reactions are too slow under these conditions. The results of our closed vessel tests and chemical equilibrium calculations show that the TEA and water system mixture in closed conditions decomposes into lower-molecular-weight compounds than the products by using well-known hydrolysis of TEA. The present work also demonstrates that large temperature and pressure increases could occur because of the existence of TEA and aluminum hydroxide. Since aluminum hydroxide contains water as alumina hydrates, aluminum hydroxide could have been the source of water at high temperatures and could have contributed to the mixed reaction between TEA and water.     

高热壁油气热爆燃实验研究

设计了高热壁油气热爆燃实验系统,对地下受限空间油气混合物在高热壁条件下的热爆燃现象进行研究,获得了油气热爆燃过程中测点的温度和各成分体积分数变化历程,以及热起燃过程的时序照片.根据实验结果,讨论了油气混合物热爆燃的着火方式、着火条件及着火延滞期规律.结果表明,高热壁条件下,密闭坑道内的油气混合物的着火温度高于自燃点近80 K.高热壁周围极大的温度梯度是着火温度远高于自燃点的原因之一.热壁条件下油气混合物引燃过程分为缓慢氧化阶段、快速氧化段和着火段3个阶段.热壁着火的延迟期在实验条件下相当长,着火方式以热壁表面油气点燃为起点.     

加强新形势下的安全监督管理

分析了新形势下安全监督管理出现的问题 ,提出了强化安全监督管理的对策。     

循环载荷下煤样渗透特性试验研究

以原煤煤样为研究对象,采用自主研发的三轴应力渗流实验系统,进行等幅循环加、卸载的渗透率测试,研究煤样疲劳损伤过程中渗透率对应力水平的响应特征。结果表明:上、下限应力点处渗透率随循环次数出现降低-稳定-升高3个阶段,整体呈“U”型,并且随着上限应力水平的升高,曲线有向“V”型发展的趋势。拟合结果显示:在渗透率降低阶段,渗透率与循环次数呈幂指数函数关系;在渗透率升高阶段,渗透率与循环次数呈指数函数关系,并且渗透率随循环次数的降低和升高速率与上限应力水平正相关。     

冷加载循环作用下煤样强度特性研究

为研究煤样强度与冷加载周期、表面裂隙宽度和裂隙体积变化量之间的关系,实验采用液氮作为制冷剂,对水饱和煤样进行1~5周期循环浸泡冷加载,使煤样原生裂隙结构发生损伤,通过拟合多项式揭示周期、表面裂隙宽度和裂隙体积变化量作为损伤因子对裂隙结构的损伤规律,构建损伤判据。结果表明:煤样随着循环冷加载周期的增加,表面裂隙宽度由微观向细观和宏观演化;循环冷加载4个周期为煤样冻裂和抗压的强度极限,2个周期为煤样裂隙饱和水吸附能力极限;冷加载对煤样的原生裂隙结构作用显著,使裂隙在膨胀拉应力作用下发生扩展,同时水结冰体积膨胀,对裂隙结构损伤产生了重要作用。     

分级加载条件下红砂岩蠕变特性试验研究

岩石的蠕变性质是引起工程岩体破坏的主要原因之一。通过进行分级加载蠕变试验,分析了红砂岩在不同加载应力条件下的蠕变特征。试验结果表明:在不同加载应力条件下,试件等速蠕变阶段应变速率与加载应力呈指数函数关系,并且当加载应力大于损伤强度σcd时,径向等速蠕变阶段应变速率大于轴向;同时,试件在破坏过程中存在加速蠕变阶段不明显的现象。根据蠕变破坏过程中黏滞系数的变化特点,将理想黏塑性体中的黏滞系数定义为时间的负指数函数,建立了一个非定常西原蠕变模型,该模型能较好反映红砂岩在单轴压缩条件下的蠕变特性。     

Q345(16Mn)钢在恒温加载条件下的应力-应变曲线和弹性模量

为评估和分析钢结构的耐火性能,对我国10个钢厂生产的16Mn钢进行152次恒温加载试验研究。结果表明,钢材的应力-应变曲线随温度升高,应力变小而应变增大,曲线斜率即弹性模量随温度升高和应变增大而趋于零。钢材在高温下的弹塑性性质非常明显,在钢结构高温性能分析中应当考虑这种特性。依据试验结果构建了以表格形式表达的钢材折线应力-应变曲线和弹性模量,为火灾下钢结构的变形和温度应力计算提供参考。     

Evolution of working conditions under the impact of ICTs

IntroductionInformation and communication technologies (ICTs) play a major role in the current evolution of work. They are both a great tool for emancipating human beings from the most tedious and most dangerous tasks and an effective vector for intensifying work.MethodsOn the basis of three foresight exercises carried out in recent years and by describing concrete examples of work organizations, the authors highlight the main possible trends for the changes to come.ConclusionsThey conclude on a few general principles that could allow the establishment of a win–win policy.     

瞬态温度载荷下固液混合装药内部温度响应研究

为了研究瞬态温度载荷作用下固液混合装药起爆点火过程,设计了瞬态温度载荷试验装置和瞬态温度测试系统。用黑火药爆炸温度作为瞬态温度载荷,测试了固液混合装药内部的温度响应过程,并与数值模拟进行对比分析。结果表明,设计的瞬态温度载荷测试系统可以研究装药对瞬态温度的响应。     

Numerical simulation of LNG dispersion under two-phase release conditions

The use of LNG (liquefied natural gas) as fuel brings up issues regarding safety and acceptable risk. The potential hazards associated with an accidental LNG spill should be evaluated, and a useful tool in LNG safety assessment is computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. In this paper, the ADREA-HF code has been applied to simulate LNG dispersion in open-obstructed environment based on Falcon Series Experiments. During these experiments LNG was released and dispersed over water surface. The spill area is confined with a billboard upwind of the water pond. FA1 trial was chosen to be simulated, because its release and weather conditions (high total spill volume and release rate, low wind speed) allow the gravitational force to influence the cold, dense vapor cloud and can be considered as a benchmark for LNG dispersion in fenced area. The source was modeled with two different approaches: as vapor pool and as two phase jet and the predicted methane concentration at sensors' location was compared with the experimental one. It is verified that the source model affect to a great extent the LNG dispersion and the best case was the one modeling the source as two phase jet. However, the numerical results in the case of two phase jet source underestimate the methane concentration for most of the sensors. Finally, the paper discusses the effect of neglecting the ?9.3° experimental wind direction, which leads to the symmetry assumption with respect to wind and therefore less computational costs. It was found that this effect is small in case of a jet source but large in the case of a pool source.